Electricity in India

P
ower is the basic need for the economic development of any country. Availability of electricity has been
the most powerful vehicle of introducing economic development & social change throughout the world.
The process of modernization, increase in productivity in Industry & Agriculture & the improvement in
standard of living of the people basically depend upon the adequate supply of electrical energy. Appropriately
the programmes relating to the generation, transmission & distribution of electrical energy have been the
highest priority in the national planning process.
The installed generating capacity in India has increased multifold from a level of from a level of 1,362
MW in 1947 to about 249,488 MW at the end of June, 2014. The growth rate of installed capacity is 10.35%.
Electricity is a concurrent subject in
India i.e, both the central and state
governments are responsible for the
development of the electricity sector. NTPC,
NHPC, THDC, NEEPCO, SJVNL, NLC etc. are the
central generation utilities and POWERGRID
is the Central Transmission Utility. At the
State level, there are Gencos and Transco in
the respective States.
The country has been demarcated into
five electrical Regions viz. Northern (NR),
Eastern (ER), Western (WR), Southern (SR)
and North Eastern (NER). However, NR, ER,
WR and NER have been synchronously
interconnected and operating as single grid –
Central Grid (capacity about 110,000MW).
The Southern region is asynchronously
connected to the Central Grid through HVDC
links.
At present Transmission voltages in
use in India are 765kV (12,367 Circuit Km),
±500kV DC (9,432 Circuit Km), 400kV
(127,261 Circuit Km), 200kV (145,561 Circuit
Km) & 132kV.
Power distribution is the final and most crucial link in the electricity supply chain and, unfortunately,
the weakest one in the country. It assumes great significance as the segment has a direct impact on the sector's
commercial viability, and ultimately on the consumers who pay for power services. The sector has been
plagued by high distribution losses (30% overall) coupled with theft of electricity, low metering levels and poor
financial health of utilities with low cost recovery. Due to the above, the distribution companies have not been
able to undertake corresponding investments in infrastructure augmentation.
The distribution segment continues to carry electricity from the point where transmission leaves off,
that is, at the 66/33 kV level. The standard voltages on the distribution side are therefore 66kV, 33 kV, 22 kV,
11 kV and 400/230 volts, besides 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV and 2.2 kV. Depending upon the quantum of power and the
distance involved, lines of appropriate voltages are laid. The main distribution equipment comprises HT and LT
lines, transformers, substations, switchgears, capacitors, conductors and meters. HT lines supply electricity to
industrial consumers while LT lines carry it to residential and commercial consumers.
As in previous years, during the year 2010–11, demand for electricity in India far outstripped
availability, both in terms of base load energy and peak availability. Base load requirement was 861,591 (MU)
against availability of 788,355 MU, an 8.5% deficit. During peak loads, the demand was for 122 GW against
availability of 110 GW, a 9.8% shortfall.
As per Load Generation balance Report: May 2014, India's Central Electricity Authority anticipated, for
2014–15 fiscal year, a base load energy deficit and peaking shortage to be 5.1% and 2% respectively. India also
expects all regions to face energy shortage up to a maximum of 17.4% in North Eastern region.
Despite an ambitious rural electrification programme, some 400 million Indians lose electricity access
during blackouts. While 80% of Indian villages have at least an electricity line, just 52.5% of rural households
have access to electricity. In urban areas, the access to electricity is 93.1% in 2008. The overall electrification
rate in India is 64.5% while 35.5% of the population still lives without access to electricity.

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 According to a sample of 97,882 households in 2002, electricity was the main source of lighting for 53%
of rural households compared to 36% in 1993.
The 17th electric power survey of India report claims:
 The electrical energy demand for 2016–17 is expected to be at least 1,392 Tera Watt Hours,
with a peak electric demand of 218 GW.
 The electrical energy demand for 2021–22 is expected to be at least 1,915 Tera Watt Hours,
with a peak electric demand of 298 GW.
If current average transmission and distribution average losses remain same (32%), India needs to add
about 135 GW of power generation capacity, before 2017, to satisfy the projected demand after losses.
McKinsey claims that India's demand for electricity may cross 300 GW, earlier than most estimates. To
explain their estimates, they point to four reasons:
 India's manufacturing sector is likely to grow faster than in the past
 Domestic demand will increase more rapidly as the quality of life for more Indians improve
 About 125,000 villages are likely to get connected to India's electricity grid
 Currently blackouts and load shedding artificially suppresses demand; this demand will be
sought as revenue potential by power distribution companies
A demand of 300 GW will require about 400 GW of installed capacity, McKinsey notes. The extra
capacity is necessary to account for plant availability, infrastructure maintenance, spinning reserve and losses.
In 2010, electricity losses in India during transmission and distribution were about 24%, while losses
because of consumer theft or billing deficiencies added another 10–15%.
According to two studies published in 2004, theft of electricity in India amounted to a nationwide loss
of $4.5 billion. This led several states of India to enact and implement regulatory and institutional framework;
develop a new industry and market structure; and privatize distribution. The state of Andhra Pradesh, for
example, enacted an electricity reform law; unbundled the utility into one generation, one transmission, and
four distribution and supply companies; and established an independent regulatory commission responsible
for licensing, setting tariffs, and promoting efficiency and competition. Some state governments amended the
Indian Electricity Act of 1910 to make electricity theft a cognisable offence and impose stringent penalties. A
separate law, unprecedented in India, provided for mandatory imprisonment and penalties for offenders,
allowed constitution of special courts and tribunals for speedy trial, and recognised collusion by utility staff as
a criminal offence. The state government made advance preparations and constituted special courts and
appellate tribunals as soon as the new law came into force. High quality metring and enhanced audit
information flow was implemented. Such campaigns have made a big difference in the Indian utilities' bottom
line. Monthly billing has increased substantially, and the collection rate reached more than 98%. Transmission
and distribution losses were reduced by 8%.

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Company Pofile: West Bengal State Electricity Distribution
Company Limited
West Bengal State Electricity Board (WBSEB) was a state owned electricity regulation board
in West Bengal in India. It was formed on 1 May 1955 and dissolved on 31 March 2007. It has now
been restructured and split into two companies namely West Bengal State Electricity Transmission
Company (WBSETCL) and West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company (WBSEDCL). The
split came into effect on 01.04.2007 under the provisions of West Bengal Power Reform Scheme,
2007.
WBSEDCL is responsible for distributing power in the state of power at 33 KV level and below.
West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Limited has come into effect from 01.04.2007
after restructuring of erstwhile West Bengal State Electricity Board in compliance of Electricity Act
2003. WBSEDCL is a major power utility of the state with consumer strength over 1.29 crore. 5 zones,
17 regional offices, 64 distribution divisions and 484 customer care centers make up the backbone to
the power distribution system of the state. WBSEDCL has been recently adjudged "Power India 2008
excellence award" for undertaking Power Sector Reform Initiatives. It is divided into 5 zones: Kolkata,
Burdwan, Midnapore, Berhampore and Siliguri.

W.B.S.E.D.C.L.

Behrampur Siliguri

Kolkata Burdwan Midnapore

Birbhum Burdwan
Hooghly

Singur Haripal Tarakeswar Arambag

Chandannagar Serampore Mogra

Chanditala Makhla Rishra

Begampur Dankuni Nabagram Serampore

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 Substations & Feeders
An electric power substation associated with the distribution system and the primary feeders for sup
ply to residential, commercial, and industrial loads. The distribution substation receives power from
one or more transmission or sub-transmission lines at the corresponding transmission or sub-
transmission voltage level and provides that power to one or more distribution feeders that originate
in the substation and comprise the primary network.
In every electrical Substation, there are generally various indoor & outdoor switching
equipments. Each equipment has certain functional requirement. The outdoor equipment is installed
under open sky. The indoor switchgear is generally in form of metal enclosed factory assembled units
called metal-clad switchgear.
1. Power Transformer: Used for stepping down voltage for Primary Distribution. Usually
naturally Air cooled, oil immersed known as ONAN type upto rating of 10MVA.
2. Bus-bars: used for a main bar or conductor carrying electric current to which many
connections may be make.
3. Insulators: Porcelain insulators employed in Substations are of Pin or Disc type. They serve as
supports & insulation of the Bus-bars, Conductors.
4. Circuit Breaker: Switching during normal or abnormal conditions, interrupt the fault current.
5. Isolator: Disconnecting a part of the system from the live parts under No-load condition.
6. Lighting Arrester: Diverting the High-voltage surges to earth & maintain the continuity during
normal voltage.
7. Earthing Switch: Discharge the voltage on the lines to the earth after disconnecting them.
8. Current transformer: Stepping down the current for measurement, protection & control.
9. Potential Transformer: Stepping down the voltage for measurement, protection & control.
10. Protective Relays: A device interposed between the main circuit & the circuit breaker in such a
manner that any abnormality in the circuit acts on the relay, which in turn, if the abnormality is
of dangerous character, causes the breaker to open & so to isolate the faulty element.
11. Control Room: Control room is the nerve centre of the Substation. Various controls performed
from here are voltage adjustment, load control & emergency tripping. Different metering
equipments like Ammeters, Voltmeter, MVArh, MVAh, MVA, MWh meters present here & also
protective equipments like Protective relays, CTs, PTs, VCBs & OCBs.
12. Batteries: To fulfill the requirement of DC supply for protection & control purposes & DC
supply, is obtained from secondary or storage batteries. Storage batteries two types- lead acid
& alkaline.
13. Station service Transformer: The common station auxiliaries like lighting, feed water pumps,
battery charging system etc. are supplied power through step-down station service
transformer.
Feeders: Feeders are the conductors which connect the stations to the areas to be fed by those
stations. Generally from the feeders no tapping is taken to the consumers, therefore, current loading
of a feeder remains the same along its length. It is designed mainly from the point of view of its
current carrying capacity.

Under Serampore Division there are 5nos 33/11kV Substations, 1no 33kV Switching Sub-
station & 1169nos 11/0.433kV Substations, 25nos 33kV Feeders & 28nos 11kV Feeders.

