J. Inst. Eng. India Ser.
B
DOI 10.1007/s40031-014-0099-7
REVIEW PAPER
Present and Future Energy Scenario in India
S. Kumar • B. Bhattacharyya • V. K. Gupta
Received: 29 July 2013 / Accepted: 20 January 2014
 The Institution of Engineers (India) 2014
Abstract India’s energy sector is one of the most critical
components of an infrastructure that affects India’s eco-
nomic growth and therefore is also one of the largest
industries in India. India has the 5th largest electricity
generating capacity and is the 6th largest energy consumer
amounting for around 3.4 % of global energy consumption.
India’s energy demand has grown at 3.6 % pa over the past
30 years. The consumption of the energy is directly pro-
portional to the progress of manpower with ever growing
population, improvement in the living standard of the
humanity and industrialization of the developing countries.
Very recently smart grid technology can attribute important
role in energy scenario. Smart grid refers to electric power
system that enhances grid reliability and efficiency by
automatically responding to system disturbances. This
paper discusses the new communication infrastructure and
scheme designed to integrate data.
Keywords Smart grid  FACTS devices 
Energy scenario  Planning Commission 
Projected power scenario
Introduction
Due to demand and supply imbalance, transmission and
distribution losses go on increasing. Consequently, grid
frequency as well as plant load factor decreases. Fluctuation
in state grid frequency is harmful to plant equipments. Due
to peak demand, strain on power generation and utilization
S. Kumar (&)  B. Bhattacharyya  V. K. Gupta
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian School of Mines,
Dhanbad 826004, India
e-mail: sanjayism2012@gmail.com
equipment increases which results in increasing a energy
cost. The industrial sector is the major energy consuming
sector in India and uses about 50 % of the total commercial
energy available in the country. The main reason for higher
specific energy consumption in Indian industries are obso-
lete technology, lower capacity, utilization, causal metering
and monitoring of energy consumption, lower automation,
raw material quality and poor handling, operating and
maintenance practices. High economic growth in the Asia
Pacific region, including India, is spurring a rapid increase
in energy consumption. India has seen an expansion in the
total energy use for the past five decades, with a shift from
non commercial energy to commercial energy sources. The
trends in the production of primary commercial energy in
the past five decades indicate coal as the most abundant
among all commercial energy sources [1]. Petroleum and
natural gas sector has significant growth in the domestic
production and supply. Despite increasing dependency on
commercial fuels, a sizeable quantum of energy require-
ments especially in the rural household sector, is met by
non-commercial energy sources, which include fuel wood,
crop, residue, and animal waste. However, other forms of
commercial energy of much higher quality and efficiency
are steadily replacing the traditional energy resources being
consumed in the rural sector. Resources augmentation and
growth in energy supply has not kept pace with increasing
demand and, therefore, India continues to face serious
energy shortages. This has led to increased reliance on
imports to meet the energy demand.
Indian Power Sector at a Glance
India has one of the fastest—growing economies of the
world. Globalization has positively influenced almost every
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sector in the country, including the power sector. To keep
pace with the new energy challenges, the Government
embarked upon a number of structural and operational
changes to reform the power sector. The modifications
mainly focused on bringing competition in different seg-
ments, setting up an independent regulatory commission,
and establishing a proper funding mechanism. The Indian
power sector has made remarkable progress since Inde-
pendence. The total installed capacity has gone up from
1,362 MW in 1947 to more than 2,00,000 MW in 2012 and
the transmission network has increased from the isolated
system concentrated around urban and industrial areas to
country wide National Grid. However, the demand of
electricity has always been overstepping the supply. The
importance of electricity as a prime mover of growth is
very well acknowledged and in order to boost the devel-
opment of power system the Indian Government has par-
ticipated intensely through creation of various corporations
namely State Electricity Boards (SEB), National Thermal
Power Corporation (NTPC), National Hydro Electric
Power Corporation (NHPC) and Power Grid Corporation
Limited (PGCL) etc. However, even after this, the country
is facing power shortage in terms of energy as well as peak
demand to the tune of 10.9 and 13.8 % respectively. Here
are some facts about the scenario of power sector in India.
