FAMILY – social institution found in all societies that unite people in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and

raising of
children.
KINSHIP – family ties, a social bond based on blood, marriage, or adoption.
FAMILY UNIT ( United States) – a social group of two or more people related by blood, marriage or adoption , live together.
FAMILY ORIENTATION – people are born into a family composed of parents and siblings ; vital to socialization
FAMILY PROCREATION (adulthood) – inorder to have or adopt children of their own
FAMILY FORMS or BASED ON THE NUMBER OF GENERATIONS THAT LIVE WITHIN A HOUSEHOLD
1.Nuclear Family ( conjugal family—based on marriage)– composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom
live apart from other relatives ; very simple economic system ( hunting and gathering) requires geographical mobility and individual
initiative ; typical of industrial societies (career advancement – workers geographical mobile)
2.Extended Family – composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household ( grandparents,
uncles, aunts, other relatives who live close to the parents and children ; family members share resources ; functional in economic
system which additional person is an asset in a collective enterprise ( fishing or agricultural socities)
MARRIAGE --- families form ; legally sanctioned relationship involving economic cooperation and sexual activity , childbearing that
people expect in enduring. Right setting for procreation explains the historical use of the term illegitimate for children born out of
wedlock.Lifelong commitment that ends only with death of spouse.
FAMILIES AFFINITY – people with or without legal or Blood ties who feel that they belong together and want to define themselves
as a family
SOCIAL INFLUENCE ON MATE SELECTION
 The regulation of sexual behavior is the primary function of the family in all cultures , the family exerts some influence on
the choice of a mate.
1.Endogamy – marriage within certain defined groups and categories. Specifies the groups within which a spouse must be found
and prohibits marriage with others. Marry to a member of same group ( ethnic, religious, and educational background).Rules of
endogamy help to ensure the continued existence of a group.People married random , group membership will decline as people
leave their own group for those of their spouses. Why people marry within their group .
2.Exogamy – dictates marriage between people of different social categories . Requires mate selection outside certain groups ,
usually one’s own family or certain kinfolk. Select a partner from another group ( outside the group) . Found in every society.
INCEST TABOO – social norm common to virtually all societies , prohibits sexual relationships between certain culturally specified
relatives . Philippines – people must marry outside of the nuclear family. Filipinos cannot marry their siblings and cousins.
3. Incest prohibition – forbids marriage or sexual relations between persons believed to have a close biological relationship .
However , marriage between brothers and sisters was not band ( royal family of ancient Egypt)
Note : In India and Pakistan – people are expected to marry someone of the same caste ( endogamy) but from a different village (
exogamy)
HOMOGAMY – selection of spouses with similar social characteristics ; similar with endogamy ; why people choose marry persons
with similar characteristics and social status
HETEROGAMOUS – different social backgrounds and geographic areas ( race, religious, ethnicity and social class) . Benefit – exposes
partners to other ways of doing and thinking , adding an element of variety and challenges to the relationship.
MARRIAGE FORMS
 Certain amount of illicit sexual behavior is tolerated by most societies , rarely receives explicit approval. Several codes of
rules and forms are followed by societies.
1.Monogamy -- marriage between two partners ( woman and man).Rule in most societies.
SERIAL MONOGAMY – through a pattern of marriage, divorce , and remarriage ; succession of marriages which an individual has
several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time.
2.Polygamy ( Africa and southern Asia) --- marriage that unites three or more people.
a. Polygyny – marriage that unites one male and two or more females ( sisters -similar values, sharing a household ) . Few men
have many wives. Most men live in monogamous. Multiple wives – mark of status
b. Polyandry – marriage that unites one female and two or more males. Vertical rare.Men greatly outnumber women because
of high rates of female infanticide or marriages are arranged between two brother and one woman ( fraternal polyandry)
3.Group Marriage – marriage of several men to several women
RESIDENCE PATTERNS
 Different views regarding where newly married couple are expected to live . United States – newly weds set up neolocal
residence -- physically separate from both the husband and wifes family.
