BIRTH OF A NATION

1.Proclamation of the Philippine Independence

 Struggle for Independence against Spain continued (after the news of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's return in Phil’s.)
 June 12,1898 between 4-5 afternoon, Gen. Aguinaldo’s proclaimed the Independence of Phil’s. (Kawit Cavite)
 After 333 years of Spanish domination, Phil’s. obtained Independence
 The sun and stars flag was officially unfurled at Aguinaldo’s mansion as the Philippine National March was played
(public).
 Doña Marcela, Mariño Agoncillo, assisted by her daughter Lorenza and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad (niece
of Rizal ) --- seen the flag in Hong Kong. Gen. Aguinaldo--- made the design
 Flag( made of silk with a white triangle at the left containing a sunburst of eight rays at the center, five pointed
star at each angle of the triangle, upper stripe of dark blue and lower stripe of red)
 National Anthem title (Marcha National Filipina formerly Marcha Filipina Magdalo ) named after Aguinaldo’s nom
de Guerre and his Katipunan faction.
--- composed by Julian Felipe ; played by the town band of San Francisco de Malabon(now General Trias)
--- learned the music (a day before the occasion); Republic Act 8491 – provides rules and guidelines on proper
display and use of flag and singing of National Anthem.
 1896 --- Andres Bonifacio favored Julio Nakpil's Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan to be the himno nacional
(National Hymn) of revolution.
 Bonifacio lost---- another hymn was preferred
 June 5, 1898 --- Julian Felipe went to Aguinaldo handling letter of introduction from Gen. Mariano Trias.
 Felipe was ask to compose a March to be played in 1898 Declaration of Independence.
 June 11--- Felipe presented his draft (Aguinaldo) and played the March (piano) in the presence of Gen. Trias,
Baldomero Aguinaldo, and other revolutionary leaders.
 Filipina --- poem in Spanish verses by Jose Palma was adopted as lyrics.
 Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence – read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, which he himself write
; included are the explanation of the design and color of the flag; signed by 98 people with one American ( L.M.
Johnson , Colonel of Artillery)
 After proclamation, Apolinario Mabini became the adviser of Gen. Aguinaldo; Mabini's advice ( from dictatorial to
revolutionary ) ; Aguinaldo---- president of revolutionary govt.
 Decree on June 18,1898--- President Aguinaldo organize the municipal and provincial govt.
 August 1, 1898 --- first convention of Municipal presidents (Bacoor, Cavite --- capital of Revolutionary Govt.) ;
Ratified Philippine Independence
 End of July 1898 --- nearly 12000 American arrived under Major General Wesley Meritt ( from San Francisco)
2. The Incredulous Battle of Manila
 Gen. Fermin Jaudenes – succeeded Gen. Aguinaldo as governor general of the Phil’s.
 New governor negotiated the surrender of Manila to save the prestige of Spanish govt.
 Edouard Andre --- Belgian consul , told Dewey and Meritt in Early August 1898, capture of Manila; American forces
occupy the beleaguered city and harbor
 August 13, 1898 --- sham Battle of Manila began after Dewey’s naval gun bombarded Fort San Antonio Abad near
Luneta
 11:20 A.M. – raised the flag of surrender; Gen. Greene --- notice the flag at noon time
 Spanish authorities decided to surrender Spanish troops and Filipino volunteers within the Walled City.
 Americans agreed to secure the city (inhabitants and churches)
 12 000 Filipinos – taken part in siege of Manila, Americans did not allow to enter the city (unarmed)
 Americans wish to exercise colonial power in the country; Spaniards insisted the exclusion of Filipinos in the
capitulation area.
 Military Govt. --- establish by Americans (Phil’s.) after the surrender of Manila
--- Phil’s. ruled by President of United States (Commander in Chief of Armed Forces)
 March 2, 1901 --- military govt. ended when the U.S. enacted the Army Appropriations Act
 Law which carried the Spooner Amendment, which removed from the U.S. President the final authority to govern
the Phil’s. instead the power was exercised by the U.S. Congress
 General Diego de Los Rios – governor general after the fall of Manila ; last Spanish governor general
--- August 28, 1898 --- he transferred his headquarters to Iloilo but the Visayans led by Gen. Martin Delgado forced
Gov. de Los Rios to leave Iloilo (Dec. 24) for Zamboanga.
--- May 19, 1898 --- American troops occupied Jolo , displacing the Garrison of Gov. Gen. De Los Rios in Zamboanga
 Baler ( part of Nueva Ecija , now Aurora ) the Spanish soldiers led by Lt. Martin Cerezo continued the fight for the
country , the Spain lost it’s fight in the Phil’s.
 June 2, 1899 --- 33 soldiers March out of the church , ending the 337 days of encirclement and siege
 Siege of Baler --- highlighted the gallantry of both Filipino and Spanish soldiers ended on June 30, 1899 (now
Philippine – Spanish Friendship Day pursuant to Republic Act No. 9187 )
 Nov. 1899 --- all Spanish forces shipped to Spain. Pull out of Spanish military was provided in Treaty of Paris signed
in December 10, 1898. The Treaty negotiations we’re initiated by Spanish and American representatives.
--- the Treaty provided the Spanish withdrawal from Cuba, leaving the island to America.
 Telter Amendment—passed when U.S. declared war against Spain, prevented the U.S. to take Cuba.
 Spain cede the Phil’s. , Guam, and Puerto Rico to the U.S. which in return paid from Spain 20 million dollar.
 U.S secretary of State John Hay , in behalf of the U.S. government handed to Spanish Commission member Jules
Cambon the 20 million dollar as payment to Spain for Phil’s.
  Before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, President McKinley did not know what to do with the Phil’s.and prayed
to God for guidance. He was surrounded with men in the field of business, military , naval and religious groups.
 Gen. Aguinaldo sent Felipe Agoncillo (Filipino Patriot lawyer) and Sixto Lopez to Paris to ask for the recognition of
the revolutionary government
 Agoncillo not permitted to attend the conference in Paris. He went to Washington , he worked against the
ratification of the Treaty by the U.S. Senate.
 Mark Twain ( a writer and satirist ) ; Andrew Carneige ( business tycoon) ; and members of U.S. Senate – opposition
 February 6, 1899 --- Treaty was ratified ; it was argued that Phil’s. would fall into the hands of Germany and other
countries since the Filipinos we’re unprepared to govern themselves.
3. The Malolos Republic
 August 22, 1898 --- Gen. Aguinaldo ordered the transfer of the government’s seat of power from Bacoor , Cavite
to Malolos Bulacan and used the convent of Malolos Cathedral ( now Basilica Minore de la Immaculada
Concepcion) as the Palacio Presidencial ( presidential palace)
 Aguinaldo is preparing the foundation of Republican state. He wanted a govt. without foreign supervision .