The Indian power sector is one of the most diversified
power sectors in the world. Sources for power generation
range from commercial sources like coal, lignite, natural
gas, oil, hydro and nuclear power to other viable non-
conventional sources like wind, solar and agriculture and
domestic waste. The demand for electricity in the country
has been growing at a rapid rate and is expected to grow
further in the years to come. In order to meet the increasing
requirement, a massive addition to the installed generating
capacity in the country is required. Since its post inde-
pendence structured growth, Indian power sector has made
substantial progress both in terms of enhancing power
generation and in making available power to widely dis-
tributed geographical boundaries. The installed generation
capacity in the utility sector has increased to about
1,81,500 MW at the end of August 2011. The Indian power
sector is largely coal based with the total installed capacity
comprising of 99,503 MW (55 %) for coal based,
17,706 MW (10 %) for gas based, 1,200 MW for (1 %)
diesel based, 38,206 MW (21 %) for hydro based,
4,780 MW (2 %) for nuclear based and 20,162 MW
(11 %) from renewable energy sources. Development of
renewable energy sources is being accorded special
emphasis in view of their inherent advantages. The
installed capacity from renewable Sources has grown to
20,162 MW in June 2011 comprising 3,226 MW in
state sector and 16,936 MW in private sector as presented
in [2].
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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B
Generation and Demand Scenario
In 1947 the maximum voltage level of transmission line
was 132 kV which was subsequently increased to 220 kV
in 1960 and 400 kV in 1977. To reduce right of way
requirement for transmission lines and overcome con-
straints in availability of land for substations, 765 kV
transmission voltages is being increasingly adopted and gas
insulated stations are being provided wherever availability
of land is a problem. HVDC 500 kV back to back was
introduced in the year 2000. Recognizing the need for
development of National Grid, thrust was given to the
enhancement of the interregional capacity in a phased
manner. The total inter-regional transmission capacity by
the end of 10th plan was 14,050 MW which is now planned
to grow to about 25,650 MW by the 11th Plan end.
The natural resources for electricity generation in India
are unevenly dispersed and concentrated in a few pockets.
Hydro resources are located in the Himalayan foothill sand
in the north-eastern region (NER). Coal reserves are con-
centrated in Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh,
and parts of Madhya Pradesh, whereas lignite is located in
Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. North Eastern Region, Sikkim
and Bhutan have vast untapped hydro potential, estimated
to be about 35,000 MW in NER, about 8,000 MW in Si-
kkim and about 15,000 MW in Bhutan. The distribution of
energy resources and consumption centres are extremely
unbalanced. The load centres are scattered at far-off places
away from resource rich areas. Recent government initia-
tives for the establishment of special economic zones have
also given rise to new potential load centres. Projects are
proposed to be located mostly at pit head/resource areas
with each location having capacities in the range of 5,000
to 10,000 MW. From the annual report of Ministry of Coal,
Government of India, the Coal production in all over India
during the period April, 2009 to January, 2010 has been
416.47 Mt (provisional) as compared to the production of
385.02 MT during the corresponding period of the previous
year as shown in [3], indicating a growth of 8.17 %, as in
Figs. 1 and 2.
The coal reserves of India up to the depth of 1,200 m
have been estimated by the Geological survey of India to
be 267.21 BT as on April 1, 2009. The 28 year history of
coal consumption and production [4] is shown in Fig. 1,
respectively. Through sustained program of investment and
great thrust on application of modern technologies, it has
been possible to raise the production of coal from a level of
about 70 MT at the time of nationalization of coal mines in
early 1970’s to 365.09 MT in December 2009. From Fig. 3,
it is observed that India consumes 7 % of coal of the world
and among the top five countries in coal consumption
(Fig. 3).World’s 68 % coal is consumed in electricity
generation as shown in Fig. 3.
