“Simple, Effective Stimulation Method and Economically Fracture Fluid Composition”

“but does not rule out goals”

Muhammad Agung Adi Maulana, Misnawati, Dio Nesta Herdiyansyah, PEM Akamigas

Abstract

Reservoir rocks can’t pass the fluids in large quantities because of several factors, including
low permeability, skin factor, and dirt or scale that clog the rock pores. In PEM-018 wells the
formation damage is caused by scale.This paper aims to explain the exact fracture fluid
method used to overcome problems in PEM-018 wells. The added use is also adjusted to the
data on the well. The stimulation method that we choose is acid fracturing. The advantage of
using this method is that it is cheaper and more efficient, because only uses a few additives,
and because the formation is limestone, so the success rate can be more than 90%.

Introduction

Stimulation is work carried out on wells with the aim of increasing the rate of production by
improving and or increasing the price of permeability of rocks. The selection of stimulation in
the production well is aims to overcome the problems that can reduce the productivity of the
well. There are several types of stimulation that can be used, that is acidizing and hydraulic
fracturing. Acidizing is done by injecting acid into the formation to dissolve pore clogging
particles or increase rock permeability with expectation the production rate increased
again.While hydraulic fracturing is done by pumping high-pressure fracture fluid so that it can
form formation rock. If acidizing is not effective, use acid fracturing to frac the formation
with pressurized acid fluid. Hydraulic fracturing will be performed if the previous method
does not provide much change in the formation. Hydraulic fracturing will use high viscosity
fluid that carries proppant.One type of acidizing is acid fracturing. Acid fracturing is a
dissolution process that aims to enlarge the fracture so that there is an increase in permeability
by injecting acid into a productive formation at a pressure above the fracture pressure of the
formation. Acid Fracturing can only be applied to limestone and dolomite.

Design Idea
According to the case ,we offer solutions to solve the problems. Based on data obtained,it will
great if we design the fluid as water base fluid.
1. Formation damage:
a. Non soluble: Impurities from drilling fluid around well bore and perforation dot/hole
that cannot dissolved by acid solution. Use slick 2% KCl solution to dissolve it.
b. HCl soluble scale: Kind of scale that can dissolve by acid solution,we choose HCl to
dissolve it.
c. HCL soluble polymer: Residual polymers in well bore that can be dissolved in acidic
solutions, e.g. HCl or HF.

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 d. Quartz: Can form SiO2.
e. Smectite/bentonite: Can form SiO2 and react form swelling.
f. Chlorite: Form SiO2 and iron oxide.

2. Stimulation Scenario
Sheet Scenario Stimulation Well PEM-018

Formation Strength Data Limestone

Oil Gravity 35 deg API
Reservoir Pressure 2500 psi
Bubble Point Pressure 2000 psi
R. Temperature 210 deg F
Porosity 20%
Permeability 50 mD
Fracture Gradient 0.74 psi/ft
Formation Damage : -Tubing 4.5”
Skin 8.5
9500 MD
Scenario
Injection 1 KCl 2 % 12,52 bbl
Solution 626.165 bbl - Casing 7”
10.000 FT
Purpose Flushing well bore
Injection 2 Acid Fracture - Perforasi
(HCl 15%)
9500 9520 FT
Injection Pressure 2579 psi
Volume Acid 59.52 bbl LIMESTONE
Injection 9500 9520 FT

Time 8 hours
Purpose Using Acid to
Fracture The
Formation Rock
Injection 3 KCl 2 % 12,52 bbl
Solution 626.165 bbl
Purpose Flushing well bore without carry
proppant from bottom hole
formation

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Composition
We try to make the appropriate fluid composition to handle the problems that exist in PEM-
018 wells with the minimum amount of funds to get maximum results. By choosing the most
suitable method and using only the additives needed. The following is the composition of the
liquid we will use:
Additive Chemical Price
Acid Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) US $200.00/tons
Clay control agents KCl US $180.00/tons
Solvent A-Sol solvent US $58.00/dram

Advantages:
Our stimulation scenario will offer some advantages, such as:

 Low budget.
 More efficient because it doesn't use many additives.
 Suitable with reservoir condition (limestone).
 The results of permeability can exceed initial permeability before damage, it cause the
production of oil will increase.