Filipinos had shown different support for autonomy.
 September 15, 1898 – inaguaration of Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain Church in Malolos Bandan Pasig
(played the National Anthem)
 The altar (church) was draped for the assembly. He urged the delegates to promulgate a constitution that would
be the most glorious expression of the noble aspirations of the Filipino people, a proof that already had the
capacity to govern
 President Aguinaldo and cabinets seat on both sides of the aisles. The Congress adopted the parliamentary rules
of the Spanish Cortes.
 The Congress elected the following Officers: President: Pedro Paterno ; Vice – President: Benito Legarda ;
Secretary --- Gregorio Araneta; Secretary : Pablo Tecson (replaced Araneta) ; Secretary : Pablo Ocampo
 93 representatives took part in the Congress and 35 we’re directly elected
 Dr. Pedro Paterno ( Bachelor’s degree in Law at University of Salamanca and a Doctorate from the Universidad
Central de Madrid)
 The Congress is a mere consultative body and no legislative powers.
 Felipe C. Calderon --- it was necessary to show that the Philippines was constituted as a State in order to
strengthen it’s claim to recognition of it’s sovereign
 19 members – committee to draft the Constitution with Felipe Calderon (Chairman)
--- Three constitutional drafts ( Mabini Plan, Paterno Plan, Calderon Plan )
Mabini Plan – Constitutional Program of the Philippine Republic
Paterno Plan – based on Spanish Constitution of 1868
Calderon Plan --- based on Constitution of France , Belgium, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala , Nicaragua and Brazil
 The Committee chose the Calderon Plan and submitted to Malolos Congress for approval
 The Committee rejected the Mabini draft because it was based on the Statutes of Universal Masonry , abhorred
by the majority of the delegates (Catholic)
 Significantly written in Mabini’s draft we’re the provisions advocating women’s right’s like the exercise of
public office, education in any branch of science , exercise of a profession or industry , right to vote, and
exemption from military service and from personal tax.
 Paterno draft was also discarded because it was patterned from the Spanish Constitution of 1868
 September 29, 1898 --- the Declaration of Philippine Independence made on June 12, 1898 in Kawit was confirmed
in special ceremonies
 The Declaration was not recognized by the U.S. and Spain since the Spanish government ceded the Phils. to the
American Govt. in the 1898 Treaty of Paris.
 The Congress authorized the Executive to float a domestic loan of 20 million pesos redeemable in 40 years, to
support the new government.
 Discussion on the draft Constitution lasted on November 29,1898, Article 5 , Title III of the draft became the most
debatable. Refers to religion and the separation of State and Church.
 Tomas del Rosario – spoke in favor of the principle of separation of State and Church
 Felipe Calderon --- contrary position wanted to make Catholicism the state religion. Result was a tie.
 The second voting resulted to the separation of Church and State, winning by only one vote given by Pablo Tecson.
 Malolos Congress – formally separated church and state
 The draft Constitution provided for an executive , legislative and judicial branch of government and the creation
of Permanent Commission acting as a legislative body when the Assembly was not in session.
 January 21, 1899 – Pres. Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution as the fundamental law of the land.
 January 23 – the First Philippine Republic was inaguarated (known as Malolos Republic)
 President Aguinaldo issued a decree granting pardon to all Spanish prisoners of war except to members of Spanish
regular army. Gaves the Spaniards as well as other foreigners the right to engage in business within the limits of
the Republic
 Publications we’re made to dissimanate the ideals and aspirations of the Republic
 The Casa Real (Royal House) in Malolos (declared a National Shrine in 1965 by Pres. Diosdado Macapagal by virtue
of Executive Act. No. 173) because the National Treasury and National Printing Press where the revolutionary
organs—La Independencia, El Heraldo de la Revolucion, Kalayaan at Kaibigan ng Bayan -printed
 The official organ of the Republic was El Heraldo de la Revolucion ( Herald of the Revolution) – it’s first issue on
September 29, 1898
  In a special issue of the newspaper was the poem Al Heroes National ( To the National Hero) – composed by
Laureate Don Cecilio Apostol ; December 20, 1898 --- decree of President Aguinaldo declaring December 30 as
Memorial Day to honor Jose Rizal and other Filipinos who suffered martyrdom.
 The name of the newspaper was changed to Heraldo Filipino , then Indice Official and finally to Gaceta
de Filipinos with it’s last issue on October 14, 1899.
 Rafael Palma (Dapit Hapon ), Cecilio Apostol (Catullo), Fernando Ma. Guerrero ( Fulvio Gil ), Epifanio de Los Santos
( G. Solon ), and Salvador V. Del Rosario ( Juan Tagalo ) --- wrote the articles using nom de plume
 El Nuevo Dia (The Day ) – published revolutionary newspapers founded and edited Sergio Osmeña. First issue in
Cebu (April 16, 1900)
 Jose Palma – a 23 yr. old brother of Rafael Palma ; member of La Independencia, wrote the poem Filipinas (
adapted as the Spanish lyrics of National Anthem of the Phil’s.
 The English translation of the lyrics we’re done by Camilio Osias and M.A. Lane ; in 1951 Tagalog translation used
 Mabini (True Independence would not simply mean liberation from Spain but also educating the people for
autonomy and refraining from colonial mentality).
 A system of free and compulsory elementary education was provided by Malolos Constitution. College for Boys
(Burgos Institute ) was established in Malolos under Enrique Mendiola , with a regular academic course leading to
the degree of Bachelor of Arts and special vocational courses in agriculture, commerce, and surveying . Girls
learned lessons at home under private tutors. They we’re conferred the degree of Bachelor of Arts passing the
govt. exam.
 Universidad Literaria de Filipinas ( convent of Barasoain Church ) was established by Joaquin Gonzales (1st Pres.)
Replaced in September 1899 by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero
 The university offered courses in law, medicine, notary public, pharmacy. Existence was short-lived due to Filipino-
American conflict which lead to dispersion of faculty and students.
 They offered Military training officers in the Army of the Republic at Military Academy of Malolos whose director
was Major Manuel Sityar – former Spanish lieutenant of Spanish Guardia Civil and some instructors we’re
graduates of the Military Academy of Toledo , Spain ( Major Candido Reyes and Major Jose Reyes )
 Filipino army in Luzon included a battalion of Igorot Lancers and Negrito archers. There were more soldiers and
rifles in the Republic. Those without rifles we’re armed with bolos, bamboo Spears , anting -antings (amulets) and
bows and arrows.
 Filipinas – an inter-island steamer owned by Compania General de Tobacco’s became the army flagship
 In Mindanao , Spanish colonial rule ended in Butuan, Agusan del Norte with the hoisting of the Philippine Flag.
 Butuan – military capital of the province of Surigao, Emmisaries of the Revolutionary govt. led by Wenceslao
Gonzales proclaimed a Philippine Republic in Butuan on January 17, 1899.