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B
Fig. 1 Coal consumption in India
Fig. 2 Coal production in India
Electricity Demand and Supply
Electricity sector in India is growing at a rapid pace. The
present peak demand is about 1,15,000 MW and the
Installed Capacity is 1,52,380 MW using generation from
thermal (63 %), hydro (25 %), Nuclear (9 %) and renew-
ables (9 %) sector as discussed in [5]. The projected peak
demand in 2012 is about 150 GW and in 2017 is more than
200 GW. The corresponding Installed capacity requirement
in 2012 is about 220 GW and in 2017 is more than
300 GW. In 2007, India had approximately 159 GW of
installed electric capacity and generated 761 billion kilo-
watt hours. Nearly all electric power in India is generated
with coal, oil or gas. Conventional thermal sources pro-
duced over 80 % of electricity in 2007. Hydroelectricity, a
seasonally dependent power source in India, accounted for
nearly 16 % of power generated in 2007. Finally, nuclear
Fig. 3 India in top five coal consumers, sector wise coal
consumption
energy produced roughly 2 % of electricity during the
same year, while geothermal and other renewable sources
accounted for approximately 2 % (Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).
Future Outlook for Changing Indian Power Sector
The conditions of Indian transmission, generation and
distribution are to be changed implementing by adapting
new, and innovative strategies.
Renovation and Modernization of Generation Sector
Clean Coal Technology
Clean coal technologies offer the potential for significant
reduction in the environmental emissions when used for
power generation. These technologies may be utilized in
new as well as existing plants and are therefore, an effec-
tive way of reducing emissions in the coal fired generating
units. Several of these systems are not only very effective
in reducing SOx and NOx emissions but, because of their
higher efficiencies they also emit lower amount of CO2 per
unit of power produced. CCT’s can be used to reduce
dependence on foreign oil and to make use of a wide
variety of coal available. Blending of various grades of raw
coal along with beneficiation shall ensure consistency in
quality of coal to the utility boilers. This approach assumes
greater relevance in case of multiple grades of coals
available in different parts of the country and also coals of
different qualities being imported by IPPs. Ministry of
Environment and Forests, vide their notification dated June
30, 1998 had stipulated the use of raw or blended or
beneficiated coal with an ash content not more than 34 %
on an annual average basis with effect from June 1, 2001.
CPCB has constituted a Steering Committee consisting
representative from some SEBs, CPCB, Ministry of Coal,
Ministry of Power, CEA and World Bank to carry out cost
benefit analysis of using clean coal technologies and assess
and prioritize technically feasible and economically viable
measures to improve coal quality.
Fig. 4 Electricity generation by type in India
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Fig. 5 Target plan for electricity production by various resources in
different sectors
Fig. 6 Smart grid concept
Refurbishment of Existing Thermal Power Stations
Continuous deterioration in performance of thermal power
stations had been observed during early 800 s. Therefore,
Renovation and Modernisation Schemes (R&M Schemes)
were drawn and executed for improving the performance of
existing thermal power stations. Pollution control measures
in these power stations being a capital-intensive activity, it
accounted for major portion-around 40 % of Rs. 12 Billion
kept for R&M schemes under phase-I. During phase-I, 163
units of 34 thermal power stations were covered. As a
result of these R&M schemes achieved 10,000 million
units of additional generation per annum against the target
of 7,000 million units. Encouraged by the results achieved,
R&M phase-II programme is presently under progress.
Total estimated cost of these works is Rs. 24 Billion. Most
of the Electricity Boards or other generating agencies are
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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B
facing financial constraints to carry out R&M activities.
Therefore, this area has to be taken on priority to arrange
financial assistance. For improvement of performance of
existing old power plants, a massive renovation and mod-
ernization program need to be launched. The fuel conver-
sion efficiency of the existing population of thermal power
stations is on average around 30 %. Super-critical boilers
can provide an efficiency of 38 to 40 %. No new thermal
power plant should be allowed without a certified fuel
conversion efficiency of at least 38 %.
Development of National Grid
Under the power for all missions, India has set a target of
200,000 MW of installed capacity by the end of 2012. The
transmission segment has a major role in achieving this
mission as an efficient transmission capacity and network
will prove essential to transfer power from generating
stations to distribution networks. In the past, transmission
planning was done with respect to generation and was
focused on setting up transmission systems that could
evacuate power safely. However, with the changing sce-
nario, the transmission sector started to move towards
integrated system planning because generation capacities
are distributed unevenly in different regions. While thermal
capacity is in the eastern region, hydro capacity is con-
centrated in the northern and north-eastern regions. The
capacity is used to evacuate power according to the
demand in other regions like the western region. Thus, the
integrated system planning has turned out to be a good
option. In the central sector, the central transmission utility
(CTU), known as the Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd
(PGCIL), is responsible for national and regional trans-
mission planning, while the state sectors have separate
State Transmission Utilities (STU). Private sector partici-
pation is negligible in transmission and there is only one
public–private partnership project, the Tala Transmission
Project. Four private companies have been granted licenses
for developing transmission projects. While three compa-
nies have entered joint ventures with PGCIL, one company
is a private company that has been awarded independently.
