COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MCE552 Tutorial – 2022/2023

1. For an ideal gas mixture, show that
1
𝑀= 𝑚𝑓𝑖
∑
𝑀𝑖
Where, mfi and Mi are mass fractions and molecular weights of the constituents of gas
mixture
2. For an ideal gas mixture, show that
𝑚𝑖
𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 = ∑ .𝑅
𝑚 𝑖
3. For a simple impulse turbine stage having perfectly smooth and symmetrical blade,
show that the rate of work done is given by
𝑊 = 2𝑚𝑈(𝐶1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∝1 − 𝑈)
4. A mixture of ideal gases consists of 3 kg of nitrogen and 5 kg of carbon dioxide at a pressure
of 300 kPa and a temperature of 20°C. Find
(a) the mole fraction of each constituent,
(b} the equivalent molecular weight of the mixture,
(c) the equivalent gas constant of the mixture,
(d) the partial pressures and the partial volumes,
(e) the volume and density of the mixture, and
(f) the cP and cv of the mixture.
If the mixture is heated at constant volume to 40°C, find the changes in internal energy,
enthalpy and entropy of the mixture. Find the changes in internal energy, enthalpy and entropy
of the mixture if the heating is done at constant pressure. Take γ for CO2 and N2 to be 1.286
and 1.4 respectively.

Q5
The gas in an engine cylinder has a volumetric analysis of 12% CO2, 11.5% O2 and 76.5% N2
. The temperature at the beginning of expansion is 1000°C and the gas mixture expands
reversibly through a volume ratio of 7 to 1, according to a law pv1.25 = constant. Calculate the
work done and the heat flow per unit mass of gas.
Q6a.
A fuel consists of 72 per cent carbon, 20 per cent hydrogen and 8 per cent oxygen by mass.
Determine the stoichiometric mass of air required to completely burn 1 kg of this fuel.
Q6b
A single-cylinder, four-stroke, compression-ignition oil engine gives 15 k W at 5 rev/s and
uses fuel having the composition by mass: carbon, 84 percent; hydrogen 16 per cent. The air
supply is 100 per cent in excess of that required for perfect combustion. The fuel has a calorific
value of 45 000 kJ/kg and the brake thermal efficiency of the engine is 30 per cent. Calculate
(a) the mass of fuel used per cycle
(b) the actual mass of air taken in per cycle
(c) the volume of air taken in per cycle if the pressure and temperature of the air are 100 kN/
m2 and 15°C, respectively. Take R = 0.29 kJ/kg K
Q7: A medium-size steam boiler required to supply a generator of output 25 000 kW
has a performance specification as follows: steam output 31.6 kg/s; steam pressure 60 bar;
steam temperature 500 °C; feed water temperature l00 °C; fuel, natural gas (96.5% CH4 , 0.5%
C2 H6 , remainder incombustible); gross calorific value 38 700 kJ/m3 at 1.013 bar and 15 °C;
fuel consumption 2.85 m3/s.
Calculate the boiler efficiency and the overall thermal efficiency based on the net calorific
value of the fuel.

Q8:
A gas engine is supplied with natural gas of the following composition: CH4 93%; C2 H6 3%;
N2 3%; CO 1%. If the A/F ratio is 30 by volume, calculate the analysis of the dry products of
combustion. It can be assumed that the stoichiometric A/F ratio is less than 30.

Q9:
In a single-heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400°C and the
exhaust pressure is 0.10 bar. The feedwater heater is a direct-contact type which operates at 5
bar. Find:
(a) the efficiency and the steam rate of the cycle and
(b) the increase in mean temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate, as compared
to the Rankine cycle (without regeneration). Neglect pump work.

Q10
A gas turbine unit receives air at 1 bar, 300 K and compresses it adiabatically to 6.2 bar. The
compressor efficiency is 88%. The fuel has a heating value of 44186 kJ/kg and the fuel-air ratio
is 0.017 kg fuel/kg of air. The turbine internal efficiency is 90%. Calculate the work of turbine
and compressor per kg of air compressed and thermal efficiency.
Given that cp = 1.147 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.33 for products of combustion and cp = 1.005kJ/kg.K, γ
= 1.44 for air.