 Four flag were hoisted ( tricolor flag of the Philippine Revolution, white flag of surrender, the national flag of Spain,
Pontifical flag).These flags we’re symbols of the forces operating in the Phil’s.
 Malolos Republic – first Republic in Asia . The govt. has empowered the people to choose their representatives to
create laws beneficial for the nation. The decisions of the members of the Congress became the cornerstone of
democracy. Manifested the capability of the Filipinos to govern in the midst of turbulent times.

THE AMERICAN RULE

1.War of Philippine Independence from the United States
 Pres. Aguinaldo regarded U.S. as an alley of the Philippines road towards Independence. Filipino -American
relations deteriorated as the American military took over Manila in August 1898. The mandatory evacuation of
Filipino dismayed Aguinaldo and his men who joined the Battle.The signing of Treaty of Paris without consulting
the Filipinos heightened the tension. Neither Spain nor the U.S gave Felipe Agoncillo, Aguinaldo’s special envoy a
chance to join the Paris peace talks.
 In Hongkong, Americans offered assistance to Aguinaldo in fighting the common adversary, the Spaniards. The
negotiations turned out tentative in tentative in nature’s. The plan of the new colonizers was more evident as the
Americans controlled more areas in the country.
 There was a popular belief of the supporter of Manifest Destiny that the United States had the God given right to
help oppressed countries and build democratic nation. U.S. President William McKinley issued his Benevolent
Assimilation Proclamation on December 21, 1898, he indicated American Policy regarding the Philippines (U.S.
shall exercise sovereignty over the entire archepilago). Americans must educate and uplift the conditions of the
Filipinos. This ideology was used by Americans to rationalize their actions.
 January 5, 1899 – Aguinaldo issued a counter proclamation and specified that his forces we’re prepared to fight
any American attempt to take over the country.Filipinos we’re supported in their struggles by local folks . Even if
the American flag was publicly displayed and the local elite officials openly acknowledge support to U.S govt. ,
guerillas continued to receive food supplies, and shelter. Local assistance showed that the Filipinos did not want
to be under American rule. Suspicion and bitter feelings we’re growing between the American soldiers and the
Filipino dissidents.
 January 20, 1899 – Pres. McKinley appointed the First Philippine Commission to make recommendations in the
administration. This Commission was headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman, issued a proclamation on April 4, 1899,
declaring the establishment of American sovereignty in the Phil’s.
 Hostilities began on the night February 4, 1899, an American soldier named Private Robert Willie Grayson of the
First Nebraska volunteers with two other members of the U.S. sentry shot and killed a man who happens to be a
Filipino soldier. The American soldiers tried to stop them and shout d “Halt” twice . Filipino shouted “ Halto”.
 Thinking that the Filipino soldier was making fun of them , the American soldiers fired on the Filipino soldiers who
we’re caught unprepared. The site of the first shot of the Philippine-American war, called Philippine Insurrection
 by the Americans is in Silencio corner Sociego St. in Sta. Mesa Manila . This is the pursuant to National Historical
Institute Board Resolution 07 s.2003 , authorizing the transfer of the Historical Marker for the Site of the First Shot
of the Philippine – American War from San Juan Bridge to Silencio Corner Santiago St. , Sta. Mesa , Manila after a
deliberation on the position of Dr. Benito Legarda.
 The next day, Sunday, General Douglas Mc Arthur issued his order to advance against the Filipino troops without
investigating the shooting incident. Aguinaldo tried to avoid war. He sent an email emissary to inform Gov.General
Elwell Otis that the firing on their side had been against his order.
 This turned out to be seven – year Philippine – American War (1899 – 1906 ) . Because of their advance
preparations and firearms , the American troops captured Rizal province . La Loma, and Kalookan (now Caloocan
City)
 The Muslims remain neutral. They signified their non+ involvement in the war. Gen. John C. Bates tried to win the
friendship of the Muslims by negotiating the basis of equality. August 20, 1899, John Bates and Sultan Jamalul
Kiram II of Sulu with three dates signed the Bates of Treaty. This Treaty provided the rights and dignities of the
Sultan and his datus shall be respected. Muslims shall not be interfered with on account of their religion.
 Muslim province remain under the American Military rule in 1914. Schools that taught non- Muslim curriculum
we’re established. The U.S. , seen as challenge to Islam,Panglima Hasan led the rebellion against the American
authorities. His fight for freedom ended on March 4, 1904.
 February 5, 1899 – American fleet started bombarding the Filipino fort north of San Juan del Monte . A fierce
Battle in La Loma (near Chinese cemetery) ensued. Major Jose Torres Bugallon –one of Gen. Antonio Luna’s gallant
officers, fell mortally wounded. After capturing La Loma , Gen. Douglas McArthur headed for Caloocan
 In Caloocan a fierce Battle followed , the Americans won. Undismayed by his defeat , Gen. Antonio Luna ( younger
brother of Juan Luna ) prepared plan for recapture of Manila by burning. American occupied houses in Tondo and
Binondo (February 22) – Washington birthday (American National Holiday) . American fire bregades and fought
the flames. They repulsed Luna’s men. Luna retreated to Polo where he established headquarters.
 The American troops wanted to capture Malolos( capital of the Philippine Republic )
 The Filipinos fought with fierce near Malinta. Colonel Harry O. Egbert of the 22nd U.S. Infantry died in action.
 March 30 – Americans was already in Malolos. The Aguinaldo govt. evacuated Malolos and established
headquarters in San Isidro , Nueva Ecija.
 March 31 – General McArthur captured Malolos
 In Quingua ( now Plaridel ) on April 23, the American Calvary under Major Bell suffered heavy losses under Gen.
Gregorio del Pilar. In his battle, Colonel John Stotsenberg was killed.
 April 25- Calumpit fell into American hands.Gen. Gregorio del Pilar and his troops left to defend the Filipino line
since Gen. Luna had left for Pampanga
 March 6, 1899 – Apolinario Mabini as head of the Cabinet and minister of foreign affairs met with Schurman. He
issued (manifesto ) on April 15, 1899 in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija urging his countrymen to continue the struggle for
Independence. The members of the Filipino Assembly (Pedro Paterno, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, and Felipe
Buencamino ) wanted the American offer autonomy rather than Independence. Mabini made another attempt on
April 28 by seeking armistice but it turned down.
 Mabini opposed their views. They persuaded Aguinaldo to remove him. A resolution was passed by the Assembly
asking Aguinaldo to reject Mabini’s stand and remove him as Pres. Of the Cabinet. May 7, 1899 -- Pres. Aguinaldo
named Pedro Paterno the head of the new Cabinet. Mabini spent his last year’s writing articles against American.