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1. 33kV Feeders:
Primary Distribution Voltage is 33kV. This voltage is used as supply of Centralized Bulk Consumers
(Demand>1500kVA) & Incoming source of 33/11kV sub-stations.
3nos Sub-stations of WBSETCL- Rishra 220/132/33/11kV, Chanditala 132/33/11kV Sub-station &
Bighati 132/33/11kV are the sources of 33kV feeders of Serampore Division. There are total 25 nos 33kV
feeders under Serampore Division. 17nos feeders (Ajadhya, Coal India II & Kaikhala II are Standby) emanating
from Rishra 220/132/33/11kV S/stn, 05 nos from Chanditala 132/33/11kV S/stn & 03 nos from Bighati
132/33kV Sub-station.
Sub-station Feeder Name Peak Load S/stn Feeder Name Peak Load
J K Steel 85A Chanditala Mother Diary 310A
Chanditala
Orient Steel 120A Super Forging 210A
132/33/
Siddhartha Ferro Alloy 70A Bengal Beverage 48A
11kV
Standard Pharmacy 25A Arc Vac 280A
Rishra S/stn
Assam Tube 177A Chanditala Kalachara
220/132/
Rishra Mother Diary 80A Bighati Bighati Sheoraphully 200A
33/ 11kV
Grand Steel 190A 132/33kV Utcas Galva 5A
S/Stn
Bhushan 314A S/Stn Penta Steel 240A
H.D.C. 120A Rishra Kaikhala 2 140A
HNG1 220A 220/132/33/ Raghunathpur 180A
HNG2 220A 11kV S/Stn Coal India 210A

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2. Raghunathpur 33/11kV Sub-station:
Raghunathpur 33/11kV
S/Stn located at 217,
T.N. Mukherjee Road,
raghunathpur, Hooghly-
712247 having
coordinate
22°40'23.1"N 88° 19'
22.9" E. It’s one of the
oldest S/Stn under
Serampore Division.
Total installed capacity
of this Substation is
22.6MVA (1x10MVA +
2x6.3MVA). 2nos 33kV incoming feeders are Rishra-Raghunathpur emanating from Rishra
220/132/33/11kV S/Stn & Chanditala-Mother Diary emanating from Chanditala 132/33/11kV S/Stn.
11kV outgoing Feeders are Kalachara, Kalipur, Mother Diary, Raghunathpur, Makhla, Nischinda &
Maitypara IC.
Technical Information:
33kV Source A B
i I/C 33kV Feeder Name Rishra- Raghunathpur Chanditala- Motherdiary
ii Conductor Size ACSR 100mm2 ACSR 100mm2
iii Length of the Feeder 13km 19km
iv Peak Load 180A 240A
v Average Load 160A 200A
33/11kV Switchyard
i No. of Transformer Bay 2nos 1no.
ii No. & capacity of Transformer 2x6.3MVA 1x10MVA
iii % Impedance of PTR 7.35% (T2), 7% (T3) 8.75% (T1)
iv Maker RTS Power Corporation Marson’s Limited
v Load of Individual PTR 283A (T2), 272A (T3) 450A (T1)
vi Existing Transformer Control Group Control Individual Control
vii Transformer control of 33kV Breaker 1no VCB (Group Control) 1no VCB (Individual Control)
viii Type of Switch yard Box-type Box-type
Control Room A B
i 11kV Panel Configuration 2IN+2BC+5OG 1IN+2OG
ii 11kV Breakers All OCB OCB, 1IN VCB
iii Manufacturer CGL, Mfg-1996 CGL, Mfg-1996
iv Length & Size of I/C 11kV Cable 70m each, XLPE 3x300mm2 70m each, XLPE 3x300mm2
v Length & Size of O/G 11kV Cable 80m each, XLPE 3x185mm2 80m & 50m, XLPE 3x 185mm2

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3. Coal Complex 33/11kV Sub-station:
Coal Complex 33/11kV S/Stn located at
Dankuni Coal Complex, Hooghly- 712310
having coordinate 22°42'45.3"N
88°16'48.3"E. Total installed capacity of
this Substation is 12.6MVA ( 2x6.3MVA).
2nos 33kV incoming feeders are Rishra-
Coal Complex Circuit-I & Circuit-II
(Standby) emanating from Rishra 220/
132/33/11kV S/Stn. 11kV outgoing
Feeders are Chanditala, Sail, Industrial,
PNG, and Township & Nabagram.

Technical Information:
33kV Source A B
i I/C 33kV Feeder Name Rishra- Coal Complex Ckt-I Rishra- Coal Complex Ckt-II
ii Conductor Size ACSR 100mm2 ACSR 100mm2
iii Length of the Feeder 14km 14km
iv Peak Load 210A Standby
v Average Load 160A
33/11kV Switchyard
i No. of Transformer Bay 2nos
ii No. & capacity of Transformer 2x6.3MVA
iii % Impedance of PTR 7.03% (T1), 7.14% (T2)
T1: Radio Accessories, Mfg : 1999
iv Maker
T2: Marson’s Limited, Mfg : 1994
v Load of Individual PTR 277A (T1), 270A (T2)
vi Existing Transformer Control Group Control
vii Transformer control of 33kV Breaker 1no OCB
viii Type of Switch yard Spread out
Control Room
i 11kV Panel Configuration 2IN+1BC+6OG
ii 11kV Breakers All OCB
iii Manufacturer GEC Alstom, Mfg-1994
T1: 90m XLPE 3x240mm2
iv Length & Size of I/C 11kV Cable
T2: 90m XLPE 3x3000mm2
v Length & Size of O/G 11kV Cable 110m each, XLPE 3x185mm2

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4. Sheoraphully 33/11kV Sub-station:
Sheoraphully 33/11kV S/Stn located at Baidyabati
Rajarbagan, Hooghly- 712222 having coordinate
22°47'06.3"N 88°19'03.6"E. Total installed capacity of
this Substation is 22.6MVA ( 1x10MVA+ 2x6.3MVA).
1no 33kV incoming feeder is Bighati-Sheoraphully
emanating from Bighati 132/33kV S/Stn. 11kV
outgoing Feeders are Bhadreshwar, Sheoraphully,
Baidyabati, Singur & Industrial.

Technical Information:
33kV Source A B
i I/C 33kV Feeder Name Bighati-Sheoraphully
ii Conductor Size ACSR 100mm2
iii Length of the Feeder 7km
iv Peak Load 200A
v Average Load 160A
33/11kV Switchyard
i No. of Transformer Bay 2nos 1nos
ii No. & capacity of Transformer 2x6.3MVA 1x10MVA
iii % Impedance of PTR 7.39% (T1), 7.32% (T2) 8.49% (T3)
T1: Radio Accessories, Mfg : 1999 T3: Marson’s Limited,
iv Maker
T2: Marson’s Limited, Mfg : 2005 Mfg: 2011
v Load of Individual PTR 270A (T1), 300A (T2)
vi Existing Transformer Control Group Control Individual Control
vii Transformer control of 33kV Breaker 1no VCB (Group Control) 1no VCB
viii Type of Switch yard Spread out
Control Room
i 11kV Panel Configuration 2IN+1BC+6OG

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5. Kalachara 33/11kV Sub-station:
Kalachara 33/11kV S/Stn located at
Ahilyabai Holkar Road, Kalachara, Hooghly
having coordinate 2242’23.9”N
8814’01.0”E. The Sub-station is still under
construction. The proposed capacity is
12.6MVA (2x6.3MVA). Presently installed
capacity of this Substation is 3MVA
(1x3MVA), which was commissioned on
26.06.2014. 1no 33kV incoming feeder is
Chanditala-Kalachara emanating from
Chanditala 132/33/11kV S/Stn,
commissioned on 19.06.2014. 1no 11kV
O/D switchgear is present. Foundations of
O/D switchyard is completed, Boundary
walls & Control Room is almost complete.

Technical Information:
33kV Source A
i I/C 33kV Feeder Name Chanditala-Kalachara
ii Conductor Size ACSR 100mm2 & XLPE 3x300mm2
iii Length of the Feeder 14km
33/11kV Switchyard
i No. of Transformer Bay 2nos (proposed)
ii No. & capacity of Transformer 1x3MVA [Proposed 2x6.3MVA proposed]
iii % Impedance of PTR 6.66%
iv Maker Electra, Mfg : 1992
v Existing Transformer Control Not present
vi Transformer control of 33kV Breaker Individual Control
Control Room Under Construction
Make: ESPL, Insulation Level: 28/75kV, STC: 25kV for
11kV O/D Type VCB
3sec, Making current: 63kA, Breaking current: 25kA
Current Transformer Make: Sreema Ent., ratio: 200-100/5-5A

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7. H.N.G. 33kV Switching Sub-station:
A switching substation is a substation
without transformers and operating only at
a single voltage level. Switching substations
are sometimes used as collector and
distribution stations. Sometimes they are
used for switching the current to back-up
lines or for parallelizing circuits in case of
failure.
The single switching Sub-station:
Hindustan National Glass 33kV Switching
Sub-station located at 33, Panchu Gopal
Bhaduri Sarani, Rishra, Hooghly-712249,
having coordinate 22°44'10.4"N
88°20'25.3"E. The S/stn is mainly designed to minimize the faults & give uninterrupted power supply
to Hindustan National Glass Pvt. Ltd. The 33kV I/C sources of the S/stn are H.N.G. I, II & Standard,
emanating from Rishra 220/132/33/11kV S/stn. Directional relay is used to give uninterrupted
supply to HNG (P) Ltd. HNG I & II 33kV feeders are connected parallel, one of the feeder is active &
other remain standby. If fault occurs in active feeder, then the directional relay immediate isolate the
faulty feeder & within few microseconds fed the power through the standby feeder, standby feeder
then become active. Jayshree Insulator & Kusum Products are the 2nos Centralized Bulk consumers
who fed through this 33kV switching sub-station.
Circuit Breakers:
Six numbers of vacuum circuit breakers(V.C.B), two numbers of minimum oil circuit breakers(M.O.C.B) are
used in this sub-station.
Current Transformer Ratio:
 In Standard incoming bay 200/5-5 A
 HNG-1 incoming bay, 400-200/5-5 A
 HNG-2 incoming bay, 400-200/5-5 A
 Kusum Product outgoing, 100/5 A
 Joysree Ins outgoing, 100/5 A

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~ 14 ~
8. 11kV Feeders:
There are total 28nos 11kV feeders under Serampore Division. From which 7nos emanating from
Raghunathpur 33/11kV S/stn, 6nos emanating from Coal Complex 33/11kv S/stn, 5nos from Sheoraphully
33/11 S/stn, 7nos from Rishra 220/132/33/11kV S/stn & 3nos from Chanditala 132/33/11kV S/stn.
These 11kV feeders are used as supply sources of 11kV HT Centralized Consumers (Demand >125kVA;
<1500kVA), HT de-centralized Bulk Consumers (Demand: >125kVA; <500kVA) & incoming sources of 33/11kV
S/stns. Feeders with their Circuit length in KM, Peak Load in Ampere & Covering Areas are described briefly.