Q11:
A gas-turbine power plant generates 25 MW of electric power. Air enters the compressor at
10°C and 0.981 bar and leaves at 4.2 bar and gas enters the turbine at 850°C. If the turbine and
compressor efficiencies are each 80%, determine:
(a) The temperatures at each point in the cycle
(b) The specific work of the cycle
(c) The specific work of the turbine and the compressor
(d) The thermal efficiencies of the actual and ideal cycle
(e) The required airflow rate

Q11b
A turbojet plane flies with speed of 1000 kmph and inducts air at the rate of 50 kg/s. Air fuel
ratio is 52 and the expansion of gases occurs up to ambient pressure. Lower calorific value of
fuel is 43100 kJ/kg. For maximum thrust the flight to jet velocity ratio is 0.5.
Determine
(i) jet velocity,
(ii) maximum thrust,
(iii) specific thrust,
(iv) thrust power,
(v) propulsive, thermal and overall efficiencies,
(vi) Specific fuel consumption

Q12:
An aeroplane flying at speed of 250 m/s, running on jet engine inducts air at 0.3 bar and –20°C
from atmosphere, compressor pressure ratio is 6 and the turbine inlet temperature is 700 °C.
Velocity at exit of turbine is 180 m/s, turbine and compressor efficiencies are 0.85 each and jet
engine efficiency is 90%. Thrust power produced is 800 kW, and calorific value of fuel is
43000 kJ/kg. Considering following properties for air and gas determine:
(i) overall efficiency,
(ii) rate of air consumption,
(iii) power developed by turbine, and exit area of jet.
For air, Cp,air = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, γair = 1.4, R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K
For gas, Cp,gas = 1.087 kJ/kg·K, γgas = 1.33

Q13:
The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle (spark-ignition engine) is 10. At the
beginning of the compression stroke, the pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is 15oC. The
heat transfer to air per cycle is 1800 KJ/kg air. Draw the P-v and T-s diagrams and hence
determine the following.
(a) The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle
(b) The Thermal Efficiency
(c) The mean effective pressure
Hint: Use specific heat at room temperature. The properties of air at room temperature are cp
= 1.004 kJ/kg·K, cv = 0.717 kJ/kg·K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4

Q14:
An air-standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 20, and the heat transferred to the
working fluid per cycle is 1800 KJ/kg. At the beginning of the compression process, the
pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is 15oC, draw the P-v and T-s diagrams.
Determine:
(a) The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle
(b) The Thermal Efficiency
(c ) The mean effective pressure
Hint: Use specific heat at room temperature. The properties of air at room temperature are cp =
1.004 kJ/kg·K, cv = 0.717 kJ/kg·K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4

Q15:
Steam is supplied to a turbine at a pressure of 30 bar and a temperature of 400°C and is
expanded adiabatically to a pressure of 0.04 bar. At a stage of turbine where the pressure is 3
bar a connection is made to a surface heater in which the feed water is heated by bled steam to
a temperature of 130°C. The condensed steam from the feed heater is cooled in a drain cooler
to 27°C. The feed water passes through the drain cooler before entering the feed heater. The
cooled drain water combines with the condensate in the well of the condenser. Assuming no
heat losses in the steam, calculate the following:
(i) Mass of steam used for feed heating per kg of steam entering the turbine;
(ii) Thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Q16:
In an engine cylinder a gas has a volumetric analysis of 13% CO2, 12.5% O2, and 74.5% N2.
The temperature at the beginning of expansion is 950°C and the gas mixture expands reversibly
through a volume ratio of 8:1, according to the law pv1.2 = constant. Calculate
per kg of gas:
(i) The work done;
(ii) The heat flow;
(iii) Change of entropy per kg of mixture.
The values of cp for the constituents CO2, O2 and N2 are 1.235 kJ/kg K, 1.088 kJ/kg K and
1.172 kJ/kg K respectively.

Q17:
A steam generator evaporates 18000 kg/h of steam at 12.5 bar and a quality of 0.97 from feed
water at 105°C, when coal is fired at the rate of 2040 kg/h. If the higher calorific value of the
coal is 27400 kJ/kg, find:
(i) The heat rate of boiler in kJ/h;
(ii) The equivalent evaporation;
(iii) The thermal efficiency.

