1

08. Gas power cycle

Homework Assignment 5
Consider a cogeneration power plant modified with regeneration. Steam enters the turbine at 9 MPa and 400 C
and expands to a pressure of 1.6 MPa. At this pressure, 35 percent of the steam is extracted from the turbine,
and the remainder expands to 10 kPa. Part of the extracted steam is used to heat the feedwater in an open
feedwater heater. The rest of the extracted steam is used for process heating and leaves the process heate r as
a saturated liquid at 1.6 MPa. It is subsequently mixed with the feedwater leaving the feedwater heater, and the
mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure. Assuming the turbines and the pumps to be isentropic, show the
cycle ob a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and
determine the mass flow rate of steam through the boiler for a net power output of 25 MW.
 2

Ex. 9-5
A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of 8. The
gas temperature is 300 K at the compressor inlet and 1300 K at the turbine inlet. Utilizing the
air-standard assumptions. Determine (a) the gas temperature at the exits of the compressor
and the turbine, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
 3

Ex. 9-6
Assuming a compressor efficiency of 80 percent and a turbine efficiency of 85 percent,
determine (a) the back work ratio, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the turbine exit
temperature of the gas-turbine cycle discussed in Example 9-5.
 4

Ex. 9-7
Determine the thermal efficiency of the gas-turbine described in Example 9-6 if a
regenerator having an effectiveness of 80 percent is installed.
 5

Ex. 9-8
An ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of
expansion has an overall pressure ratio of 8. Air enters each stage of the compressor
at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1300 K. Determine the back work ratio and
the thermal efficiency of this gas-turbine cycle, assuming (a) no regenerators and (b)
an ideal regenerator with 100 percent effectiveness. Compare the results with those
obtained in example 9-5
 6

09.Cogeneration and Combined Cycle

Example 10-8
Consider the cogeneration plant shown in Fig. Steam enters the turbine at 7
MPa and 500 C. Some steam is extracted from the turbine at 500 kPa for process
heating. The remaining steam continues to expand to 5 kPa. Steam is then condensed
at constant pressure and pumped to the boiler pressure of 7 MPa. At time of high
demand for process heat, some steam leaving the boiler is throttled to 500 kPa and
is routed to the process heater. The extraction fractions are adjusted so that steam
leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid at 500 kPa. It is subsequently pumped
to 7 MPa. The mass flow rate of steam through the boiler is 15 kg/s. Disregarding any
pressure drops and heat losses in the piping and assuming the turbine and the pump
to be isentropic, determine (a) the maximum rate at which process heat can be
supplied, (b) the power produced and the utilization factor when no process heat is
supplied, and (c) the rate of process heat supply when 10 percent of the steam is
extracted before it enters the turbine and 70 percent of the steam is extracted from
the turbine at 500 kPa for process heating.
 7

Example 10-9
Consider the combined gas-steam power cycle. The topping cycle is
gasturbine cycle that has a pressure ratio of 8. Air enters the compressor
at 300 K and the turbine at 1300 K. The isentropic efficiency of the
compressor is 80 percent, and that of the gas turbine is 85 percent. The
bottoming cycle is a simple ideal Ranking cycle operating between the
pressure limits of 7 MPa and 5 kPa. Steam is heated in a heat exchanger
by the exhaust gases to a temperature of 500 C. The exhaust gases leave
the heat exchanger at 450 K. Determine (a) the ratio of the mass flow rates
of the steam and the combustion gases and (b) the thermal efficiency of
the combined cycle.
 8

Homework Assignment 6
Consider a combined gas-steam power cycle. The topping cycle is a simple Brayton cycle that has a
pressure ratio of 7. Air enters the compressor at 15 C at a rate of 10 kg/s and the gas turbine at 950 C. The
bottoming cycle is a reheat Rankine cycle between the pressure limits of 6 MPa and 10 kPa. Steam is heated in
a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) at a rate of 1.15 kg/s by the exhaust gas leaving the gas turbine, and
the exhaust gas leaves the HRSG at 200 C. Steam leaves the high-pressure turbine at 1.0 Mpa and is reheated
to 400 C in the HRSG before it expands in the low-pressure turbine. Assuming 80 percent isentropic efficiency
for all pumps and turbines, determine (a) the moisture content at the exit of the low-pressure turbine, (b) the
steam temperature at the inlet of the high-pressure turbine, (c) the net power output and the thermal efficiency of
the combined plant.
 9

10. EXERGY: A MEASURE OF WORK POTENTIAL

Example 1
Consider a large furnace that can transfer heat at a temperature of 1100 K at a steady rate
of 3000 kW. Determine the rate of exergy flow associated with this heat transfer. Assume
an environment temperature of 25 C

Example 2
A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1200 K at a rate of 500 kJ/s and rejects the
waste heat to a medium at 300 K. The power output of the heat engine is 180 kW.
Determine the reversible power and the irreversibility rate for this process.
 10

Example 3
A dealer advertises that he has just received a shipment of electric resistance heaters for residential
buildings that have an efficiency of 100 percent. Assuming an indoor temperature of 21 C and outdoor
temperature of 10 C, determine the second-law efficiency of these heaters.

Example 4
Refrigerant-134a is to be compressed from 0.14 MPa and -10 C to 0.8 MPa and 50 C steadily by a compressor.
Talking the environment conditions to be 20 C and 95 kPa, determine the exergy change of the refrigerant
during this process and the minimum work input that needs to be supplied to the compressor per unit mass
of the refrigerant.
 11

Group Assignment 1
A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1100 K at a rate of 400 kJ/s, and it rejects the waste heat to a
medium at 320 K. The measured power output of the heat engine is 120 kW, and the environment
temperature is 25 C. Determine (a) the reversible power, (b) the rate of irreversibility, and (c) the seond-
law efficiency of this heat engine.
 12

11. “Fuels and Combustion”

Combustion Reaction –Combustion Equation
Ex. Write the combustion equation of propane gas with 80% theoretical air.

Ex.1 In an oil fired boiler the fuel had an analysis by mass: carbon 84%, hydrogen 10%, sulphur 3.2%,
oxygen 1.6%, remainder incombustible. The analysis of dry flue gas by volume gave: combined CO2+SO2
15.72%, O2 1%, there being no CO or SO3. Calculate per kg of fuel (a) mass of air supplied, (b) percentage
excess air supplied, (c) mass of dry flue gas formed, and (d) mass of water vapourformed
 13

Ex.2 Propane gas is reacted with air in such a ratio that an analysis of the dry products of combustion gives
CO2 11.5%, O2 2.7% and CO 0.7%. What is the percentage excess air used?
 14

Ex.3 An unknown hydrocarbon fuel, CxHy, was allowed to react with air. An Orsat analysis was made of a
representative sample of the product gases with the following result: CO2 12.1%, O2 3.8% and CO 0.9%.
Determine (a) the chemical equation for the actual reaction, (b) the composition of the fuel, (c) the air fuel
ratio during the test, and (d) the excess or deficiency of air used.
15