Conductor Size Length Peak Bulk

Sub-station Feeder Name Area Coveres
(ACSR) (KM) Load (nos)
Begampur, Chanditala,
Kalachara 50mm2 & 30mm2 48 240A Dankuni
08
Kalipur 50mm2 26 220A Chanditala, Dankuni 03
Raghunathpur Raghunathpur 100mm2 & 50mm2 8 170A Dankuni, Makhla 11
33/11 S/stn Makhla 100mm2 & 50mm2 6 180A Makhla 02
Maitypara 50mm2 3 120A Dankuni, Makhla 06
Nischinda 50mm2 & 30mm2 2 10A Makhla
Mother Dairy 100mm2 & 50mm2 24 170A Dankuni, Makhla 16
Sail 50mm2 2 21A 02
Nabagram 50mm2 6 72A Begampur 05
136A Begampur, Chanditala,
Coal Complex PNG 50mm2 30 Dankuni
00
33/11kV S/stn
Chanditala 50mm2 45 240A Chanditala 01
Township 100mm2 & 50mm2 12 50A Dankuni 01
Industrial 50mm2 14 112A Dankuni 06
Sheoraphully 100mm2 & 50mm2 20 130A Serampore 01
Baidyabati 50mm2 & 30mm2 16 40A Serampore 01
Sheoraphully
Singur 50mm2 & 30mm2 15 70A Serampore 03
33/11kV S/Stn
Industrial 50mm2 & 30mm2 12 250A Serampore 01
Bhadreshwar 50mm2 & 30mm2 25 160A Serampore 01
Nabagram, Rishra,
RG Colony 100mm2 & 50mm2 38 360A Serampore
01
Hindmotor-I 100mm2 & 50mm2 42 250A Nabagram, Serampore 01
Rishra Hindmotor-II 100mm2 & 50mm2 20 280A Dankuni, Serampore 21
220/132/33/
Serampore 100mm2 & 50mm2 25 330A Rishra, Serampore 03
11kV S/stn
Spinning Mill 50mm2 85A Serampore 00
Singur 50mm2 70A Serampore 00
Sheoraphully 100mm2 & 50mm2 19 160A Serampore 13
Chanditala Begampur 100mm2 & 50mm2 48 190A Begampore 00
132/33/11kV Tisha 50mm2 25 45A Begampur 01
S/stn Dankuni 100mm2 & 50mm2 19 120A Begampur, Dankuni 12

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9. 11/0.433kV Sub-station:
Secondary distribution voltage is 433Volts (between phases) & 240Volts (between a phase & neutral).
This voltage is used as supply
voltage of Domestic Consumers
(Demand: <6kW for 1, <50kVA
for 3), Commercial Consumers
(<50kVA), Industrial Consumers
(<50kVA) & LT Bulk Consumers
(Demand: <125kVA; >50kVA).
For power supply to the
consumers Outdoor type
Distribution transformers of
different capacity (160kVA,
100kVA, 63kVA, 25kVA, 16kVA
and 10kVA) are installed. The
Distribution transformers are
erected on Rail Pole DP Structure
or 9m PCC Pole DP structure
(four pole structure also used).
Incoming sources of these
transformers are the nearby
11kV Feeder, tapping is made
from the feeder.

1169nos 11/0.433kV DTRs are

installed under Serampore
Division’s 07nos Customer Care
Centres. The list given below
describes the numbers of
Distribution Transformers (as
per PRT Report August, 14)
installed across the C.C.C.‘s. Total
installed capacity of Secondary
distribution is 85,175kVA.

CCC/Capacity (kVA) 315 160 100 63 25 16 10 Total

Begampur 0 1 61 54 27 2 2 147
Chanditala 0 0 94 85 30 2 1 212
Dankuni 0 0 98 70 32 1 2 203
Makhla 0 1 65 58 14 0 1 139
Nabagram 0 0 53 45 32 3 0 133
Rishra 0 0 42 18 3 0 0 63
Serampore 3 3 95 105 61 2 3 272
Serampore Division 3 5 508 435 199 10 9 1169
Installed Capacity (kVA) 945 800 50800 27405 4975 160 90 85175

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 Operation & Maintenance:

A. Operation of 33/11kV Sub-Station:-

Normally 1no Junior Operator cum Technical Assistant (JOA) & 1 TSH is posted in each shift of a
33/11kV S/stn. The basic duty of JOA is mentioned below.
i. Operation of various equipments like Switchgear, Power Transformer, 30V DC battery, battery
charger, VHF communication set etc.
ii. Taking periodical reading of various parameters: Voltage, Current, readings of energy metres,
recording of tripping details.
iii. Arranging shutdown to maintenance personnel.
iv. To report Assistant Engineer in case of any equipment failure.
In our protection scheme two types of alarm schemes are there, 1. Non- Trip Alarm, 2. Trip Alarm. Non-trip &
Trip Alarm can operate in following cases-
Non- Trip Alarm Trip Alarm
Accumulation of gas
Buchholz Alarm O/C Trip Over current relay operated
in relay
Oil Temperature Alarm High oil temperature Earth fault trip Earth fault relay operated
Winding Temperature High winding Restricted earth fault relay in HV
HV REF Trip
Alarm temperature side of PTR operated
Low oil in Restricted earth fault relay in LV
Magnetic Oil Gauge LV REF Trip
conservator tank side of PTR operated
Absence of AC supply Accumulation of gas/ sudden flow
AC fail Buchholz Trip
in Control panel of bulk oil through Buchholz relay
No DC supply in Pressure Release Sudden high pressure in PTR main
DC fail
control panel Device trip tank
Oil Temperature trip
High rise in oil temperature
(OTT)
Winding temperature
High rise in winding temperature
trip (WTT)
Panel/ Incoming DC Fail: Accept the alarm & note down the relay indication with date & time. Check the
main DC supply from DC distribution box/ battery charger, DC control fuses/DC MCB in the panel. If the
problem is over then OK, if not trip the 33kV I/C VCB or Transformer VCB manually & try to restore DC
power. After restoration normalize the system & note down the timings & reset the DC fail relay flag.

DC Fail: Accept the alarm & note down the relay indication with date & time. Check the main AC supply from
AC distribution box, AC control fuses/AC MCB in the panel. After restoration normalize the system & note
down the timings & reset the AC fail relay flag.

1. 33kV VCB/MOCB of Incoming or Outgoing feeder:

In case of Shutdown: JOA should check whether shutdown is allotted to the said equipment. If there any
shutdown or shutdown is withdrawn by the relevant person, JOA should inform him that he is going to
close the breaker. Thereafter close the Isolator at both end of 33kV circuit breaker. Check the conditions
of trip circuit & spring charge indicator & relays associated with the Breaker are in reset condition. If all
conditions fulfilled then close the breaker. If the breaker trips, record the alarm indication & time in the
Log sheet. After 3minutes try to close the breaker. If the line does not hold & the incident happens 2or 3
times, declare it as breakdown, open the bus isolator & report maintenance gang.
Protective Relay Operates: In case of over current or earth fault, O/C relay & E/F relay trips. Note down
the timings, reset the relay & other relay. Close the breaker.

2. 33kV VCB/MOCB installed against Power Transformer:

In case of Shutdown: Check the relays like B/A, B/T, OT A, OT T, WTA, WTT, HVREF, LVREF, Differential
relay, PRD trip, OSR trip, E/F, O/C, Master trip etc are in reset condition. Check the corresponding 11kV
Breaker is in off condition or not. Carry a visual inspection over the bay equipment like bushing, LA &
others, that all are in good condition. Close the breaker from the remote end. If the breaker trips, record
the alarm indication & time in the Log sheet, report maintenance gang. If 33kV breaker holds he would
close the corresponding Incoming 11kV breaker.

~ 17 ~
 Differential, O/C, HVREF, LVREF operated (33kV Breaker tripped, 11kV breaker inter tripped):
Isolate the transformer from both end. Testing will check the oil level & sign sign of any unusual oil
leakage, whether there is abnormal temperature rise, whether all the valves of radiator & conservator
tank is opened. Whether any crack on HV/ LV bushing, Cable heads, 33kV CTs. The IR value of the
Transformer is to taken with the help of 5000V Megger (After opening all jumpers, disconnecting neutral
grounding). Further discussions to be made with the Zonal Testing Department.
Buchholz, OSR, WTI, OTI trip: Check whether gas is accumulated in buchholz relay chamber/ check oil
temperature & winding temperature indicator. Further discussions to be made with the Zonal Testing
Department to overcome the situation.

3. 11kV VCB/MOCB installed against outgoing 11kV Feeder:

In case of Shutdown: Close the outgoing 11kV isolator connected with the corresponding breaker. Check
the conditions of trip circuit & spring charge indicator & relays associated with the Breaker are in reset
condition. If all conditions fulfilled then close the breaker. If the breaker trips, record the alarm indication
& time in the Log sheet. After 3minutes try to close the breaker. If the line does not hold & the incident
happens 2or 3 times, declare it as breakdown, open the bus isolator & report maintenance gang.
Protective Relay Operates: In case of over current or earth fault, O/C relay & E/F relay trips. Note down
the timings, reset the relay & other relay. Close the breaker.

4. 30V DC Battery:
Check the specific gravity of cells with Hydrometer. Specific gravity should be between 1200-1300. If
higher than 1230, switch off AC supply for some time & measure it again. Caheck 1no cell voltage every
day & all cell voltages every 15days. It should be between 2.0- 2.2Volt (switch off before test & switch it
on after test). If any cell found voltage below than 2.0V then separate charging from outside is to be
arranged. Check tightness of the lead. Check water level & pour distilled water if required. Output voltage
of the battery should be between 30- 34V.

5. 30V DC Battery Charger:

Charging current should be maintained around 150mA. Voltage level should be between 30- 34V. If it is
less, then keep the charger in BOOST charge mode.

6. Capacitor Bank:
Capacitor is an electrical device which can store energy if the power-supply is withdrawn. Capacitor bank
should be put into circuit on monitoring the voltage level & power factor level related to the circuit. If the
power factor is 1.0, then capacitor bank should not be put into the circuit. It should be switched off when
the voltage reaches 12kV. If the capacitor bank trips due to earth fault, over current/residual voltage/
unbalance protection from the NCT, capacitor bank should not be energized.

