PHYSICS PROJECT ON

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

SUBMITTED BY
JNYANDEEP TERON
ROLL NO.:12114
STANDARD:12-A
 ACKNOWLEGDEMEN
T
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my physics
teacher “Miss. Seema Kumari ma’am” for their able guidance and
support in completing my project which is on the topic current
electricity
I would also like to thanks my parents and friends for guiding me and
completing the project.
 CONTENT

1. Electric current
2. Terms related to electric current
3. Electricity production in India
4. Electricity production in kerala
 
  ELECTRIC
 
CURRRNT
An electric current is a stream of charged particles, such as electrons or 
ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is measured as the
net rate of flow of electric charge through a surface or into a control volume
. The moving particles are called charge carriers, which may be one of
several types of particles, depending on the conductor. In electric circuits
 the charge carriers are often electrons moving through a wire. In 
semiconductors they can be electrons or holes. In an electrolyte the charge
carriers are ions, while in plasma, an ionized gas, they are ions and
electrons.
  Terms related to electric current:

RESISTANCE
 
The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow
of electric current. Its reciprocal quantity is electrical conductance, measuring
the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares
some conceptual parallels with mechanical friction.
 RESISTIVITY
 
Electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance or volume
resistivity) is a fundamental property of a material that measures how
strongly it resists electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that
readily allows electric current.
 DRIFT VELOCITY
 
In physics, a drift velocity is the average velocity attained by charged
particles, such as electrons, in a material due to an electric field. In general,
an electron in a conductor will propagate randomly at the Fermi velocity,
resulting in an average velocity of zero.
 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN INDIA:
India is among the five largest producers of electricity in the world.
The national electric grid in India has an installed capacity of
388.134 GW as of 31 August 2021. Renewable power plants, which
also include large hydroelectric plants, constitute 37% of India's
total installed capacity. During the fiscal year (FY) 2019-20, the
gross electricity generated by utilities in India was 1,383.5 TWh
 and the total electricity generation (utilities and non utilities) in the
country was 1,598 TWh. The gross electricity consumption in
FY2019 was 1,208 kWh per capita.[7] In FY2015, 
electric energy consumption in agriculture was recorded as being
the highest(17.89%) worldwide. The 
per capita electricity consumption is low compared to most other
countries despite India having a low electricity tariff.
 Data
Electricity coverage 99.93% (31 March 2019)[1]
Installed capacity 388,134 MW[2]
Production (FY2020) 1,383 TWh[3]
Share of fossil energy 75.38%
Share of renewable energy 21.26%[a]
GHG emissions from 2,307.78 Mt of CO2[4]
electricity generation (2018)
Average electricity 1,208 kWh per capita[3]
use (FY2020) Consumption by sector
(% of total)
Transmission & Distribution 20.66%[3]
losses (FY2019)
Residential 24.01[3] (FY2020)

Tariffs and financing Industrial 42.69%[3] (FY2020)

Average residential tariff ₹5.75 (7.6¢ US)[5] Agriculture 17.67%[3] (FY2020)

(US$/kW·h, Dec. 2020)
Commercial 8.04%[3] (FY2020)
Average commercial tariff ₹8.64 (11¢ US)[5]
(US$/kW·h, Dec. 2020) Traction 1.52%[3] (FY2020)
  ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN KERALA
  With respect to installed capacity, Kerala stands at 16th position with
approximately 1.66% of the total in the country. The per capita
consumption of power in Kerala has been 549 units which is much lower
than the National Average of 1010 units as observed during FY 2014-15
Kerala’s consumption is predominantly domestic, which accounts for
49% of the total consumption, which is only 22% nation-wide. Industrial
consumption is only 30% in Kerala, while it is 45% at the national level.
  Kerala’s per capita electricity consumption is lower than national
average; however, the state ensures 24 hours supply to all segments of
consumers. The state should make endeavours to bring the remaining
unconnected households under electrification and should step up
initiatives for wider and deeper implementation.
 DEMAND AND SUPPLY

  As per the present power supply position in the state, Kerala has about
3.35% peak power shortage & 0.52% energy shortage during FY 2014-15.
The state would see an increase in peak demand from 3,727 MW at
present (FY 2014-15) to 4,821 MW in FY 2018-19 with corresponding
increase in energy requirement from 22,040 MU in FY 2014-15 to 29,620
MU in FY 2018-19.
  The available capacity (installed as well as allocated share) for the state
as on 31st March 2015 was 4412.87 MW. In order to meet the estimated
increased demand for providing 24×7 power supply in the state, the state
has already planned additional capacity availability of 2332.75 MW by
FY 2018-19 through own generating stations, renewable energy sources,
central generating stations and long-term medium term PPAs in a phased
manner. 
 Zone Wise Distribution

 To provide 24×7 quality & reliable power to the consumers in the
state, KSEBL have formulated a plan for augmentation of distribution
system in rural areas and urban areas. The estimated cost is ` 1720.90
crore in DDUGJY against which DPR cost approved by Monitoring
Committee is `. 485.37 crore. The tentative project cost for urban areas
is about ` 597.45 crore under IPDS Scheme. The works of feeder
separation, establishment of new PSS, augmentation of existing PSS,
new 66 & 11 kV lines, LT lines & metering are proposed to be
implemented in the state by FY 2018-19.
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