Economical Consideration

We use the compositions that match with the problems in the field. And we only choose three
additives (HCl, KCl and A-Sol Solvent) to handle the problem in well PEM-018. The use of
HCl is 15% because the rock formation is limestone and the temperature in the reservoir is
less than 250 degrees F. KCL is used for pre flush and after flush after flush. During the pre
flush process, inject the acid into productive formation at a pressure above the fracture
pressure of the formation. While after flush aims to move acid from the wellbore and push the
acid into the formation. A-Sol Solvent, to help acidizing process by cleaning the hydrocarbon
layer and making water wet formation. It can be used in HCl or used alone as pre flush.

Conclusion
 Based on the data known that formation is limestone, and some formation damage
caused by impurities that form scale inside the wellbore and formation.
 To fix the problem we use acid fracturing method.
 For additive we choose three additives (HCl, KCl and A-Sol solvent).
 Advantages from our stimulation scenario are low budget,it doesn't use many
additives, suitable in limestone,can increase quite large of the oil production.

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Reference

1. Michael J. Economides, Kenneth G. Nolte.”Reservoir Stimulation”, Third Edition

2. Montgomery, Carl. “Fracturing Fluid Components”. NSL Technologies Tulsa.
Oklahoma. USA
3. Source : https://www.alibaba.com/showroom at january 2019

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 Attachment

o Volume factor formation (𝐵o) So we got Bo from this calculation

𝑃𝑟+𝑃𝑏 2500+2000
P= = = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
2 2 Bo = 0.972 + 0.000147 F.1.175
Assuming 𝛾g = 0.7
Bo = 0.972 + 0.000147 (600).1.175
γg 0.5 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝐛𝐛𝐥/𝐬𝐭𝐛
F = 𝑅𝑠 ( ) . + 1.25𝑇
γo
o Calculated viscosity 𝜇o
Find the 𝛾o first, Calculate absolute viscosity
API= 35, T = 210 F, so the absolut
141.5 141.5 viscosity = 1 cp
γo = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
131.5 + 𝐴𝑃𝐼 131.5 + 35 Calculated absolut free gas viscosity =
Then, 1cp, Rs = 372 scf/bbl
then the value of 𝜇o = 0.58 𝑐𝑝
γg 0.5 0.7 0.5 Re
F = 𝑅𝑠 ( ) . + 1.25𝑇 = 372 ( ) . + 1.25(210) o Calculated 𝑙𝑛 = Rw
γo 0.85
Re 1490
𝑙𝑛 = = = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟒𝟓
= 𝟔𝟎𝟎 Rw 7/12

Acid Fracturing
1. Maximum injection pressure at the bottom of the well that does not cause fracture (fracture in
reservoir rock): Assuming: gradien static acid (HCl 15%) = 0.4659 psi/ft
Pimax = (𝛥𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐 − 𝛥𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑)𝑇𝑉𝐷 − 25
Pimax = (0.74 − 0.4659)9500 − 25 = 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊
2. Maximum fluid injection rate
4.918 × 10−6 kh(Pi − Pr.)
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Re
μ ln(Rw)
Assuming acid viscosity = 0.40 cP
4.918 × 10−6 (50) (20) (2579 − 2500)
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟒 𝐛𝐩𝐦
(0.40)(7.845)

3. Calculate the volume of tubing, cased holes and perforation holes

o Volume tubing o Total volume :
𝑉𝑡 = 𝜋𝐼𝐷² 𝑥 𝑇𝑉𝐷 Vtotal = Vt + Vcase hole + Vperfo
3.96 Vtotal = 3080 𝑐𝑢𝑓𝑡 + 430 𝑐𝑢𝑓𝑡 +
𝑉𝑡 = 𝜋( )²𝑥 9000 = 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟎 𝒄𝒖𝒇𝒕 0.044 𝑐𝑢𝑓𝑡
12
o Volume cased hole Vtotal = 3510.044 cuft
Vcase hole = 𝜋 𝐼𝐷² 𝑥 𝑇𝑉𝐷 Vtotal = 625.165 bbl
6.276 4. Acid Volume Needed
Vcase hole = 𝜋( )²𝑥 500 = 𝟒𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒖𝒇𝒕
12 𝑔𝑎𝑙
o Volume perforation Vol acid = 100 𝑥 25 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡
0.33 6
Vperfo = 𝜋(2 𝑥 12)²𝑥 (12) 𝑥6𝑥25 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒 𝒄𝒖𝒇𝒕 =2500gallon
Vol acid = 59.52 bbl
5. Calculate injection acid time
5 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 (59.52)
tinj = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.124𝑥60) = 𝟖 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