B. Maintenance:
1. Power Transformer (3.15/5/6.3/10MVA):
Check the winding temperature, oil temperature indicator. If it tends to hit the alarm take necessary
actions to cool the PTR. If the load in one transformer is raised excessive then load sharing can be done
with the other parallel connected PTR. If voltage is less than specified value then either switches on the
capacitor bank or use the tap changer. If voltage raised then either switches off the capacitor bank or use
the tap changer. Check the oil level in the conservator tank. If silica gel of the Breather gets pink, replace it
with new one. If there is excessive noise/ humming inside the PTR, take shutdown & investigate. If the
BDV is less than 30kV & acidity greater than 0.3mg KOH/gm, then oil filtration or replacement of oil is
necessary. If the value neutral- body earthing is greater than 1, then earthing connections should be
tightened, condition of earth-mat should be checked.

2. 33kV VCB:
Check the conditions of interrupter on/off function. Check operations of tripping & closing circuit. Check
the mechanism & tightened the loose part.

3. 33kV CT:
Clean the stud by scraper, file to remove burns, pitting etc. Check the condition of gasket, oil seal if there is
oil leakage, replace if necessary. Checking of sulphur deposition at secondary terminal.

~ 18 ~
4. 33kV PT:
Clean the stud by scraper, file to remove burns, pitting etc. Check the condition of gasket, oil seal if there is
oil leakage, replace if necessary. Checking of sulphur deposition at secondary terminal. Earth resistance to
be measured by earth megger, if it is is not satisfactory fresh earthing to be done.

5. 11kV Switchgear (OCB):

Examine the burning & other damages of contacts such as pitting, burn etc. Replace the contacts if
damaged. If burning & pitting found trip coil should be replaced & if found loose connections it should be
tightened. With the help of CTC clean the sulphur/carbon deposition.

6. 11kV Switchgear (VCB):

Check the condition of vacuum interrupter’s on/ off condition. Check reistance & continuity of tripping/
closing coils. Lubricate the mechanism part & tightened the loosen portion s & replace rusted nuts & bolts.

7. 33kV Bus:
Check if there is any sparkling or glowing. Replace the rusted nuts & bolts at different bus- connectors.
Tightened the bus at different joints which became loose due to load variation.

8. 42kV & 12kV LA:

If porcelain is damaged, change the LA immediately. Checking the earthing connection.

9. 33kV, 11kV & LT Line:

Adequate clearance to conductors & poles are available from tree branches, buildings & road. No bird nest
or creeper on the cross arms. Proper Staying would be done in case of tilted pole. Jumpering should be
properly done. Earthing is necessary with help of earth rod & GI wire. Broken equipments like Insulators,
brackets, cross arms, guys should be change immediate to avoid accident.

~ 19 ~
 HT Cable Fault Location:
Maitypara 11kV Feeder emanating from Raghunathpur 33/11kV substation is about 5-6km underground
through HT cable. This feeder faces cable fault in the mid of February 2014 this month. A team from Vidyut
Bhaban came to locate the location of cable fault. They used different equipment to locate the cable fault.
This describes below.
The team used BAUR made Syscompact 2000, Shirla & Universal locator UL30 to locate the fault.

Syscompact 2000

Syscompact 2000/32 is a compact designed, fully enclosed cable fault location system for prelocation and pin
pointing of high impedance, low impedance and intermittent cable faults of low and medium voltage cables.
Easy operation and use of latest fault location methods in combination with efficient instruments enable a
rapid and reliable fault location.

Features:
• Location of low-impedance, high-impedance and intermittent cable faults up to 32 kV
• Efficient and precise cable fault prelocation methods
• pin pointing according to the acoustic method or measurement of acoustic propagation time (with Universal
Locator UL and Ground Microphone BM)
• sheath fault location according to step voltage method (optional with UL and two test probes)
• Easiest handling
• Modular design, easy to extend for cable testing and diagnosis instruments

Shirla:
This new revolutionary and unique device is used for cable and cable sheath testing, fault prelocation as well as
for sheath fault pin pointing according to the step voltage method.
The special measuring bridge performs measurements according to Murray and Glaser methods. With
the integrated high voltage DC source, shirla can prelocate low and high resistive cable faults. The measuring
principle enables the prelocation of cable sheath faults and earth faults on unshielded cables.
Analyses are done automatically and the results are displayed digitally. For cable fault pin pointing according to
the step voltage method, shirla applies a defined DC pulse pattern and the step voltage can be picked up by
using the KMF1 or UL receiver set.

Main features
 Cable and cable sheath testing up to 10kV
 Resistance measurement
 Cable and cable sheath fault prelocation with high precision measuring bridge

~ 20 ~
 Definable cable sections with individual adjustable length, cross section and conductor material
 Cable sheath fault pin pointing
 Integrated discharge unit
 Step-less voltage adjustment
 Automatic reporting function
 Mains and battery operated
 Menu control via one button operation
 Timer function for testing and switch-on delay time
Universal Locator UL 30
The Universal Locator UL 30 is used together with ground microphone BM 30 and Surge Voltage Generator
(SSG / STG) for pin-pointing of cable faults. Within BM 30 incorporated velocity device, time difference
between magnetic pulse and flashover noise can be measured and evaluated. The UL 30 displays the
distance to fault and indicates if you reach the fault or stride away. This is particularly advantageous for
cable faults which hardly can be located acoustically.
In combination with Audio Frequency Transmitter (TG) and Detecting Rod (SP 30) the UL 30 is used for
route tracing and depth evaluation of electric lines and cables. Sheath fault location can be performed using
the available two earth probes according the step voltage method.

Cable Fault Location Procedure

Cable fault location as such has to be considered as a procedure covering the following steps and not being
only one single step.
 Fault Indication  Precise Cable Fault Location (Pinpointing)
 Disconnecting and Earthing  Cable Identification
 Fault Analyses and Insulation Test  Fault Marking and Repair
 Cable Fault Prelocation  Cable Testing and Diagnosis
 Cable Route Tracing  Switch on Power
Cable Fault Types
Fault between core-core and core - sheath:
 Low resistive faults (R < 100 - 200 Ω)  Intermittent faults (breakdown or flash faults)
 short circuit  Interruption (cable cuts)
 High resistive faults (R > 100 - 200 Ω)
Defects on the outer protective shield (PVC, PE):
 Cable sheath faults

Measuring circuit according to Glaser

Bridge measurement in
accordance with Glaser can be used for
cable sheath fault location in defective
plastic cable sheaths and in
unshielded plastic low voltage
cables. This method requires to be
operated via two auxiliary lines of
equal cross section and material.
The difference compared to the
Murray method is, that for this method
the forward path defined via the two
auxiliary lines is compensated. The
remaining effective external circuit is
the sheath only. As the sheath always is of different diameter compared to the core, this compensation is
helpful. The two auxiliary cores do not necessarily need to be realized via two cores in one 3core cable, but
also 2 cores of single core cables can be used. Like this, sheath faults can be located. The distance to the fault
can be determined in relation to the total cable length.
Connection according to Glaser with two auxiliary lines and constant line cross-section

1st Step: Balancing of the bridge:

~ 21 ~
 By means of the integrated low voltage DC source (not related to ground) the measuring circuit is
balanced. Therefore the internal potentiometer is adjusted, so that the
equation is fulfilled.
The galvanometer is adjusted to zero (α = 0). R4 in the balancing
step is defined zero, because the voltage source applied is not related to
ground and the fault is not causing any leakage current.
2nd Step: Measurement:
For the measurement a ground related DC voltage source is applied and the
internal battery used for balancing is switched apart. Therefore the current
is now forced to return to the ground potential of the power source. The
resistive fault is now coming on stage and the bridge circuit is changing.
Depending on the location of the fault, the circuit part R3 as balanced is now
splitting up to R3` and R4. The galvanometer is getting out of balance and
showing a certain value that is finally corresponding to R4 and therefore the
faulty distance.
The difference between the Murray and Glaser methods are only the way of connection and the difference in
the formula used for distance calculation. The internal bridge circuit of the instrument is not changing at all.
The accuracy of the measurement is mainly depending on the measuring current that can be forced to flow.
For high resistive faults, the required measuring current (5mA = 0.1% accuracy) can only be reached by using
a high voltage source. The new cable sheath testing and fault location system Shirla is operated with an
integrated 10kV DC source. Therefore even high resistive faults can be located precisely.

Cable Route Tracing

Propagation Time Measurement
The acoustic fault location set comprising the receiver UL30 and
the ground microphone BM 30 offers the special feature of
digital propagation time – distance measurement.
Fistly, the ground microphone is measuring the
electromagnetic signal that can be recorded all along the cable
where the HV impulse is travelling before finally flashing over at
the faulty position. As this signal is available all along the cable
trace towards the fault, it can further be used to make sure that
the “cable trace” is followed. The maximum signal confirms to
be directly above the cable.
Secondly the ground microphone will receive the flashover noise next to
the fault on the ground surface as soon as the very close area around the fault is
reached.
Therefore, every flashover activates two trigger situations. – magnetic
trigger and acoustic trigger
The two signals are of different propagation velocity. Further the distance to the
fault influences the difference in trigger of acoustic trigger compared to the trigger
of the electromagnetic signal.
As soon as the magnetic trigger is reacting on the bypassing HV impulse in the cable underneath, a
timer is started. When the ground microphone receives the delayed acoustic signal, the measuring cycle is
stopped.
The receiver UL automatically indicates the measured time distance (propagation time) to the fault
via a digital meter indication. According to the meter indication, the faulty position, where the distance
indication is lowest, can be found.
By means of the audible acoustic signal the final exact location of the cable fault can be determined.
This special feature increases the performance compared to convenient acoustic pick-up sets, as the magnetic
indication offers an integrated tracing feature.
Thus, using Shirla they found that is about faulty cable area is 3.5km from the testing point, our AE
Shri Sashwta Halder analyze & found that it would be easy if we use UL30 from Raghunathpur S/stn, because
the cable length was about 4km. Thus using the UL30 & Shirla we were able to locate the area of cable fault.