1.Patrilocal residence – married couples settle in or near the household of the husbands father. Most common. Bride leaves her
family to live with thee husband in or near his parents home. Women join her husband’s family and often under the authority of
her spouses mother. Example : Contemporary patrilocal residence – Jordanian City . Multifamily households ( older married couple
, unmarried children, married sons, their sons wives and children.
2. Matrilocal residence – marriage partners settle in or near the household of the wife’s father. Newly married couple lives with or
near the bride’s family.Women held title to the land.
Note : Neolocal residence is linked with monogamy, individualism, and equal economic roles for men and women.Predominant
practice .Married couples establish a new residence separate from the kind of other spouse. Impossible neolocal ( economic
conditions, availability of housing)
DESCENT AND INHERITANCE
 Systems for tracing descent and handling down property
1.Patrilineal descent -- only father’s relative’s are important in terms of property, inheritance, and emotional ties. Most common.
Kinship is traced through the male line. Key ties are between father, son and grandson. Although wife keep some ties with her family
and contributes some of her genes to her offspring her children become members of the husbands family.
2.Matrilineal descent – only mother’s relatives are significant. Kinship is traced through the female line. Wealth and daily support
flow through the female line. Mother’s possessions become the property of her daughter and a family receives much of its support
from the wife’s brother.
3.Bilateral descent – descent is reckoned more or less equally through both male and female lines. Both sides of the person’s family
are regarded as equally important. Kinship is traced through the biological relatives of both the father and mother .Size of the kinship
group and number of obligations to relatives can become burdensome.This system may create a problem.
AUTHORITY PATTERNS
1.Patriarchal family – family structure which authority is held by the eldest male ( usually father) .Male authority figure acts ( head
of the household and hold power and authority over the women and children as well as over other males). Iran – the eldest male
wields the greatest power ; women treated with respect and kindness ; authority is vested in the father, grandfather, and some men
in the family.
2.Matriarchal family – family structure which authority is held by the eldest female ( often mother) . Very rare. Emerge onlybin
nations where men are absent for long period of time. Authority is vested in the wife and mother.
3.Egalitarian family – family structure which both partners share power and authority equally. Wives may hold authority in some
spheres and husbands in others. Evident where women have sought changes in their legal status and increased educational and
employment opportunities.
FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE – functions that families perform at the macro level . Six dominant functions:
1.Reproduction – society to continue, replace dying members; contributes to human survival
2.Protection – human infants need constant care and economic security ; assumes responsibility for the protection and upbringing of children
3.Socialization – parents and other relatives transmit he norms, values, and language of a culture to the child.
4.Regulation of sexual behavior – structure of society influences the standard; Male-dominated societies, norms generally permit
men to express and enjoy their physical attraction more freely than woman.
5.Affection and companionship – provides members with warm and intimate relationship and make them feel secure and satisfied.
Expect our relatives to understand us , to care for us, to be there for is when we need them
6.Provision of social status – newborn child with ascribed status of race and ethnicity that helps determine the place in the societies
stratification system. Family resources affect children’s ability to pursue certain opportunities such as higher education and
specialized lesson.
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE—Family not as contributor to social stability , but as reflection of the inequality in wealth and power found
within the larger society. Consistent with the values and benefits of the dominant groups. Patriarchy is the most common type which
enables to be dominant.Families can contribute to the perpetuation of social and eco inequality and inheritance makes it possible.
INTERACTIONS PERSPECTIVE -- micro- level of family and other intimate relationships. How individuals interact with one another
whether a cohabiting partner or long time married couples. Role of step parent. Increased number of single parents who remarry.
ALTERNATIVE FAMILY FORMS
1.Singlehood – growing number of people choose to remain single ( reason is to postpone marriage) . Couples taking their vows, on
average , two years . Majority of single adults will eventually marry or remarry. Those don’t want children marriage is not a
prerequisite for sexual experience.