 Paterno Cabinet (Peace Cabinet ) created a committee headed by Felipe Buencamino to negotiate peace with
Americans.Gen. Antonio Luna opposed and blocked the trip of the Committee. Due to lack of cooperation, Luna
recommended to Aguinaldo that the Kawit Company be disarmed for military insubordination.
 Gen. Luna met his tragic end in the hands of his fellow Patriots. When he got mad, Pedrong Kastila (captain from
Cavite) drew his bolo and hacked him. Others stabbed him while other shot him. He received more than 40
wounds. His aide - de- camp Colonel Francisco Roman was killed. He was burried with full military honors.
 Severino de Las Alas ( Secretary of Interior) – in his circular informed the provincial chiefs of Luna’s death and it
was caused by insulting and assaulting the Pres. Bodyguards and the plan of Luna to take over the Presidency of
Aguinaldo. After Luna’s death , some demoralization set in.
 November 12,1899 – the regular army was dissolved by Aguinaldo . He formed guerrilla units , to carry the war.
 The capture of Aguinaldo was the priorities of the Americans.
 October 12, 1899 -- mounted a full scale offensive. From Cabanatuan Aguinaldo moved his govt. to Tarlac,
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Bayambang, Pangasinan. With his members on the night of November 13, he
boarded the train to Calasiao.
 In order to elude to American forces , Aguinaldo and his members proceed to Cordillera Mountain Range. The
passage in Cordillera was Tirad Pass . Del Pilar saw the advantageous terrain of Tirad Pass. This shield the Filipino
troops.
 December 2, 1899 --- Major Peyton G. March and 300 American troops stormed the Pass but we’re repulsed by
Del Pilar's men. Tirad was 4500 feet high.
 Januario Garut --- the Igorot guide of the American,the secret trail was known. Gen. Del Pilar was hit with a bullet
in his neck. Only 8 men escaped alive.
 After the Battle of Tirad Pass which took six hours , the American authorities lost track of Aguinaldo until Cecilio
Segismundo (Aguinaldo’s messenger) fell into the hands of Gen. Frederick Funston, stationed in Nueva Ecija.He
was carrying important letters to Baldomero Aguinaldo, General Urbano Lacuna and guerrellia leaders. The
dispatch directed to the sending reinforcement in Palanan, Isabela. This gave Fuston a clue where Aguinaldo is.
 Funston employed 80 Macabebe scouts, two former officers of Aguinaldo (Lazaro Segovia and Hilario Tal Placido
) 3 Tagalog natives, and 4 American officers capture Aguinaldo.
  Five American prisoners , the Macabebe scouts we’re able to enter Aguinaldo’s camp. Tal Placido – a fat , powerful
man grabbed Aguinaldo . Gen. Funston and four other Americans officers entered the room and arrested him in
the name of the U.S.
 April 19, 1901 --- he took oath of allegiance to the U.S. and appealed to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of
the U.S.
 The Pacificados (Pacifists) led by Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino founded Asociacion de Paz. The organizers
( Cayetano Arellano,Tomas del Rosario, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Leon Ma. Guerrero, Rafael Palma, Justo Lukban,
and Pascual Poblete)
 December 23,1900 – Pacifists have meeting renamed the league for peace as Federal Party with Trinidad Pardo
de Tavera (President)
 The Federalists were called Americanistas or pro-Americans by the nationalist
 July 4, 1902 --- Pres. Theodore Roosevelt declared the Philippine American War was over.
2.A Government Under America
 March 16, 1900 --- Pres. McKinley appointed the Second Philippine Commission ( Taft Commission)
 He gave the commission, the legislative, and executive authority to put up a civilian govt.
 July 4, 1901 --- American civil government was proclaimed with Judge William Howard Taft ( first civil governor)
 He exercise both the legislative and executive functions because he was the head of Second Commission
 His policy the Philippines for the Filipinos , laid the foundation of democratic govt. during the
administration
 Second Philippine Commission passed a law on establishing a high school system
 Achievements of Taft administration ( the sale of huge tracts of friar lands ---410 acres ) to Filipino on easy
installment term)
 Cooper Act (Philippine Organic Act of 1902) --- first congressional law about the govt. of the Phil’s.
--- provided the Extension of United States Bill of Rights to the Filipinos
--- guaranteed the establishment of an elective Philippine Assembly , after the Proclamation of complete peace
 March 2, 1903 --- Gov. Taft proclaimed as Census Day; first official census of the Phils. During American Period.
Total population ( 7, 635, 426 )
 Filipino nationalist organized political parties to counteract the pro – American activities of Partido Federal. The
parties are : Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist Party ) founded by Pascual Poblete (August 1901) ;Partido
Independencia ( Independence Party ) founded by Dr. Pedro A. Paterno ; and Partido Democrata ( Democratic
Party ) found by Alberto Baretto, Leon Ma. Guerrero, Just Lukban, and Jose de la Vina in 1902.
--- Partido Democrata like Partido Nacionalista advocated the Independence of the country (peaceful means)
--- Partido Conservador composed of prominent members of Spanish community like Macario Adriatico, Francisco
Ortigas, and Gregorio Singlan was organized in February 1901.They recognized American sovereignty in the Phil’s.
under Treaty of Paris. Peace and order has been restored.
 In Samar, Gen. Vicente Lukban resorted to ambushing American soldiers. The Balangiga Massacre (1901)
 September 28, 1901 --- American soldiers were attacked by the town folks (400 men)
 Gen. Jacob Smith --- ordered the Massacre of all men and children ten years of age. Province of Samar ( howling
wilderness ) . Smith was court – martialed for the cruelties inflicted by his troops and found guilty. They retired
him from service. The American forces took 2 Balangiga Church bells and a rare 1557 cannon as war booty and
transported to Wyoming ( now being placed in a museum in their home base Fort Ressell, Wyoming )
 General Miguel Malvar --- fearless general continued for fighting for Philippine independence.
 July 31, 1901 – he urged the continuation of resistance to American occupation.
 April 16, 1902 --- Gen.Malvar surrendered in Lips, Batangas two months after the capture of Gen. Lukban in
Catubig Samar
 Anti -Nationlist laws on local inhabitants ( Sedition Law, Brigandage Act,Reconcentration Act, and Flag Law ).
 This we’re scrapped following the policy of Filipinization in 1916 except the flag law, which was repealed
in 1919.
 Flag Law (1907) – prohibited the display of the Philippine flag and other symbols
 November 4, 1901 --- Second Philippine Commission or Taft Commission passed the Sedition Law, which imposed
death penalty or long prison term on anyone who advocated separation from the United States by peaceful means
 Sedition --- action pro-independence , meant to inculcate a spirit of hatred and enmity against he American people
and the Government of the United States in the Philippines and to incite the people to open an armed resistance
to the constituted authorities. The display of the Philippine flag , the singing of the national anthem , and plays
advocating independence we’re prohibited.