~ 22 ~
 Customer Care Centres:
Customer Care Centres deals with the Domestic, Commercial & Industrial consumers (<50kVA demand).
Serampore Division has 7nos CCCs (Customer care centre)- Begampur, Chanditala, Dankuni, Makhla,
Nabagram, Rishra & Serampore. Different types of works are done here, like New service connection to
consumers (<50MVA), Load extensions, Receives payment of electricity bills, L&MV maintenance & other
L&MV related works. Station Manager is the Head of the CCCs. The main function of the CCC is to give
power supply to consumer & collect the billed amount. The procedures regarding the New service
connection describes below.
A consumer can apply for a New Service Connection through Procedure- A or B. Domestic consumers
having demand <6kW can apply for 1 supply & Domestic, Commercial, Industrial having demand
<50kVA can apply for 3 supply through Procedure-A. Only Residential/ Commercial complex owners
have to apply for power supply through Procedure-B.

Step by step Procedure of New Service Connection:

1. Domestic 1 Connection upto 6kW
 Application form (Procedure-A) may be collected from concerned CCC or may be
downloaded from WBSEDCL website.
 Submit the duly filled form along with copy of documents (voter ID, Ownership document/
Parcha/ Tax receipt & others).
 SAE/CM/ACM will visit the premises for inspection (meter room prepared or not & More
than one Service connection present at same premises) & submits the report at CCC.
 Quotation generates with amounts to be borne by Consumer depending upon the intending
Load ( House service connection + Security deposit-refundable)
 Intending consumer has to pay the quotational amount within 90days of generation of
quotation.
 After depositing the quotational amount service connection will be effected except dispute
cases & master card will be generated at the DCC (Divisional computer Centre).
2. Commercial & Industrial Connections (<50kVA)
 Application form (Procedure-A) may be collected from concerned CCC or may be downloaded
from WBSEDCL website.
 Submit the duly filled form along with copy of documents (voter ID, Ownership document/
Parcha/ Tax receipt & others).
 Form along with documents will be checked thoroughly, if any dispute occurs, it would be
informed to the consumer, otherwise Quotation for earnest money along with Application No
will be generated. [EM for Commercial <10kVA= Rs. 200/-, 10-50kVA= RS. 1000/-, Industrial
Rs. 2000/-]. It has to be submitted within 15days.
 After Submission SM/SAE/CM/ACM inspects the premises.
 Commercial Service connection can be made through nearby existing Distribution
Transformer of the applicant, then there is no problem, if the DTR is unable to provide the
load a Note-sheet regarding to install a New DTR has to send to Divisional Manager ( to get
permission of NSC of Industrial Connection, note-sheet has to made by SM of regarding CCC).
The note-sheet contains the details of the service & an estimate of installing a New
11/0.433kV s/stn.

Estimate: An estimate comprises Cost of Materials require for giving new service to the applicant, a
sundry of 5% of material cost is added with material cost (as per New Cost data), Labour charges
added (as per Labour cost data), Supervision Charge (15% of Material cost & labour together) added,
after summing material cost, Labour charge & supervision charge a cess of 1% is added (Cess= 1% of
material+labour+Supervision).
Thus Estimated amount/ HSC= Material Cost+ Labour Charge+ Supervision+ Cess
If a applicant apply for Turnkey (Applicant will arrange both labour & material)
Then Estimated Cost= Supervision+ Cess (+ if the applicant need some Material)

~ 23 ~
  After verifying all the estimates at Division Level (in case of turnkey it places to Zonal Manager)
quotation is generated with House service connection & security deposit. Applicant has to submit the
amount The Sum within 90days.
 After the submission of the amount the note-sheet again send to the Divisional level to create Work
Order. After generation of Work Order concerned SM places a LOI (Letter of Intent) to a registered
WBSEDCL contractor to execute the Work.
 The Contractor receives materials from Divisional Store (located at Rishra 220KV S/stn &
Raghunathpur 33kV S/stn) through SIRN which is signed by concerned SM & DM.
 Contractor completes his work & returns the remaining material to Divisional Store through SRN.
 After that contractor requests for Formal Order at Divisional Level through concerned SM.
 Meter is installed at the premises of the applicant & master card is generated.
3. Residential/ Commercial Complex
 Applicants have to apply for connection through Procedure-B.
 As per projected load described for various items (loads are different for Single room flat. Two room
flat, staircase, lifts & others), total load has to be measured.
 All steps are same as giving New service to Industrial consumers.

Revenue collection is the most vital works done in the CCCs. Every CCC has a target to collect Revenue from
the Consumer. The target & collected revenue of the CCCs during the month of June, 2014 is listed below.

Demand Collection
Name of Unit Revenue
Net Demand (in Gr. Col (In Arrear (Rs.
In MU In MU Realised (Rs)
Lakhs.) Lakhs.) In lakhs)
BEGAMPUR 1.85 98.29 1.70 117.99 3.88 121.87
CHANDITALA 2.50 139.38 2.29 157.35 9.50 166.85
DANKUNI 2.14 183.89 1.81 136.39 9.87 146.26
MAKHLA 1.69 104.86 1.51 113.38 6.23 119.61
NABAGRAM 1.83 90.66 1.57 113.71 7.96 121.67
RISHRA 1.15 96.66 0.93 62.87 6.97 69.84
SERAMPORE 3.28 184.90 2.51 195.10 20.70 215.80
SERAMPORE
14.43 898.64 12.31 896.79 65.11 961.90
(D) DIVISION

 Consumer Strength (till June’ 2014):

CCC Rural Urban Total
BEGAMPUR 24620 0 24620
CHANDITALA 20650 9550 30200
DANKUNI 5 11771 11776
MAKHLA 3272 8248 11520
NABAGRAM 17069 6 17075
RISHRA 1984 9403 11387
SERAMPORE 14579 17146 31725
DIVISION 82179 56124 138303

~ 24 ~
 Every CCC has different sections: Cash counters, establishment, Meter reading Dept, Technical Dept. Works
of the departments described below.

 Cash Counter:
Every CCC has minimum 2 cash counters. Cash collections are made through SAP. Duty of the counters is
to collect billed amount, Disconnection Reconnection charge (Rs. 100/-), Earnest Money, house service
connection charge, security deposit, Temporary connection charge (extra load requirement for different
occasions like wedding, birthday & pujas). Maximum amount of daily collection have to remit to nearby
SBI. Cash-in-charge have to keep the cash details in Cash book & send DCS (Daily collection statement) to
the AE, DCC & Account Officer in the Division.
 Establishment:
Make the office related letter works, quotation creation, register different complains of consumers.
 Meter reading Department:
Spot billing is the process through which meter reading as well as bill is generated (except some CCC,
where spot billing is still not done). With help of CMRI (common meter raeding instrument) meter
reading is done. Then the data is uploaded to the DCC.
 Technical Department:
Chargeman or Assistant chargeman is charge of the technical department of a CCC. Their duty is to
allocate meter to new consumers, disconnection (who did not submit the billed amount within notice
due date), reconnection of disconnected premises, Inspection at consumer premises & to attempt fuse
call.
 LOI Creation:
To execute a work SM has to place a LOI to the contractor. LOI is the permission to execute the listed
work. On the basis of the LOI contractor collects materials from the store. Also authorized person
(employee of WBSEDCL) has to create same LOI at WBSEDCL portal (http://www.wbsedcl.in/irj/portal)
. Using the same portal Store-in-charge will deliver the materials to the contractor.

Distribution Transformer Failure:

This is the most regular problem of WBSEDCL. A failure in DTR can cause lose in revenue. Due to less
protection is present in the 11/0.433kV S/stn, poor maintenance (irregular load measurement, fuse wire
not change etc), over-loading & phase unbalancing, hooking & natural disasters (lighting, storm etc)
caused DTR to fail. List is given below regarding failure of DTRs (April’14- July ’14)
CCC 100kVA 63kVA 25kVA Total
BEGAMPUR 0 1 2 3
CHANDITALA 3 1 0 4
DANKUNI 7 3 3 13
MAKHLA 3 4 0 7
NABAGRAM 1 0 0 1
RISHRA 1 0 0 1
SERAMPORE 4 1 2 7
Serampore Division 19 10 7 36

 Processes regarding Repair of Distribution Transformer:

Preliminary Survey, Final Survey, Stage Inspection & Final testing are the steps through which a DTR can
be repaired.
1. Preliminary Survey: Preliminary survey will be undertaking after issue of LOI at Company premises
(CCC, Store, Division) in presence of Company’s representative who will be not below the rank AE. At
the time of Pre Survey following heads would be checked.
i. kVA, Make, Maker’s serial No, % Impedance, Voltage class, oil capacity, manufacturing year.
ii. Transformer lifted from
iii. LOI no/ others reference no with date
iv. Conditions (Good/ damaged/ missing) of HV/LV bushing & studs, drain/filter valve, main tank,
cover, conservator tank, Arcing horns, MS Nut bolts & washer.
v. Resistance of HV & LV windings by 2500V/500V megger.

~ 25 ~
 vi. Drain out the entire oil from the Transformer & pour it
to the drum & note the quantity of drained out oil.
vii. New/ Purified transformer oil will be issued to
repairer.
viii. DTR is sealed & note down the seal numbers.
2. Final Survey: Final survey to be carried out by Company’s
representative who will be not below the rank AE. Following
measurements taken during the Final survey.
i. All details regarding make, KVA, serial no, voltage
class, seal Nos & others should be checked 1st before break the seal.
ii. The transformer is opened & all paper insulations &
HV, LV coils are separated from the Core.
iii. With the help measuring instruments the length,
diameter of the core; weight of windings; length, inner, outer
diameter of HV, LV windings; resistance of HV & LV windings are
measured.
iv. The windings are damaged with the help of hammer.
v. All the details should be recorded.
3. Stage: In the stage all the dimensions of core & windings,
weight of windings & resistance of windings are measured, & compared to the records taken in Final
survey. If all is ok the repairer is asked to ready the DTR for Final testing.
4. Final Testing: Following tests will be done by Engineers; all measuring instruments/ equipment of
the repairer must have current calibration certificates.
i. Resistance test by Megger: (a) Min IR values should be more than 100Meg Ohm between LV &
earth using 500V megger. (b) Min 500Meg Ohm between HV & LV, HV to earth to be measured
using 2500V megger.
ii. Power frequency HV voltage withstand test: The test in case of repaired transformer should
be 75% of the test voltage prescribed for new transformers. For HV & LV side voltage should be
21kV & 2.25kV respectively. There is no guidelines regarding leakage current, but the list may be
followed.
Permissible limit (mA)
Capacity
HV LV
10kVA 8 2
25kVA 10 3
63kVA 12 4
100kVA 15 5

iii. Measurement of Load Loss: For measurement of load loss, full current in HV side in respect of
rated current is used.
Capacity Winding Original loss in IS: 2026 (W) Permissible limit (+10%) (W)
10kVA Aluminium 360 396
25kVA 685 754
63kVA 1235 1359
100kVA 1760 1936
iv. Measurement of No-load loss: For measurement of no load loss, rated frequencyat LV side
with a connection of two-watt meter method. Supply voltage is 433V.
Original loss in Permissible limit Line Freq (Hz) No load volatge
Capacity
IS: 2026 (W) (+10%) (W) 51.00 441.66V
10kVA 60 66 50.50 437.33V
25kVA 100 110 50.00 433.00V
63kVA 180 198 49.50 428.67V
100kVA 260 286 49.00 424.34V
v. Induced High voltage test (double voltage double frequency): A repaired transformer is to
be tested at 2times the rated voltage at frequency of 2 times the rated frequency for one minute
withstand. This test performed to test the insulation level.
vi. Voltage ratio & Polarity: Voltage ratio tolerance should be as per table no. XIII of IS:2026, to be
measured by TTR & result should be within ±0.50% of desire value.
vii. Measurement of DC resistance HT & LT coils: AS there is no proper guideline in the IS
specification, result would be different for different make.