Q18:

The surface condenser is designed to handle 16000 kg of steam per hour. The steam enters the
condenser at 0.09 bar abs. and 0.88 dryness fraction and the condensate leaves the condenser
at the corresponding saturation temperature. Determine the rise in cooling water temperature if
the cooling water flow rate is 8.96 × 105 kg/hour. Assume that the pressure is constant
throughout the condenser.

Q19:

In a constant pressure open cycle gas turbine air enters at 1 bar and 20°C and leaves the
compressor at 5 bar. Using the following data: Temperature of gases entering the turbine =
680°C, pressure loss in the combustion chamber = 0.1 bar, ηcompressor = 85%, ηturbine
= 80%, ηcombustion = 85%, γ = 1.4 and cp = 1.024 kJ/kg K for air and gas, find
(i) The quantity of air circulation if the plant develops 1065 kW.
(ii) Heat supplied per kg of air circulation.
(iii) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Mass of the fuel may be neglected

Q20
A turbo-jet engine travels at 216 m/s in air at 0.78 bar and – 7.2°C. Air first enters diffuser in
which it is brought to rest relative to the unit and it is then compressed in a compressor through
a pressure ratio of 5.8 and fed to a turbine at 1110°C. The gases expand through the turbine
and then through the nozzle to atmospheric pressure (i.e., 0.78 bar). The efficiencies of diffuser,
nozzle and compressor are each 90%. The efficiency of turbine is 80%. Pressure drop in the
combustion chamber is 0.168 bar. Determine
(i) Air-fuel ratio;
(ii) Specific thrust of the unit;
(iii) Total thrust, if the inlet cross-section of diffuser is 0.12 m2.
Assume calorific value of fuel as 44150 kJ/kg of fuel.

CONDENSER EFFICIENCY
It is defined as the ratio of the difference between the outlet and inlet temperatures of cooling
water to the difference between the temperature corresponding to the vacuum in the condenser
and inlet temperature of cooling water, i.e.,

VACUUM EFFICIENCY
It is defined as the ratio of the actual vacuum to the maximum obtainable vacuum. The
latter vacuum is obtained when there is only steam and no air is present in the condenser.

DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES

It states that:
(i) In a container in which gas and a vapour are enclosed, the total pressure exerted is the sum
of partial pressure of the gas and partial pressure of the vapour at the common temperature.
i.e p = pa + ps and pa = (p – ps)

or
(ii) Each constituent of the mixture in the container occupies the whole volume of the container
at its individual pressure. Thus, if from the container air is removed, the water vapour will exert
its own partial pressure but will occupy the entire volume of the container.
Now as per Dalton’s law, V = ma va = ms vg
i.e
DETERMINATION OF MASS OF COOLING WATER

Let mw = Mass of cooling water required in kg/h,

ms = Mass of steam condensed in kg/h,
ts = Saturation temperature of steam corresponding to the condenser vacuum in °C,
tc = Temperature of the condensate leaving the condenser,
tw1 = Temperature of cooling water at inlet in °C,
tw2 = Temperature of cooling water at outlet in °C,
cpw = Specific heat of water at constant pressure,
x = Dryness fraction of steam entering the condenser, and
hfg = Latent heat of 1 kg of steam entering the condenser.

If all heat lost by steam is gained by cooling water, then

Eqn. above applies to surface condenser only.

In a jet condenser, since cooling water and steam mix together, therefore the condensate
temperature will be same as that of outlet temperature of cooling water (i.e., tc = tw2). Thus,
quantity of cooling water, mw in case of jet condenser is found by the following expression:
HEAT TRANSMISSION THROUGH WALLS OF TUBES OF A SURFACE
CONDENSER
The following formula is sometimes used for calculating the rate of heat transmission through
the walls of the condenser tubes.
Let ms = Mass of steam used in kg/h,
h = Total heat of 1 kg of steam entering the condenser,
tm = Mean temperature difference causing heat flow across the tube surface in °C,
tw1 = Temperature of entering cooling water in °C,
tw2 = Temperature of leaving cooling water in °C,
tp = Temperature of entering steam in °C,
tc = Temperature of condensate when leaving in °C,
hfc = Total heat of condensate when leaving,
A = Total surface area of condenser tubes in m2, and
K = Heat transmission co-efficient.
(The value of K must be obtained experimentally for the tubes used and for the cooling water
velocity in the tubes; it is a function of both of these factors).
Then,

(**)

This equation (**) is due to Grashof and gives approximate result only. It does not hold for all
types of surface condensers and modifications of the equation have been made to suite
particular types. Eqn. (**) may be applied to the contra-flow conditions.