Transmission network includes transmission lines and
transmission substations through which electricity is
evacuated from a generator to a distributor. India has over
126,999 circuit/km (ckt km) of 220 kV of transmission
lines up to Jan 2010 and its substations are of
188,155 MVA capacity for 220 kV up to Jan 2010. In
order to increase the transmission capability of power the
important role plays by national grid development. It is
envisaged to add new inter-regional capacities of
20,700 MW at 220 kV and above during the Eleventh Plan
Period. This would increase the total inter-regional trans-
mission capacity of national power grid at 220 kV and
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B
Fig. 7 Block diagram of smart
grid
Fig. 8 Projected power scenario in India
above from 14,100 MW (by the end of the Tenth Plan) to
37,750 MW by 2011–2012.
Role of Renewable in the Power sector
The scenario of dominant energy sources in world as a
whole is not different from that of India. The world’s
energy supply is largely based on fossil fuels. It is esti-
mated that by 2030, 80 % of primary energy mix will be
dominated by fossil fuels. Oil will remain as the dominant
fuel and the demand for coal will rise more than that of any
other fuel in absolute terms. In such a scenario, the reali-
sation that these exhaustible sources of energy and are also
contributing to environmental problems has made renew-
ables a lucrative and sustainable option. This has also led
the governments around the globe, along with industries,
thinking seriously about alternative sources of energy, the
need for which was further affirmed by the 1973 oil
embargo and oil price shock of 2008, coupled with the ever
increasing oil prices. To boost investment in renewable
energy, it is essential to introduce clear, stable and long-
term support policies. A number of policy measures at
national level, which could be applied concurrently, would
significantly improve the framework for renewable energy
in India. However, they must be carefully designed to
ensure that they operate in harmony with existing state
level mechanisms and do not lessen their effectiveness.
Implementation of Modern Techniques in Electric Power
Transmission with (FACTS Devices)
FACTS have made the power systems operation more
flexible and secure. They have the ability to control, in a
fast and effective manner, it is also possible to control the
phase angle, the voltage magnitude at chosen buses and/or
line impedances of transmission system as in (Hingorani
and Gyugyi, 2000) and (Mathur and Varma 2002). FACTS
controllers enhance the voltage profile and the load ability
margin of power systems as in (Sode-Yome et al. 2005;
Natesan and Radman 2004). FACTS devices include
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), Static
VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Phase
Angle Regulator (TCPST), Static Compensator (STATCOM),
and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). SVC is used
for voltage control applications. SVC helps to maintain a
bus voltage at a desired value during load variations. The
SVC can be made to generate or absorb reactive power by
adjusting the firing angle FACTS devices is planning,
implementation and monitoring utility activities designed
to influence customer use of electricity in ways that will
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produce the desired changes in the power, improve the
stability, and control voltage collapse, improve the volt-
age profile. An integrated approach to FACTS devices and
successful implementation of FACTS devices scheme
results in capital expenditure, maintenance, operating
costs, fuel savings, improved system efficiencies and
reduced system losses and improved plants life.
Introducing Cogeneration Systems
Co-generation is defined as the sequential generation of two
forms of useful energy from a single primary energy source.
Typical these two forms of energies are mechanical energy
and thermal energy. Mechanical energy may be used either to
drive an alternator to produce electricity or rotate equipments
like motor, compressor, pump or fans etc., for delivering
different services. Thermal energy may be used directly for
the process for heating purpose or indirectly to produce the
steam generation, hot water or hot air for dryer and chilled
water generation for process cooling. Generation of three
different forms of energy from the single primary energy
source is called as tri-generation, i.e., generation of elec-
tricity, ‘Total Energy System’ co-generation is well proven
technology, recognized worldwide as a cleaner alternative to
traditional centralized power centralization and is highly
energy efficient whereas tri-generation applied in our case is
upcoming technology having higher efficiency than typical
cogeneration system delivering a number of positive finan-
cial and environmental benefits. India has large number of
sources for the electricity generation and the energy from all
available resources should be converted to electricity for
better operation, utilization in order to meet growing elec-
tricity demand. The central and state grid networks are being
contemplated for efficient and uninterrupted supply of
energy, but such complex networks have large number of
problems [6]. To solve such problems, the cogeneration is to
be implemented which is gaining popularity nowadays. The
total energy system consists of generator for producing
electricity and the waste heat from the prime mover can be
utilized for air-conditioning. Other purpose for introduction
of cogeneration is to reduce transmission and distribution
cost.