~ 26 ~
 viii. Measurement of Di-electric strength of Transformer Oil: The average di-electric strength of
transformer oil should be greater than 30kV with 2.5mm gap.
ix. Acidity test of Transformer oil: As per IS specification acidity of the transformer oil should be
0.5mg KOH/gm.
x. The DTr which will pass the test will be sealed with Plastic seal at diagonally opposite corners of
DTR cover & after some time it will be delivered to the store.

 TTMS- Transformer Transaction Management System

This system is the database of the DTRs installed under different CCCs. Only 3 users can operate the
TTMS (DM, All SMs & Jr Manager, Store).
i. In case of new DTRs arrival at store, store-n-charge can entry details regarding the new DTR.
ii. In case of installation of a DTR at new 11/0.433kV S/stn, SM can update the DTr details in TTMS
using his CCC user.
iii. If DTR damaged, then SM using his user send a requisition to the DM user, if DM approves the
requisition then Store user can issue a new/repaired DTR to SM user & return the old damaged
DTR. Then Store user send the DTR to the repairer house.
iv. After receiving the DTR from store user, SM user can update the S/Stn with new DTR.

DCC (Divisional Computer Centre)

Divisional Computer Centre is the most important department of a Divisional Office. DCC server
records all the Data about the consumers (date of connection, billing & payment history & other data).
It connects to all CCCs via SAP regarding revenue collection at the CCCs. In DCC all the disputes
regarding billing of consumer is solved, dispute bill is regenerated, Industrial bills & other bills (except
spot bills) generate here, Notice regarding disconnection (if consumer does not pay bill on or before
due date), disconnection order (if consumer does not pay bill after notice due date) generates. Master
card regarding enrolment of new Consumer done here. Many other relevant works also done in the
DCC.

Serampore Divisional Store:

Serampore Store is located at Rishra 220/132/33/11kV S/stn & Raghunathpur 33/11kV S/stn. Junior
Manager (store) is on the charge of the divisional store. The divisional store keeps the materials which
send from Zonal store & other materials locally purchased. Registered contractors & departmental
persons collect materials regarding operation, maintenance works & new service connections &
return the damaged or excessive materials. The store has to use the WBSEDCL portal to issue
materials, & numerous numbers of books- SIRN, SRN, SRV, SI Book, Ledger Folio etc to keep the
records of the material.

Work Order: W.O. comprises of Scheme of the work (maintenance/NSC), total estimated amount
(with break up), technically sanctioned amount, W.O. No, Details of materials, payment received
from party or DCL expenditure. It is signed by DM, who is the supreme authority of Division.
Formal Order: A contractor places a request to generate FO (request to place bill for completed
work) through SM/AE of concerned CCC/ Divison.
LOI: Permit to execute the listed work described in the LOI.
Store Issue cum Requisition Note (SIRN): A paper signed by DM to a contractor/ departmental
person to give the authority to collect material from the Divisional store.
Store Return Note (SRN): Contractor / departmental person use this paper to return material to
the store.
Store Receive Voucher (SRV): To purchase new item directly from Market & store receives the
item through SRV.
Store Indent Book: To receive material from another Store through SI Book.

~ 27 ~
 Different Service Connections:
Giving power supply to consumers is a must do duty for a Distribution company. A Distribution
company distributes power to 33kV Centralized Bulk Consumers (Demand>1500kVA), 11kV
Centralized Bulk Consumers (Demand: >500kVA; <1500kVA), 11kV Decentralized Bulk Consumers
(Demand: >125kVA; <500kVA), LT Bulk Consumers (Demand: >50kVA, <125kVA) & Industrial,
Commercial, Domestic consumers (Demand: <50kVA). Different type of supply is given to different
consumers according their voltage class. These are described below:

1. 33kV Centralized Bulk Consumer:

38nos Centralized Bulk consumers purchase power from Serampore Division. Industries having
demand greater than 1500KVA have to apply for 33kV Service connection at Central Commerce Level
(at Vidyut Bhavan, HQ of WBSEDCL).
The connection diagram of a 33kV Bulk Consumer is shown:

The intending applicant has to submit the estimated amount, after that relevant Work Order is prepared. Most
in case the party supplies all the materials required for service connection, in that case party have to submit
the Supervision charge only. The system (installing of WBSEDCL Current Transformer,
Potential Transformer for metering & VCB for protection) require for service
connection can be outdoor or indoor type. The Control Relay & Metering Panel is
always installed in a sealed room. The incoming source is tapped from nearby 33kV
Feeder (if available) or need to draw a new 33kV feeder from nearby 132/33 kV sub-
station.
The CR panel specification must follow IS & IEC. Electric relays & protection
instrument must follow IS:
3231 & IEC: 255. Current &
Potential Transformer
specification should follow
IS: 2705 & 3156
respectively. 33kV CT ratio
is 100A/1A (varies with
demand), 2core & PT ratio:
, 2core.
D.C. Supply voltage shall be normally fed
from Consumer side Battery charger and battery
connected in parallel which is 30V +/- 10%. In case
of failure of the AC supply to battery charger, DC
Supply voltage will be available automatically from
lead acid Battery. The D.C Supply voltage may vary
from -10% to + 10%. The D.C. system shall be 2 wire
with necessary earth fault annunciation scheme. AC

~ 28 ~
Auxiliary supply voltage for the C&R panel shall be 230V, 1-phase, 50Hz grounded with +/- 10% voltage
variation.
L.E.D. Type Indicating Lamps shall be provided on the Control Panel to indicate the following:
Indication Quantity Colour Indication Quantity Colour
C.B. Spring charged indication 1nos Blue C.B. ―ON indication 1nos Red
C.B. Spring Circuit healthy indication 1nos White C.B. ―OFF indication 1nos Green
Zonal testing tests every equipment before giving service connection & if require the relays send to
Abhikkhan, Central Testing Unit. If all test results are ok, then a 33kV energy meter is placed infront of CR
panel. To check meter’s performance Consumer draws load, then testing team take meter’s performance test.
After that 1st reading, Seal No. particulars (meter seal no, optical seal & other), Meter No, CT&PT ratios, Date of
installation, Demand are note down in meter card (both party & WBSEDCL).

2. 11kV Centralized & De-centralized Bulk Consumer:

130nos 11kV Centralized & Decentralized Bulk consumers purchase power from Serampore Division.
Industries having demand greater than 125KVA, less than 500kVA have to apply for 11kV Service
connection at Region Level & Industries demand between 500-1500kVA have to apply for service
connection at Central Commerce Level (at Vidyut Bhavan, HQ of WBSEDCL).
The connection diagram of a 11kV Bulk Consumer is shown:

WBSEDCL using 12kV, 400A, 16 kA Series Trip VCB Panel for protection & metering. The equipment shall
be installed on floor in indoor locations towards the following applications: To protect WBSEDCL‟s
Distribution System for Fault in Consumer’s Installation.
 To protect and isolate 11KV Bulk Power Supply Feeder for Fault in Outgoing System.
 Automatic Tripping of Switchgear Unit in case of fault in Feeding System.
 To open or close Switchgear Unit under no load, rated load, fault condition.
 To effect Service Connection to High Voltage Bulk Power Consumer by way of connection of
switchgear unit between 11 KV Dist. System with consumer's high voltage installation.
 To measure Current, Voltage, Energy & Power Factor of Feeding System.
Technical Parameters:
16.0 K.A. Symmetrical for 3
Nominal voltage 11kV Rated Short Circuit Level
seconds
Rated Voltage 12kV Rated Breaking Current 16.0 K.A. Symmetrical
Phase 3 Rated Short Circuit Making Current As per provision in I.S
Power Frequency Withstand Voltage 28 KV for 1 minute
Insulation
Frequency 50Hz 75KV at 1.2x50 microsecond
Level : Impulse Withstand Voltage
wave crest
Rated Current 400A System Earthing H.T. System is effectively earthed
Circuit Breaker is vacuum interrupting type. The equipment is provided with mechanical ‘ON’ and
‘OFF’ facility by operating suitable closing and opening devices. Circuit Breaker provided with mechanical
‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ indicators. The Breaker has (3) three positions: Test, service, isolated/ withdrawal
positions marked. The normal continuous current rating of Circuit Breaker is 400 Amps. at rated Voltage.
Automatic tripping of the Circuit Breaker shall be effected by A.C. operated trip coils as specified in this

~ 29 ~
 specification. The Circuit Breaker is provided with manually charged spring closing mechanism trip free
nature. One hand charging/operating device, is provided.
The Breaker has mechanical indicators for spring “CHARGED” and spring “DISCHARGED”.
The main Bus Bar and Riser shall be of high conductivity
electrolytic copper liberally sized and normal continuous current
rating shall be 800 Amps. at rated voltage. The main Bus Bar and
Riser shall be either tinned or silver plated. All insulating spacer
barrier shall be made of fiber glass adequately insulated for rated
voltage.
Trip Coils and time Limit Fuses for phase fault protection
is of 2.5 Amp rating and Trip Coil for ground fault protection is of
1.0 Amp rating. T.L. Fuses of Trip Circuit is provided in a Fuse Box
having sealing facility. The Fuse Box located in the front of
instrument chamber so that the Fuse can be replaced without
opening the door of the cubicle.
Switchgear is provided with 3 (three) nos. dual core dual
ratio Current Transformer (C.T.) & (3) three phase Potential
Transformer (P.T.). C.T. shall be resin-cast and shall be free from
absorption of moisture & P.T. shall be dry or resin-cast type.