If the pressure drop in the condenser is nil, ts = tc

Eqn. (**) may be written as

For a cross flow condition,

where ‘d’ is diameter of condenser tubes.

Q21
In a surface condenser a section of the tubes near to the air pump suction is screened off so that
the air is cooled to a temperature below that of the condensate, separate extraction pumps being
provided to deal with air and condensate respectively. 5448 kg of steam are condensed per hour
and the air leakage is 4.54 kg/h. The temperature of the exhaust steam is 31°C, the temperature
of the condensate is 27°C, and the temperature at the air pump suction is 21.1°C. Assuming a
constant vacuum throughout the condenser, find:
(i) The mass of steam condensed per hour in the air cooler;
(ii) The volume of air in m3/h to be dealt with by the air pump;
(iii) The percentage reduction in necessary air pump capacity following the cooling of the
air.

Q22
During a trial on a steam condenser, the following observations were recorded:
Condenser vacuum 680 mm Hg
Barometer reading 764 mm Hg
Mean condenser temperature 36.2°C
Hot well temperature 30°C
Condensate formed per hour 1780 kg
Circulating cooling water inlet temperature 20°C
Circulating cooling water outlet temperature 32°C
Quantity of cooling water 1250 kg/min.

Determine:
(i) Condenser vacuum corrected to standard barometer.
(ii) Vacuum efficiency.
(iii) Undercooling of condensate.
(iv) Condenser efficiency.
(v) Condition of steam as it enters the condenser.
(vi) Mass of air present per kg of condensed steam.
Assume: R for air = 0.287 kJ/kg K
Specific heat of water = 4.186 kJ/kg/ K.

Q23
In a single-heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400°C and the
exhaust pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct contact type which operates at 5
bar. Find:
(i) The efficiency and the steam rate of the cycle.
(ii) The increase in mean temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate as compared
to the Rankine cycle (without regeneration).
Pump work may be neglected

Q24
Starting from the first principle, show for a simple gas turbine power plant, the thermal
efficiency of a Brayton cycle is given as:
 ηBrayton =

Where, r is the compression ratio and γ is adiabatic index i.e the nature of gas

Figure Q24
Q25
In a simple gas turbine plant working on Brayton cycle, the air at inlet is 27°C, 0.1 MPa. The
pressure ratio is 6.25 and the maximum temperature is 800°C. The turbine and compressor
isentropic efficiencies are each 80%. Find the:
(i) compressor work,
(ii) turbine work,
(iii) heat supplied,
(iv) cycle efficiency and
(v) turbine exhaust temperature.
Mass of air and fuel may be considered as 1 kg and negligible, respectively.

Q26
Air enters the compressor of an open cycle constant pressure gas turbine at a pressure of 1 bar
and temperature of 20°C. The pressure of the air after compression is 4 bar. The isentropic
efficiencies of compressor and turbine are 80% and 85% respectively. The air-fuel
ratio used is 90:1. If flow rate of air is 3.0 kg/s, find:
(i) Power developed.
(ii) Thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Assume cp = 1.0 kJ/kg K and γ = 1.4 of air and gases
Calorific value of fuel = 41800 kJ/kg.

Q27
A turbo-jet engine consumes air at the rate of 60.2 kg/s when flying at a speed of 1000 km/h.
Calculate:
(i) Exit velocity of the jet when the enthalpy change for the nozzle is 230 kJ/kg and velocity
co-efficient is 0.96.
(ii) Fuel flow rate in kg/s when air-fuel ratio is 70:1
(iii) Thrust specific fuel consumption
(iv) Thermal efficiency of the plant when the combustion efficiency is 92% and calorific
value of the fuel used is 42000 kJ/kg.
(v) Propulsive power
(vi) Propulsive efficiency
(vii) Overall efficiency.