 Juan Abad's Tanikalang Guinto ( Gold Chains ) was closed after Batangas performance on May 10, 1903. The
author found guilt of the Sedition. He was sentenced to 2 years imprisonment and a fine of U.S. 2000 dollars.
 Hindi Aco Patay ( I am not Dead ) by Juan Matapang Cruz was closed on May 8, 1903 at the Teatro Nueva Luna in
Malabon. The red sun on a Katipunan flag that rose behind the stage caused the riot inside the theater. Month
later, Cruz was arrested and later imprisoned, which he served in full.
 Kahapon , Ngayon at Bukas (Yesterday , Today, and Tommorow ) a play written by Aurelio Tolentino was seditious.
It has it’s show on May 14, 1903 at the Teatro Libertad. In the uncensored version, Inangbayan's ( mother country
the Phil’s. ) children rise in arms against Malaynatin ( Who knows? Referring to U.S. Insular govt.) And Bagong
Sibol ( newcomer – the U.S). In censored version Bagong Sibol grants the children their freedom. The uncensored
version resulted to Tolentino's arrest. He was given life imprisonment in 1905 ,in 1912 he was pardoned.
 November 12, 1902 – Gov. William Howard Taft pushed through the passage of the Brigandage Act or Ley de
Bandolerismo which punished with death or with a prison term of not less than 20 years for members of an arm
band.
 June 1, 1903 – the Philippine Commission passed the Reconcentration Act which gave the governor general the
power to authorize any provincial governor to reconcentrate in towns all residents of outlying barrios if landrones
or outlaws operated in these areas.
 Law was passed to facilitate the arrest of guerrillas who we’re being protected by the people.
 Philippine Constabulary, Philippine Scouts, members of U.S. army combined to apprehend guerrilla
 March 28, 1903 – end of San Miguel after some Scouts discovered his headquarters between Caloocan and
Marikina.San Miguel and his 200 members defended. He was hit 3 times until his last breath.
 The death of San Miguel , Faustino Guillermo assumed the leadership of the New Katipunan movement in Rizal
and in Bulacan. After , Guillermo was captured. Two men pretended . They took Guillermo as a prisoner and turned
him over to Keithley.
 Samar 1902 – Macario Sakay, Julian Montalan, Cornelio Felizardo organized forces in Rizal, Batangas, Cavite, and
Laguna establishing Philippine Republic or Tagalog Republic (Sakay). This Republic was a continuation of
Bonifacio's Katipunan . Francisco Carreon a former councilor become the Vice – President
 April 1904 --- Sakay released manifesto addressed to all foreign consulates declaring that he and his men were
real revolutionaries because they had a flag , a government and a constitution.
 To obtain security of his followers , Sakay imposed sanctions to uncooperative Filipinos. They abducted the family
of Mariano Trias , a former general of Aguinaldo.
 Government General Henry C. Ide authorized Dr. Dominador Gomez (well known labor leader ) to conduct
negotiations for the surrender of Sakay and his men.
 Philippine Assembly --- serves as training ground for self-government , first step towards independence
 Colonel Harry H. Bandholtz wwgo had been handling the negotiations with Dr.Gomez , invited Sakay , his principal
lieutenants and Dr. Gomez to a party in Cavite. At the house of Cavite Governor Van Schaik , the Americans and
the Philippine Constabulary arrested and disarmed Sakay and his men. They we’re charged to ladronism or
banditry and other crimes such as robbery, rape, kidnapping, and murder
 In accordance with the Brigandage Act , the court sentenced General Macario Sakay and Colonel Lucio de Vega to
die by public hanging. Julian Monatalan and Leon Villafuerte we’re give executive clemency
 September 25, 1903 – Sakay and de Vega we’re taken out of their Bilibid Prison Cell. General Sakay souted he was
not a Brigand but a sincere patriot working for Philippines independence. Bandit ( the Americans regarded him as
a criminal) . Sakays resistance became the final chapter in the Philippines American war.
 The last Revolutionary general to surrender was General Simeon Ola, who surrendered to Colonel Bandholtz in
Guinobatan, Albay on September 25, 1903. Ola took oath of allegiance to U.S. like Malvar. Artemio Ricarte refused
to take oath of allegiance and was exiled in Hong Kong and later in Japan.
 The Partido Nacionalista and Partido Nacional Progresista (Partido Federal)clashed in elections on July 30, 1907
for 80 seats in First Philippine Assembly. The Partido Nacionalista advocated immediate and absolute
independence. It won a landslide majority.
 October 16, 1907 --- Philippine Assembly was inaguarated at Grand Opera House ,Manila
 Sergio Osmeña – speaker ; Manuel L. Quezon --- majority floor leader.
 Gabaldon Law – first bill passed by the Philippine Assembly by Isauro Gabaldon
 Pursuant to the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (Cooper Act) – two Filipino resident commissioners represented
their countrymen in the U.S. Congress ( Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo) .
 August 19, 1916 --- U.S. Congress passed the Jones Law, which was signed by President Woodrow Wilson . The
Jones Law provided a bicameral Philippine legislature with an Upper House called the Senate ( 24 members) and
a lower House called the House of the Representatives ( 93 members) . The law contained a preamble declaring
that the Independence would be granted to the Filipino as soon as stable government will be established
 October 26, 1916—the new legislature under Jones law was inaguarated with Quezon as the president of the
Senate and Osmeña as the Speaker of the House . Nacionalistas dominated both Houses . Progresistas hd only
one seat in the Senate and seven in the House of Representatives.
 October 5, 1921 --- Leonard Wood replaced their popular Governor General Francis Burton—Harrison. In his term
he vetoed 16 bills but in Harrison only 5 bills.
 July 23, 1923 --- the heightening tension between Wood and Filipino leaders came climax when Quezon and
Osmeña and the Fiipino Department Secretaries resigned from the Council of the State. Cabinet Crisis of 1923 ---
happened when Governor Wood governed the country without the cooperation of the legislature.
 Filipino cabinet members resigned from their posts in protest of Governor Wood's handling of the Ray Conley
case. Secretary of Interior ( Jose P. Laurel ) and Mayor of Manila ( Ramon Fernandez ) resigned because of Wood’s
interference in the prosecution of Conley. Laurel resignation incurred political repercussions. Quezon as acting
spokesman of the Cabinet , accused the governor of controlling the affairs of the govt.
 1926 – Governor Wood abolished the Board of Control , which was created by law during Governor Harrison's
term . The institutions (Manila Railroad Company, Manila Hotel , Philippine National Bank ) was formed. Wood
died on August 7, 1927.