CT Specification PT Specification
Ratio 100-50/5-5A & 50-25/5-5A No of Phase 3
2, Core-I for Metering and Core-II
No of Core Ratio
for Protection
5 P 10 for Protection Core & 1.0
Accuracy Class Vector Group Star/ Star
for Metering Core
15VA for both Protection Core &
VA burden Accuracy Class 1.0
Metering Core
Short Time Current rating 16.0 KA for 1 second VA burden 100VA/Phase
Protection of H.V. & L.V. H.R.C. Fuse
Zonal testing team visits the consumer premises & tests all the equipments, if the switchgear passes in
all the tests, then Zonal testing team sealed off C.T. and P.T. Chamber, P.T. Fuses, T.L. Fuse Box of Trip Circuit,
All Fuses and Links, Test Terminal Block, Board Terminal Block, Instrument/ Metering Chamber. Note down
all details in both party & WBSEDCL meter reading card.

3. LT Bulk Consumer
Several numbers of LT Bulk
consumers purchase power from
Serampore Division. Industries having
demand greater than 50KVA, less than
125kVA have to apply for LT Bulk
Service connection at Region Level.
The intending consumer has to
submit estimated amount after that
relevant work order is prepared. Most
in case the job is turnkey basis.
Incoming source is nearby 11kV Feeder
or branch lines of 11kV feeder. An
outdoor 11/0.433kV sub-station is
installed on 12.81m rail pole double
pole structure, from the LT side through
cable to consumer side metering room.
In meter room a kiosk is placed. I/C
cable’s end terminal is connected to 4
buses (R, Y, B, neutral). 4 CT (Ratio:
200/5A) placed on every bus for
metering & terminals of CT connected to

~ 30 ~
 TOD meter. The meter, Kiosk & door of meter room are sealed. After meter performance test 1st reading is
written in both party & meter reading card.

4. Industrial, Commercial & Domestic Service Connection

(<50kVA)
Consumers need new Industrial, Commercial & Domestic connections (<50kVA for 3, <6kW for 1)
have to apply relevant Customer Care Centre. Steps for New Service connections are discussed in Page
23 & 24. Normally 3 types of service connection are given to the consumers:
i. ‘L’ type: Normally effected when road crossing involves/ nearest pole is far away.
ii. ‘I’ type: Pole is near the premises of consumer.
iii. Loop connection: Only in the residential/ commercial complex. Where a main meter is installed,
from there power is fed to Kiosk (bus-bar chamber). From there different intending consumer draw
power through loop connection.
A drawing shows the L type & I type connection details.

The specifications for a meter room board are detailed in Procedure-A & B form, where the meter is to
be installed. The diagram is shown here:

~ 31 ~
 Meter Reading & Billing: Bulk Consumer
Meter reading & billing is done once per month. As per order from Divisional Engineer (Commerce)
at Region Office, corresponding Assistant Engineer (T), Senior Sub-assistant
engineer take meter reading of Bulk consumers. With the help of Common
meter reading instrument (CMRI) data is downloaded from the meter (if the
meter has an optical port).
Normally TOD meter is installed at the consumer premises. Time of
Day metering (TOD involves dividing the day into tariff slots and with
higher rates at peak load periods and low tariff rates at off-peak load
periods. While this can be used to automatically control usage on the part of
the customer (resulting in automatic load control), it is often simply the
customers responsibility to control his own
usage, or pay accordingly (voluntary load
control).
The following steps are taken while
Bulk meter reading is taken:
i. 1st Comparing the door seals
as written previously on the meter card, if
same then ok, if not look for party card, if any maintenance is done by HT
maintenance team or other officers can visit for inspection. If same, then
cut the seal & open the door otherwise report to the DE, Commerce.
ii. Comparing the kiosk & optical seal no (if testing team
arrived previously then it only be changed), if same then it is cut.
iii. Place the CMRI’s chord at optical port of energy meter &
start download data from the meter. At the same time readings are written
on party & WBSEDCL card also. If AC power failure occurs during meter
reading, power pack used as a source of meter’s power.
iv. After completion of meter reading meter’s optical port, Kiosk box & door is sealed with new seals
& seal particulars are written on the reading cards.
During meter readings following parameters are noted down in the meter reading card.
Abbreviation Abbreviation
Parameter Parameter
(Unit) (Unit)
Time Time of reading E3 (kWh) Active energy for Time slot-3
Date Date of reading A1 (kVAh) Apparent energy for time slot-1
H Runtime of Meter A2 (kVAh) Apparent energy for time slot-2
U (kWh) Import Energy A3 (kVAh) Apparent energy for time slot-3
u (kWh) Export Energy D1 (kVA) Max Demand for Time slot-1
R (kVArh) Reactive energy lagged (cumulative) D2 (kVA) Max Demand for Time slot-2
r (kVArh) Reactive energy lead (cumulative) D3 (kVA) Max Demand for Time slot-3
A (kVAh) Apparent Energy(cumulative) C Summation of D
D (kVA) Maximum Demand N (bills) No. of Bill
E1(kWh) Active energy for Time slot-1 V (volt) Line/ Phase voltage
E2 (kWh) Active energy for Time slot-2 L (ampere) Line current
After taken all the readings the CMRI, Meter reading cards & door keys are handed over to DE,
Commerce. Readings are downloaded from the CMRI. The Bills of LT Bulk & 11kV Decentralized Bulk
generates from relevant Circle/ Regional office & 11kV & 33kV Centralized Bulk consumers reading send to
Central Commerce & from there bill generates. Consumers have to pay the bill in duration of time, failed which
disconnection order issued & the consumer’s service connection is disconnected.

~ 32 ~
 Safety Work processes:
1. Preparations for High Voltage Switching:
i. High Voltage switching can only be done with the instructions of Engineer or authorized person.
ii. Before switching The HT Line/ Sub-station, the above mentioned person/ Engineer must consult
with the person in charge of The Sub-station with which the HT Line/ Sub-station will connect or
disconnect.
iii. Before switching, the total matter should be noted in the record book-
a. Place c. Authorized person’s name
b. Name of the switching HT Line/ Sub- d. Description of switching
station e. Time & Date
iv. Authorized person/ Engineer should discuss the matter of switching with the contractor/
Technical person before the work. If they have any doubt, it must be cleared for successful
operation.
v. After disconnected through switching, authorized person/ Engineer should check there is no
current in the equipments. After inspection he should permit them to work.

2. Precautions during Switching Operation:

i. Switching operation must be done steadily.
ii. Everything should be checked as per instructions.
iii. During HT operation, operators must use Rubber gloves, Helmet & stand only on rubber mat. If
there any chances of sparking, use goggles.
iv. To switch on a circuit first close the isolators then on the breaker & to open a circuit first off the
breaker, then open the isolators.
v. For safety the area must be crowd free.
vi. If there any problem occurs during operation the operator must consult the matter with the
respective representative/ engineer for further process.
vii. All records must be noted & informed to the representative/ engineer.
3. High Voltage switching during Emergency:
i. After switching, everything including data briefly informed to the representative/
engineer.
ii. If any switchgear tripped during fault the operator must inform the representative/
engineer about the fault, e.g. - which alarm indicates, relay operates & exact time. Relay
can’t be reset without the permissions of authorized person.
iii. To continue the tripped circuit, authorized person will instruct to reset the relays
manually.
iv. If any equipment creates any problem, the authorized person will take next steps to
minimize the problems.
4. Precautions during HT Line work:-
i. The person-in-charge of the Sub-station will provide “Permit to Work” to the maintenance
Gang-in-charge for work in the HT Line.
ii. If affordable clearance is present, painting, tightening & clearing can be done on the
earthed structure.
iii. Always use helmet. For the work above 3m height from the ground, use of safety belts &
toolbag are necessary. No one should be below the ongoing work to prevent injury from
fall of equipments.
iv. Every line should be treated as charged line till line is not earthed. Working on unearthed
line will treated as guilty.
v. To shut down a feeder from a sub-station, off the switchgear, separate the circuit breaker
from the busbar. Hang the shutdown notice on the specific switchgear. After that Shift in-
charge operator will provide “Permit to Work” to authorized person.

~ 33 ~
 vi. Line isolator not be closed/ opened when line is loaded.
vii. To shutdown a feeder for work in a Sub-station, off the breaker in the control room,
separate the isolators from both end of the circuit breaker, hang the DANGER NOTICE on
breaker switch. After that Shift in-charge operator will provide “Permit to Work” to gang
in charge.
viii. If switchgear is not present, before shut down disconnect all load in the line, then open
the isolators & lock n chain the operating handles of the isolators. After that Shift in-
charge operator will provide “Permit to Work” to gang-in charge.
ix. Every line should be treated as charged line till the “Permit to Work” is not given. The
gang-in-charge should check the details of isolator, circuit breaker, switchgear mentioned
in “Permit to Work”.
x. With the help of discharge rod, discharge the line after shutdown. Short & earth the
conductors of previous & next pole of defective/working section or span. After
compilation of work short & earth is removed.
xi. Authorized person/gang-in charge must notify the operator in the sub-station to switch
on the Feeder.
xii. Operator in the sub-station, will remove the notice from the switchgear, check everything
ok, and connect the circuit breaker with the Busbar, on the breaker & isolator
respectively.
xiii. While working with the shutdown, another charged line may be present. In that case take
special cautions.
xiv. Do not work or delay ongoing work in thunderstorm.
5. Precautions during work in Power Transformer:-
i. Obtain Permit-to-work from authorized person.
ii. Shutdown the Switchgear on both Primary & Secondary side. Then open the isolators. If
Potential Transformer is present in the connection, PT must be isolated & remove the low
voltage fuse. If transformer is connected with common neutral earthing, it should be
disconnected because through it there is a chance of transformer charging.
iii. Before work starts Transformer should be discharged through earth connection. The HV
& LV side are shorted & then earthed.
iv. Assuming that highly inflammable gas is present above the oil level of the PTR, so that
adequate air needs to pass before entering in the Tank. Smoking is prohibited during
work.
v. No person is allowed to enter in the transformer with loose metal materials such as key,
coins etc.
vi. Make a list of tools which will go with the worker in the transformer. Tools must be
attached with cotton-tape along the waist of the worker, to prevent fall of tools in the PTR.
After compilation of work compare the tools with the list.
vii. To work in a PTR among two parallel connected PTR, isolate both the HV & LV side & then
earth both sides.
6. Underground Cable Laying:-
According to the IS following measurements have to obey during cable laying