Q28
In an engine cylinder a gas has a volumetric analysis of 13% CO2, 12.5% O2, and 74.5% N2.
The temperature at the beginning of expansion is 950°C and the gas mixture expands reversibly
through a volume ratio of 8:1, according to the law pv1.2 = constant. Calculate per kg of gas:
(i) the work done;
(ii) the heat flow;
(iii) Change of entropy per kg of mixture.
The values of cp for the constituents CO2, O2 and N2 are 1.235 kJ/kg K, 1.088 kJ/kg K and
1.172 kJ/kg K respectively.

Q29
In a boiler the coal having 88% C, 3.8% H2, 2.2% O2 and remaining ash is burnt in the furnace.
It is found that CO2 going with flue gases constitute to be 12% and temperature of flue gases
is 260oC. The flue gas sample is analyzed using Orsat apparatus at room temperature.
Determine the percentage of CO2 that would be there for complete combustion of fuel.

Q30
The percentage composition of sample of liquid fuel by weight is, C = 84.8 per cent, and H2 =
15.2 per cent. Calculate (i) the weight of air needed for the combustion of 1 kg of fuel; (ii) the
volumetric composition of the products of combustion if 15 per cent excess air is supplied.

Q31
A reheat cycle has steam generated at 50 bar, 500ºC for being sent to high pressure turbine and
expanded up to 5 bar before supplied to low pressure turbine. Steam enters at 5 bar, 400ºC into
low pressure turbine after being reheated in boiler. Steam finally enters condenser at 0.05 bar
and subsequently feed water is sent to boiler. Determine
(i) cycle efficiency,
(ii) specific steam consumption and
(iii) work ratio.
Taken 1 hp = 0.7457 kW

Q32

In a steam power plant (Fig. Q32), the high-pressure turbine is fed with steam at 60 bar, 450ºC
and enters low pressure turbine at 3 bar with a portion of steam bled out for feed heating at this
intermediate pressure. Steam finally leaves low pressure turbine at 0.05 bar for inlet to
condenser. Closed feed heater raises the condensate temperature to 115ºC. Bled steam leaving
closed feed heater is passed through trap to mix with condensate leaving condenser. Consider
actual alternator output to be 30 MW, boiler efficiency as 90% and alternator efficiency of
98%. Determine,
(i) the mass of steam bled for feed heating,
(ii) the capacity of boiler in kg/hr.
(iii) the overall thermal efficiency of plant
Also give layout and T-s diagram.

Fig. Q32: Schematic diagram of the power plant

Q33
In a gas turbine installation (See Fig. Q33) air is supplied at 1 bar, 27ºC into compressor having
compression ratio of 8. The air leaving combustion chamber is heated up to 1100 K and
expanded up to 1 bar. A heat exchanger having effectiveness of 0.8 is fitted at exit of turbine
for heating the air before its inlet into combustion chamber. Assuming polytropic efficiency of
the compressor and turbine as 0.85 and 0.90 determine:
(i) cycle efficiency,
(ii) work ratio and
(iii) specific work output of plant.
Take cp = 1.0032 kJ/kg ·K for air.

Fig. Q33: Schematic diagram of regenerative gas turbine plant

Q34

In a gas/steam combined cycle power plant (Fig. Q34) exhaust from gas turbine leaves finally through
HRSG at 420 K and generates steam in heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) at 6 MPa and 400ºC.
Ambient air at 1 bar, 17ºC enters the compressor operating at pressure ratio of 10. Turbine inlet
temperature of gas turbine is 1400 K. The steam turbine operates with condenser pressure of 15 kPa.
Consider air as working fluid throughout gas turbine cycle and combined cycle output to be 37.3 MW.
Determine the overall efficiency, mass flow rate of steam per kg of air. Take cp, air = 1.0032 kJ/kg · K

Fig. Q34: Schematic diagram of gas/steam combined cycle power plant

ANSWERS
Q1 – See Lecture Note
Q2
From Gibbs-Dalton law, the internal energy of a mixture of gases is given by

(1)

(2)

From eqns. (1) and (2),

Q3 – See Lecture Note

Q4.
Q5
From equation

𝑚𝑖 = 𝑛𝑖 . 𝑚
̃𝑖 (mi = mass of constituents; ni = mole of constituent; 𝑚
̃ 𝑖 = molar mass of
constituent)

Conversion from volume fraction to mass fraction is as given in Table A2. Then using
equation
𝑚𝑖
𝑐𝑝 = ∑ 𝑐
𝑚 𝑝𝑖
and the mass fractions from Table A2, we have
 Table A2: Computation of mass fraction

From equations,
𝑚𝑖
𝑅=∑ . 𝑅𝑖
𝑚

and
̃
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅⁄𝑚
̃𝑖

Q6a
Solution.
Stoichiometric mass of air for the complete combustion of a fuel
If the analysis of a fuel is given by mass, then proceed as follows:
• Determine the mass of oxygen required for each constituent. From this, find the total
mass of oxygen by adding all the separate masses required.
• Subtract any oxygen which may be in the fuel because this does not have to be
supplied.
• Stoichiometric mass of air = O2 required/0.232.