Smart Grid
As per [7] smart grid is an automated widely distributed
energy delivery network characterized by a two-way flow
of electricity and information, capable of monitoring and
responding to changes in everything from power plants to
individual appliances. It can also define smart grid as:
electricity delivery system (from the point of production to
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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B
the point of consumption); integrated with communication
and information technology.
To better understand smart grids, it can look at its
features:
• Fully automated power delivery network to monitor
and control power flows.
• Two-way flows of electricity and information between
power plant and the point consumption.
• Lowered carbon footprint and reduced emissions;
increased access to renewable energy resources (like
solar and wind).
• Use of digital technology to save energy, reduce cost
and increase reliability.
• Improved power quality as per the need of the 21st
century economy.
• Reduced disruptions, improved efficiency and better
asset utilization
Plan of Smart Grid for India
The effect of Smart Grid towards Indian power sector is
promising and fore sighting to transform and develop secure,
adaptive, efficient and sustainable system by 2027 to provide
the citizens with reliable and competitive energy by usage of
innovative technologies and policies to fulfill the needs and
aspirations of all by active participation of stakeholders. Smart
Grid has a very wide view towards the future and is passion-
ately progressing to achieve the targets and goals propagated
in the 5 year plans. These 5 year plans are divided as:
(a) Near Term Plan (2012-2017)
(b) Mid Term Plan (2017-2022)
(c) Long Term Plan (2022-2027)
The focus of the Near Term Plan (12th 5 year plan from
2012 till 2017) is:
• Access to ‘electricity for all’
• Reduction of transmission and distribution
• Reduction in power cuts
• Improvement in power quality
• Renewable integration
• Standards for smart appliances-energy efficient and
disaster recovery (DR) ready
• Increase in inter-regional power exchange capacity
• Wide area monitoring
• Efficient Power Exchanges
• Training and capacity building in utilities and in the
industry to build, operate and maintain smart grid
systems and application.
The goal of the Mid Term Plan (13th give year plan
from 2017 to 2022) is:
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B
• Reduction of T&D losses to below 10 % in all utilities
• End of load-shedding
• Improvement in power quality
• Efficient forecasting and dispatching of renewable
• Infrastructure and standards for electric vehicles
• 1,200 kV ac system in operation
• Mandatory standards for appliances regarding DR
readiness, energy efficiency and emission
• Export of smart grid products to overseas
The Long Term Plan (14th 5 year plan from 2022 to
2027) will look at:
• Economically viable utilities
• Stable 24 9 7 power supply to all
• 33 % or more renewable in power system
• EV infrastructure leveraged as virtual
Power Plant (VPP)
• Export of Smart Grid products, solutions and services
overseas.
• IT network and CRM system for electric utilities
provided to other service providers such as water and
gas distribution, land revenue collection, etc.
Power Scenario in India in Coming Future
India’s electricity consumption accounts for about 4 % of
world’s total electricity consumption and it is growing at the
rate of 8–10 % per year. In India total energy shortage is
9 % with peak shortage at 15.2 % and country’s power
demand is likely to around 120 GW at present and to 315 to
335 GW in 2017. In order to estimate the total future
requirements of individual fuels of the different sectors
directly and indirectly through power, the study considers
two fuel mix scenarios for the gross generation of elec-
tricity. In the first scenario, one assumes the business-as-
usual growth of share of new renewables in the total gross
generation of electricity with some moderate challenges so
as to reduce the share of coal in thermal generation from
70 % in 2009–2010 to 60 % in 2031–2032. The second
scenario, on the other hand, assumes a much higher rise in
the share of renewables in power generation such that the
share of coal can be brought down to 50 % by 2031–2032.