Depth from Ground Level XLPE, PVC Cable bending

Voltage Depth Single core Multi Core
440/230V & control 750mm D= overall
20D 12D
cable diameter
3.3kV-11kV 900mm 15D 15D of cable
33kV 1050mm 20D 15D

~ 34 ~
7. Overhead line sag, Clearance & Span:
Clearance above ground Clearance from building (m) IE Clearance between
(m) IE:77 78&80 OH Line (m)
Line
Across Along
Voltage Other Vertical from Horizontal from
the the 11kV 33kV
areas highest object nearest point
Street street
.440kV 5.8 5.5 4.6 2.5 1.2
11kV 6.1 5.8 4.6 3.7 1.2 2.44
33kV 6.1 5.8 5.2 3.7 2.0

Line Volatge Type of Pole Span Length Average Sag Pole Height
240/400V PCC Pole 45m-65m 0.3-0.6m 8-9m
11kV PCC Pole/Rail Pole 75m-85m 0.4-0.8m 9-13m
33kV Rail Pole 90m-105m 0.6-1.2m 10-13m

8. WBSEDCL ‘Permit to Work’ Card

1 Date :
2 To whom issued- :
i. Name of the competent person :
ii. Designation :
iii. Place of posting :
3 Nature of work to be performed :
4 Details of Switching operation, Isolation & inter locking if any :
5 Location at which caution notice has been fixed, if any :
6 Details of Earthing if any, with location :
7 Particulars of the Line & apparatus which is dead & safe for working :
8 No switching done, all gear alive :
9 By whom issued (Signature with Time) :
i. Name:
ii. Designation:
10 Signature of the Competent Person receiving the card :
11 I declare that work as mentioned under item No. 3 has been completed & all under me are clear.
Signature of the Competent Person (with Date & Time)
12 The card is cancelled
Signature of the Competent Person (with Date & Time)

~ 35 ~
 Progress Review Team Meeting/PRT Meeting:
Progress review team meeting or PRT meeting held once in every month. At the Divisional level all Station
Managers of relevant Customer Care Centres & DCC in charge have to submit its own PRT report in a
prescribed format. All the PRT report is merged in a one Report that is required for ZM PRT. After these CMD
PRT Meeting takes place at Vidyut Bhavan.
In PRT Meeting progress of various sectors are discussed over the last month. The sectors are listed
below:
i. Pending, Received & Disposed 1 & 3 service connections during the last month.
ii. Status of permanently disconnected L&MV consumer.
iii. Supply wise Boundary metering details.
iv. If any Upgradation of Conductor (both 11kV & 33kV).
v. kVA Capacity of DTRs
vi. Status of DTR health check up tests.
vii. Pending service connections of Telecomm Towers & shallow Tube Wells.
viii. Status of installation of Cradle guard & LT Spacers.
ix. If any GI wire is replaced by ACSR conductor.
x. Pending, disposed 1 service connections details in which meter, poles & other materials required.
xi. No of DTR plate earthing & LA fixing completed.
xii. Status of replace of 1 Conventional meter by Electrostatic meter.
xiii. Disconnection order pending till the last day of the month.
xiv. Status of replacement of defective meters during last month.
xv. DTR failure & DTR metering report.
xvi. DTR metering status under R-APDRP scheme.
xvii. DTR stock statement.
xviii. Tripping.
xix. SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) & SAIFI (System Average Interruption
Frequency Index).
xx. Feeder bifurcation.
xxi. CCC & Sub-station Inspection.
xxii. Root cause analysis.
Many more sectors like 33kV HT line patrolling report, actions taken against high ATC loss DTRs,
feeder wise ATC loss calculation, status relocation of lines & poles for expansion of SH-13 work &
many other revenue relevant reports discussed in ZM & CMD level PRT meeting.

~ 36 ~
 AT&C Loss (Aggregate Technical & Commercial
Loss)
In any business, the term Loss means income less, more expense. In power supply system, Transmission
& Distribution of Electric power is associated with T&D Loss.
Power Distribution Sector –Complexities
Distribution Sector considered as the weakest link in the entire power sector
 Involves dealing with retail consumers with varied expectation and at the same time different
paying capacity
 Involves Huge network and requires network management of vast area
 Theft, pilferages, network losses are maximum in this segment
 Distribution is often seen as a social obligation of Government toward society rather than a
commercial activity
 Subsidized and often unmetered power adds to Distribution Utilities woes in terms of
technical losses, billing, recovery and consumption habits
 Since the metering, billing, and collection at many places involves human intervention most of
the times human error, intentional or non-intentional can occur

Transmission & Distribution Losses is nothing but the difference between energy supplied at the
Input Points and Energy Billed to Consumers in percentage terms for a particular period :( Energy Input less
Energy
 Billed to Consumers in kWh/Energy Input in kWh)*100
T&D loss was being computed by showing electricity bills issued to consumers as accrued income, and
not on the basis of actual collection. Therefore, T&D loss figures did not capture the major gap between the
billing and the collection, over and above large scale of theft. To get over this problem, the concept of
Aggregate Technical & Commercial (ATC) loss was introduced.
ATC Loss calculation
It is the difference between energy input units into the system and the units for which the payment is
collected. T&D Loss do not capture losses on account of non-realisation of payments. ATC Loss is the actual
measure of overall efficiency of the distribution business as it measures both technical as well as
commercial losses.
( )
( )
( )

( )
( )
Or
{ ( )}
( )
( )
( )
Causes of Technical Losses
Technical loss in Electric power transmission & distribution is inherent & in escapable. The technical losses
primarily take place due to the following factors:-
 Transformation Losses (at various transformation levels)
 High I2R losses on distribution lines due to inherent resistance and poor power factor in the electrical
network.
 Long overhead lines, High LV/ HV line length ratio, Low Power factor.
 Less investment in system improvement.
Reduction of Technical Loss:
 Improvement of LV/ HV line length ratio, adoption of HVDS (High voltage distribution system).
 Providing additional DTRs to reduce loading, load balancing & load measurement.
 Network configuration & reconductoring.

~ 37 ~
Causes of Commercial Losses
Any illegal consumption of electrical energy, which is not correctly metered, billed and revenue collected,
causes commercial losses to the utilities. The commercial losses are primarily attributable to discrepancies
in:
 Meter Reading: - Commercial losses occur due to discrepancy in meter reading. Meter reading
problems are manifested in form of zero consumption in meter reading books which may be due to
premises found locked, untraceable consumers, stopped/defective meters, temporarily disconnected
consumers continuing in billing solution etc. Further, coffee shop reading, collusion with consumers is
also source of commercial losses to utilities which are primarily due to meter reading.

 Metering:- Most of utilities across India are using either electro-mechanical or electronic meters for
consumer metering. Commercial losses through metering can be in form of meter tampering in
various forms, bypassing of meters, usage of magnets to slow down the meters, tampering of PT
circuits, CT/PT ratios (in case of HT meters)etc.
 Theft by direct hooking:- This is most common and visible form of commercial losses in which
people tend to tap LT lines to indulge in theft through direct hooking.
 Collection efficiency:- Typically in a billing cycle, a distribution utility issues bills against metered
energy and assessed (generally in case of agricultural loads and temporary connections ) energy.
However, in most of instances utility is not able to collect the complete amount billed by it. The ratio of
amount collected to total amount billed is termed as collection efficiency. Needless to say that low
collection efficiency implies higher commercial losses. The revenue collected shall exclude the arrears
.However in case figures of arrears not available separately; there is possibility to getting collection
efficiency figures of more than 100%. In such cases efficiency shall be restricted to 100% and shall be
used for computation of AT&C losses. The amount attributing collection efficiency higher than 100%
shall be treated as collection against arrears.
Commercial Loss Reduction:
Commercial loss can be minimized using the following steps.
Planned measures:
 Aerial Bunched Cables
 Shifting of meters outside consumer  Collection agencies, E-bill payments
premises.  Development of MIS, Spot Billing
 Provision of additional counters, customer  Energy Accounting and Auditing
collection centres  User’s Associations, Panchayats and
 Installation of electronic cash register. Franchisees in Billing & Collection
 Drop box facilities
Preventive measures:
 Use of electronic meters with & load survey logging features for all categories of consumer.
 Use of optical port for taking reading for all categories of consumer.
 Sealing of meters with seals & proper sealing arrangement.
 Ensuring accuracy in meter reading & billing activities

~ 38 ~
 Soil resistivity Measurement: At Kalachara
33/11 kV Sub-station
Soil resistivity is a measure of how much the soil resists the flow of electricity. It is a critical factor in
design of systems that rely on passing current through the Earth's surface. An understanding of the soil
resistivity and how it varies with depth in the soil is necessary to design the grounding system in
an electrical substation, or for lightning conductors. It is needed for design of grounding (earthing)
electrodes for High-voltage direct current transmission systems. In single wire earth return power
transmission systems, the earth itself is used as the path of conduction from the end customers (the power
consumers) back to the transmission facility. In general there is some value above which the impedance of
the earth connection must not rise, and some maximum step voltage which must not be exceeded to avoid
endangering people and livestock.
The soil resistivity value is subject to great variation, due to moisture, temperature and chemical
content. Typical values are:

 Usual values: from 10 up to 1000 (Ωm)

 Exceptional values: from 1 up to 10000 (Ωm)

The SI unit of resistivity is the Ohm-meter (Ωm)

Measurement
Because soil quality may vary greatly with depth and over a wide lateral area, estimation of soil resistivity
based on soil classification provides only a rough approximation. Actual resistivity measurements are
required to fully qualify the resistivity and its effects on the overall transmission system.
Several methods of resistivity measurement are frequently employed; Wenner’s 4 electrode method
is the one by which Soil resistivity of Kalachara 33/11kV S/stn was measured.

Wenner method
The Wenner four-pin method, as shown in figure above, is the most commonly used technique for soil
resistivity measurements. Using the Wenner method, the apparent soil resistivity value is:

where
ρE = measured apparent soil resistivity (Ωm)
a = electrode spacing (m)
b = depth of the electrodes (m)
RW = Wenner resistance measured as "V/I" in
Figure (Ω) If b is small compared to a, as is the
case of probes penetrating the ground only for a
short distance (as normally happens), the previous
equation can be reduced to:

~ 39 ~