 From 1919 – 1933 there had been 12 Independence Missions sent to the United States to campaign for recognition
of Philippine Independence . December 1931 – the ninth Mission( Os-Rox Mission ) by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel
Roxas brought Home the Hare-Hawes -Cutting Act. The Act divided the Congress into two opposing camps – the
Antis and Pros. The Antis led by Sen. Pres. Quezon opposed the Act because of it’s objectionable feature. The Pros
headed by Sen. Osmeña and Roxas upheld it was the best independence measure.
 The HHC Act provided the granting of Philippine Independence after 12 years but reserving military and
naval bases for the United States.
  Measure was the control of the currency system and the conduct of foreign affairs by the U.S President .
American goods we’re allowed free entry into the Philippines . It directed the U.S. to retain land for
military and other reservations
 December 1932 – Quezon sent a one man mission (Benigno Aquino ) to Washington to discuss his objectives.
Aquino won
 November 1933 – Quezon led the twelfth mission to Washington to secure a better Independence Act. A new
independence measure ( Tydings-McDuffie Law ) passed and signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March
24, 1934. Closely resembled the HHC Act. The law was accepted in the Philippine Legislature.
 Tydings-McDuffie Law – provided for a 10 year transition period under the Commonwealth of the Philippines ,
preparatory to the granting of absolute and complete independence on July 4, 1946. It authorized the Philippine
Legislature to call a convention to draft the Constitution of the Philippines. It requires that the Constitution be
approved by the American president and ratified by the plebiscite.The provisions are :
 Annual quota of 50 Filipino immigrants to America
 Control of currency , coinage, foreign trade, and foreign relations by American
 American High Commissioner of the Philippines
 July 30, 1934 – inaguaral session at the hall of the House of Representatives , Legislative Building in Manila. The
elected officers were: Claro M. Recto ( Pres.); Ruberto Montinola and Teodoro Sandiko ( First and Second V-Pres.);
Narciso Pimentel (Secretary) ; Narciso Diokno ( Sergeant at Arm’s )
 The drafting of the Constitution lasted in 6 months ( July 30, 1934 – February 8, 1935 ). Approved by the
Convention with 177 – 1. Twenty -two members were absent. One member had died on August 1934.
 Tomas Cabili – opposed the Constitution because it did not provide the system of popular election for the mebers
of the National Assembly from Lanao
 Gregorio Perfecto ( Manila ) – signed the Constitution in his own blood like the Katipunan blood compact or pacto
de sangre
 May 14, 1935 --- the plebiscite for the ratification or rejection of Constitution was held; First time when Filipino
women exercise the right of suffrage.
 September 17, 1935 --- First National election under the 1935 Constitution was held . The candidates for Pres. and
V- Pres. : Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña (Coalition Party ) ; General Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo
Melliza ( National Socialist Party ) ; Bishop Gregorio Aglipay and Norberto Nabong ( Republican Party ) . Quezon
and Osmeña won
3.The American Legacy
 May 1, 1898 – victory of Americans against Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila
 Colt .45 automatic revolver – kind of weapon used against the Muslims warriors in the battle
 Veterans of the Indian we’re sent to the country. Like Gen. Elwell Otis and Gen. Henry W. Lawton ( street and
plaza we’re named after them)
 American soldiers help in building roads .
 Staffed of American public schools (Thomasites) from the name of the U.S. army ship
 The American teachers (540) arrived in the Philippines on August 21, 1901 – established modern schools
 Public elementary education which provided educational opportunity for all citizens . Education was sought to
acquire not only the theoretical knowledge but also the practical skills to meet the essential demands of life. The
English language was used to transmit ideas.
 Propagated the use of English language for better understanding with the Filipinos. English became the language
of instruction in all schools and became the official language of the government.
 Bounding Billow – first American newspaper to appear in the Philippines
 American Soldier – first daily newspaper which was published in Manila ; first issue on September 10, 1898.
 Philippine Herald --- first Filipino weekly paper in English by Senate President Manuel L. Quezon in 1902.
 El Renacimiento and Muling Pagsilang ( Nationalistic Periodicals)
 Teodoro M.Kalaw – editor of the newspaper was imprisoned but pardoned by Gov. Gen. Harrison
 Carlos P. Romulo – won the Pulitzer Prize for international reporting in 1942.
 Jose Garcia Villa – listed among the top short story writers in America in 1932 by Edward O' Brien (know American
anthologist)
 1905 – 1930 – golden age of zarzuela ; Severino Reyes --- Walang Sugat ( most famous Tagalog zarzuela)
 Two Swiss entrepreneurs introduced film shows in Manila in 1897. The film showed recent happenings and natural
calamities in Europe.
 In 1912 two American entrepreneurs made a film about Jose Rizal's Execution. This inspired the making of first
Filipino film in 1919.
 Jose Nepomuceno ( Father of Philippine Movies)--- first Filipino to make a film; 1st movie was acclaimed with
musical play the Dalagang Bukid ( Country Maiden ) by Hermogenes Ilagan and Leon Ignacio.
 Cartooning began to blossom after the American colonial government .
 George Pineda ( 1879 – 1972 ) --- invented the immortal representation of the Filipino – the salakot wearing
slippered Juan de la Cruz , did political cartooning like Jose Perreira (1901—1954 ) – Chief cartoonist of the
Philippine Free Press Magazine ( 1920’s – 1930’s)
 The Americans are welcomed using jazz and swing music.
 Nicanor Abelardo --- a Bulakeño became prominent Filipino composer of Kundimans,Waltzes, Marches and
Sonatas for piano and violin . Famous compositions are Mutya ng Pasig (Muse of Pasig ), Nasaan ka Irog ( Where
are you my Love? ) , Bituing Marikit ( Beautiful Star) .
 Francisco Santiago --- Anak ng Dalita ( Child of Work ) , Madaling Araw ( Dawn )
 Protestant Christianity – introduced religion by American ; stresses personal salvation and faith
  Mr. C.B. Randall (1899) --- lay worker distributed first Bible’s in Manila
 Bishop James M. Thoburn (Methodist Episcopal Church of India ) – delivered the first Protestant sermon
 Inglesia ni Cristo (1914) – by Felix Manalo
 Seventh -Day Adventist – bears the Christian Old Testament Doctrine of worshipping on the Sabbath ( Saturday)
 Jehovah’s Witnesses – fundamental group rejects the concept of Trinity
 The Filipino are permitted to honor and celebrate the anniversaries of the Filipino National Heroes.