In both the scenarios these have tried to keep within the
realms of realism by setting the shares of new renewables as
substantially lower than what the national action plan of
climate change has targeted due to the slow pace of their
adoption in the Indian energy industry. Table 1 shows the
fuel composition of electricity generation as per the base
line scenario, while the shares of coal and renewables in the
scenario of accelerated introduction of new renewables are
60 and 9.4 %, respectively in 2021–2022 and 50 and 17.7 %
in 2031–2032 and those of all other fuels remains the same
as in the base line fuel composition scenario. The Indian
power sector is the third largest in Asia after China and
Japan. Power grid has projected that by 2025–2026 there
shall be around 35 numbers. 1,200 kV substations having
100,000 MVA transformation capacity [8, 9]. In Ninth and
Tenth five-year plan together, country has added only
40 GW i.e. 4 GW/year and 9 GW in 2007–2008. The
Eleventh Plan envisages capacity addition of 78.5 GW. If
business continues as usual, India is likely to face a capacity
shortfall of 95–140 GW by 2017 the peak deficit shall be of
about 70 GW by 2017. Investments required in Indian
Power Sector is US $ 600 billion i.e. Rs 24 lakh crores by
2017, around US $ 300 billion or Rs 12 lakhs crores will be
necessary in generation, remaining in transmission and
distribution. Along with the rapid development, there are
some problems in power systems; inadequate reliability,
high line losses and unsatisfactory power quality. Hence
FACTS devices and smart grid are greatly needed to solve
this problem. In recent, a STATCOM, consisting of non
intrusive shunt type active filter configuration, DSP based
controller with IGBT technology, 5 ms response time for
load changes, reactive and harmonic power compensation,
rated at 30–1,000 KVAR, is manufactured by Power-one
Micro Systems Pvt. Ltd., India [10] (Table 2, 3).
At current 8 to 10 % of economic growth, the installed
Capacity requirement of the country shall be around
685 GW by the year 2030 as discussed in [11]. Some of the
methods and technologies are described below to improve
the performance of the system.
Two Way Integrated Communication Technology
Substation automation, AMR, demand response, SCADA
and EMS.
Sensing and Measurement Technologies
To evaluate equipment health, aid in theft control, con-
gestion management, WAM, Time of use, real-time pricing
etc.
Improved Interface and Decision Support Tools
1. For grid operation
2. Convert complex data into easily understood informa-
tion for decision making
3. Visualization techniques
4. Knowledge management
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 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B

Table 1 Share of fuels in electricity generation—baseline growth in resources. Shortages are exacerbated by inefficiencies in
electricity from renewable power generation, distribution and end-use systems. There
Year Coal Gas Fuel Oil Hydro Nuclear Renewable is an immediate need for change in planning strategies
(%) (%) (%) electricity (%) (%) from the traditional approach of increasing generation to
(%) meet in disciplined consumption to need, resource and
2009 70 11.5 1.7 13 2.3 1.5 conservation based approach for economic and environ-
2021 65 14 1.7 13 2.3 4.0 mental benefits. Considering the scale of the target, mul-
2031 60 16 1.0 13 2.3 7.7 tipronged strategies are envisaged. Some of these are
partial solution for power shortages, yet these are important
measures in context of resource crunch since these would
Table 2 Capacity addition target 12th plan enable reducing the requirement for new generating
Type/ Central State Private Total capacity. These include removing obsolescence, optimum
Sector (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) utilization of existing assets, reducing transmission and
distribution losses, demand side management through
Thermal 14,878 13,922 43,540 72,340
greater conservation of electrical energy, policy changes in
Hydro 6,004 1,608 3,285 10,897
pricing mechanism, shift and emphasis on renewable
Nuclear 5,300 0 0 5,300 energy sources for power generation, total energy systems,
Total 26,181 15,530 46,825 88,537 new energy storage systems like Super conducting Mag-
netic Storage Systems as spinning reserve to meet peak
demand and energy efficiency promotions in accordance
with national and socioeconomic and environmental pri-
Table 3 Projected power scenario orities. Steps which may help large scale integration of
renewable power with conventional power generation are
Year Peak demand (GW) Capacity requirement
(GW)
also enumerated.

2012 152 220

2017 218 306
2022 323 425 References
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