Q6b
Q7: Combustion process in Boiler
Definitions of calorific value are as follows:
(1) The energy transferred as heat to the surroundings (cooling water) per unit quantity of fuel
when burned at constant volume with the H2O product of combustion in the liquid phase is
called the gross (or higher) calorific value (GCV) at constant volume QGrv·
If the H2O products are in the vapour phase the energy released per unit quantity is called the
net (or lower) calorific value (NCV) at constant volume, Qnet,v·
(2) The energy transferred as heat to the surroundings (cooling water) per unit quantity of fuel
when burned at constant pressure with the H2O products of combustion in the liquid phase is
called the gross (or higher) calorific value (GCV) at constant pressure, QGr,p
If the H2O products are in the vapour phase the energy released is called the net (or lower)
calorific value (NCV) at constant pressure, Qnet,p
The above quantities are related as follows. For the constant volume process

For the constant pressure process

Solution to Q7
Using equation for boiler efficiency

Using equation for overall thermal efficiency,

Q8:
Since we are told that the actual air-fuel ratio is greater than the stoichiometric it follows that
excess air has been supplied. The products will therefore consist of CO2 , H2O, O2 , and N2.
The combustion equation can be written as follows:
Q9:
Solution
Figure Q9 gives the flow and T-s diagrams.
 Fig. Q9
From the steam tables, the property values at various states have been obtained.
h1 = 3230.9 kJ/kg
Q10:
Solution
Fig. Q10
Q10b
Gas turbine cycle is shown by 1–2–3–4 on T-S diagram,

Fig. Q10b
Q11b

Solution
Q12
Solution:
Let mass flow rate of air and fuel be mair & mfuel kg/s

Fig. Q12
Writing down energy balance on combustion chamber;
The actual state at exit of nozzle jet may not be result of isentropic expansion in nozzle, let
actual state at exit of nozzle be 5′
Q13
Q14
Solution
Q15:
Solution.
Figure Q15 shows the flow and T – s

Fig. Q15
Q16
Solution.
From equation mi = niMi, the conversion from volume fraction to mass fraction
is as follows:
Consider 1 mole of the mixture.
(iii) Change of entropy per kg of mixture:
Refer Fig. Q16. The change of entropy between state 1 and state 2 can be found by imagining
the process replaced by two other processes 1 to A and A to 2.

Fig. Q16
Q17
Solution
Steam generated, m = 18000 kg/h
Q18
Solution.
Mass of steam handled per hour = 16000 kg
From steam tables corresponding to dry saturated steam, for given pressure of 0.09 bar of
steam, for 1 kg steam:

Hence rise in cooling water temperature = 9°C.

Q19
Solution

Given: p1 = 1 bar, p2 = 5 bar, p3 = 5 – 0.1 = 4.9 bar, p4 = 1 bar,

T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K, T3 = 680 + 273 = 953 K,

Figure Q19
Q20
Solution
Refer Fig. Q20

Figure Q20
∴ Air-fuel ratio = 48.34.
 = 821.45 N/kg of air/s.

∴ Total thrust = 26.5 × 821.45 = 21768.4 N.

Q21
From steam tables, pressure of steam at 31°C, ps = 0.045 bar abs.
and partial pressure of steam at air pump suction at 21.1°C, ps = 0.025 bar abs.
Partial pressure of air, pa = 0.045 – 0.025 = 0.02 bar abs.
Also, at air pump suction; T = 21.1 + 273 = 294.1 K

(i) Using characteristic equation of gas for 4.54 kg of air,

As per Dalton’s law this is also the volume of the steam mixed with air at the air pump suction.
Specific volume of steam at partial pressure of 0.025 bar = 54.25 m3/kg

Partial pressure of steam at 27°C = 0.0357 bar (From steam tables).