 November 30 --- Bonifacio Day
 December 30 --- Rizal Day
 Americans added holidays: February 14 – Valentine’s Day ; February 22 --- Washington Day ; July 4 --- Glorious
Fourth ; 4th Thursday of November – Thanksgiving Day
 Filipino adopted the American mode of dressing.Men wear pants with belts or with suspenders , For casual wear
( Polo shirts) .Coat and tie (typical formal attire). Women wear skirts, high-heeled shoes, nylon stockings, artificial
eyelashes, make-up and even perfumes
 Mr. Miss or Madam --- salutations ; Women are granted more rights in education , in places of work even in plotics
 In 1903 – Charles M. Swift established MERALCO (MANILA ELECTRIC COMPANY ) . It’s original name was MANILA
ELECTRIC RAILROAD AND LIGHTING COMPANY—first company given the franchise to operate electric cars called
tranvia and supply electricity to Manila Communication and improve the Philippines Long Distance Telephone by
Act No. 3436 in 1928.
 February 17, 1905 – Philippine Constabulary School was established. Later, it became Philippine Military Academy.
The first Military officers school in the country. From Intramuros it was moved to Baguio.
 1910 – Philippine General Hospital (Taft Avenue , Manila) was established to attend indigenous patients.
 Americans trained the Filipinos with physical activities . Outdoor games ( baseball, softball, calesthinecs, football
and volleyball). Indoor games ( bowling, billiard, table tennis, poker, black jack, and other game cards – popular).
Americans emphasize the importance of sports in physical fitness and ease tension arising from work . Show
sportsmanship
 Marked as the improvement of infrastructure, transport, communication facilities and community services.
 Modern Buildings constructed ( resembling Greek or Roman temples with porticoes )
 The architectural plan for City of Manila and Quezon Memorial Circle ( 8 main roads encircling from the rotunda).
It was Daniel Burnham ( Chicago architect and town planner who designed Baguio City)
 Sculpture : Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976) – Bonifacio Monument ( composed of several figures gathered
around a central obelisk) . The principal figure is Andres Bonifacio ( leader of Philippine Revolution in 1896). Behind
him was Emilio Jacinto – the monument that was completed in 1933
 Americans teaches us life and principles of democracy. Individual freedom , respect for rights and liberties of the
people, free and open elections, multiple political parties ..They enhanced the knowledge on democratic ways and
institutions. They organized civil courts, including Supreme Court with Cayetano Arellano –first Filipino Chief
Justice
 Local governments we’re established in towns and provinces under American troops.
 May 7, 1899 – first election under the American flag in Baliuag, Bulacan. The establishment of Republican
government in Malolos Bulacan .
4.Philippine Independent Church
 Philippine Revolution in 19th century affected the Church and State. Second phase of revolution began in
Aguinaldo’s return from Hongkong , Gov. Gen. Basilio Augustin and Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda
commissioned Father Gregorio Aglipay to confer with the revolutionary leaders
 Emilio Aguinaldo sent Colonel Luciano San Miguel as his emmisary to Aglipay
 Aglipay went to North to investigate the condition of Bishop Nueva Segovia (Cagayan ). Upon his return to Manila
to report to Nozaleda, he found Manila besieged by Americans. He decided to go to Cavite and join Aguinaldo's
movement ( Malolos Congress)
 October 20,1898—Aguinaldo issued a Decree appointing Aglipay as Military Vicar General ( the religious leader of
the revolutionary movement)
 Nozaleda issued his decree excommunicating Aglipay which took effect on May 6, 1899.
 Isabelob de Los Reyes – newspaperman imprisomed for conspiracy against Spain , campaigned for establishment
of a Filipino Church , the Inglesia Filipina Independiente. It was launched in August 1902.
 In July , he founded the Union Obrera Democratica. August 3, 1902 -- he called a meeting at Centro de Bella’s
Artes and proposed the establishment of a Filipino Church independent of Rome with Fr. Aglipay ( Supreme
Bishop). The Inglesia Filipina Independiente ( Philippine Independent Church ) was founded.
 Prevent an schism in the Church. He did not accept the position of a Supreme Bishop in the Philippine Indepent
Church when he was interviewed .
 Fr. Francisco Foradada – Spaniards exerted full effort to win back Aglipay to the Catholic
 5th day Foradada handed Aglipay a document for his signature affirming his return to Catholicism. Aglipay wanted
an assuramce that the problem of Filipino Catholic priests will be solved.
 Jesuits tried their best to make up with Aglipay. Fr. Joaquin Vilallonga was chosen to deal with Aglipay .
 September 1902 – Bishops we’re consecrated ; January 18, 1903 – Aglipay was consecrated Supreme Bishop by
the bishops in Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Isabela, Cagayan, Pangasinan and Abra
 Filipino priest joined the Phil. Independent Church ( Aglipay Church )
5. The Colorums
 Indigenous religious groups mostly thrive in isolated islands and mountainous localities. Some are introduced by
the power of natural forces others are a mixture of Catholicism and superstition.
 Mountain of San Cristobal – Jerusalem
  Et saecula saeculorum ( world without end ) used at Mass
 Colorum – used by authorities to refer to rebellion organizations with mystical characteristics. The colurom groups
were characterized by religious fanaticism , which was combination of Catholic devotion, hero – worship and folk-
superstition . Members we’re recruited.
 Colorum organizations ( 1920’s). In Leyte and Samar the Sociedad de la Confianza was formed. The Caballeros de
la Sagrada Familia had one thousand followers in Pampanga, Pangasinan, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija. Other colorum
groups were established in Tarlac, Pangasinan, Rizal, La Union, Batangas, and Surigao.
 In Tarlac the Colorums worshipped Jose Rizal and Apo Ipe Salvador.They believed that the two leaders would
resurrect and save them. Felipe Salvador (known as Apo Ipe ) was born in Baliuag , Bulacan on May 26,1870. He
was appointed as Colonel by Aguinaldo in 1899. Aguinaldo organized his group and called it Santa Inglesia or Holy
Church. The Colorums in Tarlac believed that anting – antings made all members invulnerable to the bullets fired
by the enemy.
 In Surigao, the colorum groups were devoted to the Sacred Heart of Jesus , Immaculate Heart of Mary , and Jose
Rizal. They believed that one day Rizal would return and rule the Philippines. They spread from Surigao, Agusan,
Cotabato, Samar and Leyte.
 Governor General Leonard Wood , recognizing the patriotic zeal that animated the colorum rebellion , prohibited
the pictures of Filipino heroes in all public schools in Mindanao.
 In Nueva Ecija , Pedro Kabola founded a secret society in 1923 called Kapisanan Makabola Makarinag. They
intended to assault the municipal building of San Jose and execute all town officials so that independence could
be achieved . Kabola was killed . Hundreds of Kapisanan members were arrested and jailed for conspiracy and
Sedition.
 In Pangasinan, an Ilocano ( Pedro Calosa ) began organizing colorum group in 1929. Ranks from corporal to general
and wear a colorful red and white uniforms with anting – antings embroidered
 January 1931 – Colorums decide to attach the town of Tayug. Calosa was captured. He said that many of the
Colorum members were tenants who has been ejected by hacienderos or we’re small farmers deprived by their
lands
6. Land Tenure System
 During the American rule , the Spanish feudal system was not dismantled.The system of land registration that
favored the Filipino elite, tenancy became more widespread. The hacienda (estate) system kept the peasants in
bondage.