2.Cohabitation / Living Together – sharing of household by unmarried couples. Practice is common in colleges and university
campuses.Most cohabitation does not lead to marriage. Gaining popularity as a way to test a serious relationship.Partners have
considerable affection, commitment and sexual relationship is exclusive. Wary of making the formal commitment of marriage.
“Going Steady “ modern . “ Trial Marriage “ – partners explicitly decided to test their compatibility before taking the plunge into
marriage life. Elderly couples living together without marriage. Most non—marital pairing produce no off-spring . Challenge over
intimate adult bonds. Married and non-married couples have similar goals, attitudes and values.Non-maritsl couples tend to score
lower in religiousity and attend church less than married couple. Legal of special concern ( nonlaw governing them).
3.One – Parent Families – most common alternative to the nuclear family. Unmarried women are now sexually active and most do
not practice birth control. Those who have elligitimate babies keep and raise them alone.General concern ( most one-parent are
poor and are headed by women) . Women are either divorced or unwed mother’s. Divorced women – earned less ; Unwed mother’s
– little education and few marketable skills . View from the lens of poverty ( understand the typical one-parent family) . Children
from single parent most likely to drop out of school, become delinquent, emotional problems, get pregnant in teens, best children
outside marriage, poor as adults, get divorced.
4.Families without children – Marriage unstable. Relationship cannot withstand the strains a child would bring and that it may break
up before the child is grown. Child too expensive. Child bind them to the home and that they will suffer boredom, loneliness, and
lost career opportunities. More education, more career opportunities, effective contraception , abortions cost of rearing children,
changing attitudes toward children and goals in life ( contribute to this trend)
5.Blended Families – significant type of family formation in United States. Members once we’re part of other families m Two
divorced people marry and bring their children into a new family unit. More complicated family relationships. One has serves sets
of siblings, grandparents and other relatives. Occasions for jealousy and rivalry increased.
6.Gay Male and Lesbian Couples – Denmark – first country to recognize homosexual marriages.Danish law does not allow
homosexual couples to adopt children. United States (San Francisco) – legal benefits of marriage on gay. Changing attitude made
these acceptable. Some homosexual couples also raise children usually from previous heterosexual relationship.
EDUCATION – social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally
organized structure.
SCHOOLING – formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers.
INFROMAL EDUCATION IN PRELITERATE SOCIETIES
 No separate social institution called education ; no special buildings called school; no people who earned their living as
teachers ; people acquire knowledge and skills through informal education.
 Children learned what was required to get along with life. (hunting and cooking) ; center on the struggle to survive against
natural forces , forms of education are survival oriented.
 Turkey – highly basket makers without formal training ; learned skills mere in observation ; no written language ; basic
technology and simple division of labor.
 Informal Education – learning in spontaneous , unplanned way. Direct informal education, parents and other members
provide information about how to gather food, find shelter, make weapons and tools and get along with others. Acquire
the beliefs and values informally by listening to story and myths .
EDUCATION IN PREINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
 Agricultural socities, educational institutions began to emerge ; Received institutionalized training in art and writing.
 A wealthy elite emerged that could afford to withdraw their children from work and send them to school or hire teachers
to educate them at home. Confucius taught a few pupils.Greece ( Aristotle, Plato , Socrates ) – taught science and philosophy
to upper class boys.
 Elite education ( philosophical, religious, or moral training ) for society’s future ruling class than with practical skills.
  Renaissance – focus of education shifted to importance of developing well – rounded and liberally educated people. Son of
the privileged classes were able to attend school
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND UNIVERSAL EDUCATION
 Rapid growth of industrial capitalism during Industrial revolution, it is necessary for workers to have basic skills in reading,
writing, arithmetic, the need for formal education increased.
 Free public school movement. Propose common schools supported through taxes.Provide free public education.
 U.S. ( Mandatory Education laws – acquiring children to attend school ); Drop outs – did not complete grade school