Then, partial pressure of air = 0.045 – 0.0357 bar = 0.0093 bar
Again, using the characteristic gas equation to 4.54 kg of air at partial pressure of 0.0093
bar,

Percentage reduction in air pump capacity due to air cooling

Q22
(i) Condenser vacuum corrected to standard barometer
= Standard barometric pressure – (barometric pressure – gauge pressure)
= 760 – (764 – 680) = 676 mm of Hg
But 1 mm of Hg = 1.333 × 10–3 bar
∴ 676 mm of Hg = 676 × 1.333 × 10–3 = 0.9011 bar.
(ii) Vacuum efficiency
From steam tables saturation pressure corresponding to 36.2°C = 0.06 bar.
Q23

Solution.
Figs. Q23 (a), (b) and ( c) show the flow, T-s and h-s diagrams, respectively.

Fig. Q23
From steam tables:
Energy balance for heater gives
Q24

Air standard analysis of Brayton cycle gives work for compression and expansion as;
WC = m1 · (h2 – h1)
WT = m3 · (h3 – h4)
for air standard analysis, m1 = m3, where as in actual cycle
m3 = m1 + mf , in open type gas turbine
m3 = m1, in closed type gas turbine
For the fuel having calorific value CV the heat added in air standard cycle;
Qadd = m1(h3 – h2), whereas Qadd = mf × CV for actual cycle.
Net work = WT – WC
Wnet = {m3 (h3 – h4) – m1(h2 – h1)}
Q25

Figure Q25
Given: T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K; p1 = 0.1 MPa, rp = 6.25, T3 = 800 + 273 = 1073 K;
ηcomp. = ηturbine = 0.8.
For the compression process 1–2, we have
Q26
p1 = 1 bar; T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K
p2 = 4 bar; ηcompressor = 80%; ηturbine = 85%
Air-fuel ratio = 90:1; Air flow rate, ma = 3.0 kg/s
(i) Power developed, P:

Figure Q26
From Figure Q26:
Q27

Rate of air consumption, ma = 60.2 kg/s

Enthalpy change for nozzle, Δh = 230 kJ/kg
Velocity coefficient, z = 0.96
Air-fuel ratio = 70:1
Combustion efficiency, ηcombustion = 92%
Calorific value of fuel, C.V. = 42000 kJ/kg
Q28
Solution
From equation mi = niMi, the conversion from volume fraction to mass fraction is as follows:
Consider 1 mole of the mixture
(iii) Change of entropy per kg of mixture:
Considering Fig. Q28. The change of entropy between state 1 and state 2 can be found by
imagining the process replaced by two other processes 1 to A and A to 2.

Fig. Q28
i.e., Change of entropy per kg of mixture = 0.19 kJ/kg K.

Q29
Solution:
Actual percentage of CO2 in flue gases = 12%
Q30
Solution

(ii) To get volumetric composition of the product of combustion let us use tabular method.

Q31
Solution:
From steam table,
Figure Q32 shows the T- S diagram

Fig. Q32: T-s diagram

Q32
Solution:
From steam tables,

Let mass of steam bled for feed heating be m kg/kg of steam generated in boiler. Let us also
assume that condensate leaves closed feed water heater as saturated liquid i.e.

The schematic and T – s diagrams are as shown in Fig. Q32

Fig. Q32: (a) Schematic diagram (b) T- s diagram
Q33
Solution:
γ = 1.4, ηpoly,c = 0.85, ηpoly,T = 0.90
Using polytropic efficiency the index of compression and expansion can be obtained as under,
Let compression index be nc

Figure Q33 shows the schematic and T- s diagram for the plant.

Fig. Q33: (a) Layout of the Regenerative cycle (b) T- s diagram

For process 1–2

Using heat exchanger effectiveness

Q34
Solution:

Fig. Q34: (a) Schematic diagram, (b) T- s representation of the gas/steam turbine combined
cycle
From the schematic diagram and T- s representation of the gas/steam turbine combined cycle
we have
In gas turbine cycle,
At inlet to steam turbine,
Thus, efficiency is seen to increase in combined cycle up to 57.77% as compared to gas turbine
offering 48.21% efficiency.