 Tenants : inquilinos ( cash tenants ) or kasama ( share tenants).
 Inquilinos paid yearly rent . Required to give various services to hacienderos for free. Refusal could mean dismissal
from the hacienda. It became customary for the children of the tenants to serve the landlord (domestic servants)
to help their parents pay the interest on debts in cash advances.
 Kasama or sharecropper provided the labor of the havienda we’re he shared the harvest on 50—50 basis with his
landlord or haciendero , after deducting the expenses incurred in planting and harvesting. Expected to render
personal services to the landowner.
 Low productivity due to traditional methods of farming insured the tenants a law standard of living.
 Free trade – reinforced the feudal system of Spanish regime and twisted the normal development of local
industries. The system paved the way multinational corporations. Rich landowners and investment capitalist took
control of the economy, laying the groundwork with limited per capita income , inflation and structural poverty.
 Dependence upon duty—freeb, American goods increased the suffering of local producers. A number of peasants
and labor protest evolved from cases of exploitation and poor living conditions.
 The Philippines, was unable to sustain the basic needs of the masses. Filipino leaders absorbed much attention on
how to gain political autonomy had not fully given efforts to bring about economic independence. Issues like
social reform, land ownership, tenancy rights, and distribution of wealth had been the causes of public
discontentment.
7. The First Labor Groups
 In January 1902 – Isabelo de Los Reyes organized the first labor Union in the Philippines. The Union de Lilografos
e Impresores de Filipinas. The members decided to organize the Union Obrera Democratica (U.O.D) – a federation
of smaller Union of printers , lithographers, cigar makers tailors and shoemakers which has high wages and
workers benefits.
 La Redencion del Obrero – voiced the social demands and Nationalistic feelings of the workers . Result of one of
the strikes and Isabelo de Los Reyes was imprisoned . Later he was pardoned.
 Dr. Dominador Gomez –succeeded De Los Reyes , lead a group of laborers on May 1, 1903 . However, Gomez was
replaced by Lope K. Santos for the Union distrusted the formers involvement in the surrender of Sakay, which led
to his capture.
 Lope K. Santos – a printer and newspaperman, last president of the U.O.D . known as Union del Trabajo de
Filipinas.
 May 1, 1913 – Labor Day was officially celebrated in the country. They organized the Congress Obrero de Filipinas
(C.O.F).This resolution was approved demanding eight -hour labor day , child and women labor laws and
employers liability law.
 Four years later, Vicente Sotto established Asamblea Obrera which he used to support his candidacy for the House
of Representatives.
 1917—Joaquin Balmori founded the Federacion del Trabajo to support the candidates of the Democratic Party.
 Congreso Obrero de Filipinas – Nacionalista Party’s candidates.
 In Bulacan, the Union ng Magsasaka (1917) to fight the evils of tenancy and usury. In 1919 , Jacinto Manahan
formed his own group in view of the decline of the original peasant organization.
  In 1919, Legionarios del Trabajo --- result to strike against Manila Electric Company. Protection of the Philippine
products from foreign competition. Crisanto Evangelista – organizer and later left the association due to Masonic
initiation rites.
 1924 --- Evangelista, Domingo Ponce, Cirilo Bognot formed Partido Obrero de Filipinas . Showed a strong Marxist
influence.
 1927 – C.O.F. affiliated to the Red International of Labor Unions . The subject during the convention was
communism, class struggle, and proletarian, internationalism.
8. The Communist Party of the Philippines
 During the 1929 Congress of C.O.F , the members clashed with Evangelista and his group over the proposals
submitted. Recommendations we’re the organization of factory committee, establishment of a workers political
party , advocacy of class struggle , condemnation of the Nacionalista and Democrata parties.
 Evangelista and his followers walked out and launched the Katipunan ng mga Anak Paris ng Pilipinas . Evangelista
became the Executive Secretary while Manahan is the V-Pres. , in charge of the peasant movement.
 Jose Hilario, Antonio Ora, Patricio Dionisio, Cirilo Bognot , and H.C. Hao . The K.A.P wanted unity among workers,
peasant and exploited masses. Advocated struggle against American imperialism, and complete Independence of
the country , unity of Revolutionary movements, establishment of Soviet system in Phil’s.
 Nov. 7, 1930 – Communist Party of the Philippines established all the officers of K.A.P except Hao and Hilario as
members of first Central Committee of the Phil’s.
 Communism – society in which Major resources and means of production are communally owned. Equal sharing
of benefits of production. Involves the abolition of individual ownership of property. Advocates the Revolution of
the working masess to overthrow the capitalist society .
 Antonio Ora , a CPP Central Committee member was arrested.
 Evangelista, Manahan, D. Ambrosio, G. Capadocia,A. Pangilinam was arrested . Charged with Sedition on the basis
of platform actions and demands of Communist Party , they we’re found guilty.
 October 26,1932 – The Supreme Court declared CCP as illegal organization.
9. Sakdalism
 Benigno Ramos – leader of popular movement Sakdal , a Senate clerk
 1930 – he left his job to work against the administration. Cause of resignation was his involvement in a student
picket stage in Manila high school. Ramos was warned by Quezon not to join the protest action but still he
declined.
 Weekly Tabloid—vehicle for bitter denunciation of the ruling oligarchy. Exposed the discontentment of the
massess. Adopted the position that independence is not given . Maldistribution of property, excessive taxes,
concentration of landownership . Ramos transformed the movement into political party.
 1934—election of delegates to the Constitutional Convention . Sakdalists opposed colonial education.
Glorification of American culture. Expressed opinion against American economic control and the military bases.
Sakdalistas –3 candidates won.
 The Coalition of Antis and Pros (Nacionalista Party ) in 1935 election , the Sakdalists predicted greater expansion
of American economic power. Continued their campaigns to boycott the Commonwealth Constitution. Gov. Frank
Murphy issued a ruling that any campaign against the plebiscite shall be seditious. Sakdalists we’re arrested.
 Perpetuation of feudal and usurious practices originated in Spanish regime.
 May 2, 1935 – one hundred fifty peasants armed with bolos and paltiks marched to the municipal hall of San
Ildefonso Bulacan and hattled down the American and Philippine flags and raised the red Sakdal flag. The peasants
occupied the town halls and burned American flags in such places as Tanza, and Caridad in Cavite , and Cabuyao
and Sta. Rosa in Laguna. Sixty thousand Sakdalists we’re involved.
 Fifty seven peasants we’re killed and hundred we’re wounded and five hundred we’re imprisoned.
 Benigno was in Japan when the revolt broke out . He denied his involvement in May 2 incident. Sakdalistas
influence greatly diminished in the countryside.