CHAPTER FIVE

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HYGIENE AND SANITATION

Part 1: EXPLORING IDEAS

Describe the following picture with a partner.

What is this place?

Is it a clean place to cook? Why or

why not?

Do the people in this picture need to

wear gloves in cooking? Why or
why not?

Part 2: ORGANIZATION

Writing Topic Sentence

Remember that the topic sentence is the most general sentence in a paragraph. It usually
comes at the beginning of the paragraph, but it does not have to. All the ideas in the paragraph
should relate to the topic sentence. However, the topic sentence must tell the reader what the
paragraph is going to be about, so it should not be too general.

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Practice 11
Look at the ideas listed in the paragraphs. Write the possible topic sentence for each paragraph.

Paragraph 1

 All equipment and utensils are to be thoroughly cleaned prior to use.

 All refrigerators and freezers must be fitted with thermometers.
 All refrigerators and freezers must be kept within established temperature ranges.

Paragraph 2

 Employees are to dress in clean clothing free of holes.

 Employees must wear hairnets and aprons during food preparation.
 Employees are to wear disposable gloves when touching ready-to-eat foods.
 Employees must wash hands when using the restroom.
 Employees must be in good health to handle food.

Paragraph 3

 Chemicals are kept away from food preparation areas.

 Every food preparation and storage requirement needs cleaned and sanitized containers.
 Paper towels are used to wipe hands or to clean up spills.

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Part 3: SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Subject-Verb Agreement

Subjects and verbs agree in number.

My friend is happy. (singular)

My friends are happy. (plural)

My friend and I are happy. (plural)

Subject-verb agreement is sometimes confusing in the following situations.

1. When a sentence begins with the word there + the verb be, the subject follows the be verb.

There is a knife in the drawer. (The verb isissingular to agree with a knife.)
There are two knives in the drawer. (The verb are is plural to agree with two knives)

2. A prepositional phrase (a group of words beginning with a preposition such as of, with, in, at,
or on and ending with a noun or pronoun) can come between a subject and its verb.
Prepositional phrases may come after a subject, but they are not part of the subject.

One (of my sisters) is a singer. (The subject is one, not sisters)

The color (of her eyes) changes when she is angry. (The subject is color, not eyes.)
Six kinds (of rice) are available in the grocery store. (The subject is kinds, not rice.)

3. Some words are always singular.

One (of my brothers) is a musician.

Neither (of my parents) is living.
Much (of my time) is spent in the library.
Each (of my brothers) wants his own car.
Either (of my sisters) is able to baby-sit for you tonight.
Nothing ever happens in my life.
Is anyone home?

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4. A few words are always plural.
Both (of my parents) are chefs.

Several (of the teachers) speak my language.

Many (of my friends) work in the travel agency.

5. A few words can be either singular or plural. In these cases, you must refer to the noun in the
prepositional phrase.

Some (of the money) was missing. (singular)

Some (of the students) were missing. (plural)

All (of my time) is spent in the library. (singular)

All (of my brothers) are dancers. (plural)

Most (of the ice) was melted. (singular)

Most (of the ice cubes) were melted. (plural)

Alot (of the work) was too easy. (singular)

A lot (of thepeople) were angry. (plural)

None (of the fruit) is fresh. (singular)

None (of the apples) are fresh. (plural)

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Practice 21
Underline the subjects with one line and the verbs with two lines.

1. Paper towels are used to clean up spills.

2. Washing and polishing are wet cleaning activities.
3. Hard frozen food is free from visible contamination.
4. Chemicals are kept away from service areas.
5. Some of the utensils like spoons, forks, etc are used to handle cooked food.
6. A cook wears gloves to prevent direct contact with cooked food.
7. Milk products like yogurt, custard, cream cakes, and etc are examples of hazardous food.
8. Chemicals are not put in the food areas when food is present.
9. Most cleaning methods involve a combination of mechanical action.
10. Hot water and detergent are used to wash food containers.

Practice31
In each sentence, underline the subject with one line and then cross out the incorrect verb form.

1. Meat and poultry (is, are) examples of potentially hazardous foods.

2. Stainless Steel (is, are) a good material to store food.
3. Frozen food (is, are) free from visible contamination.
4. Packing that (is, are) not torn can make the food free from contamination.
5. Waterproof bandages (is, are) used on cuts and sores.
6. Paper or tissue (are, is) used to take away food.
7. The storage of raw foods (is, are) on separate trays.
8. Knives (are, is) sanitized in cutting raw and cooked foods.
9. Utensils like spatulas (is, are) used to handle cooked foods.
10. Chemicals (are, is) kept away from food preparation

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Practice41
Find and correct six errors in subject-verb agreement in the following paragraph.

The Use of Disposal Gloves

Food handlers must know the use of disposal gloves. The use of protective and disposal
gloves in food handling are an excellent safe food handling practice. However, gloves does not
fix all food hygiene problems. The following information are the use of disposal gloves.

 Gloves needs to be immediately changed when they are torn.

 They must be changed between handling raw food and cooked food
 They must be changed hourly.
 Food handlers is not allowed to use gloves after they handle money
 Food handlers can not put on gloves if the gloves have been used
 The gloves is not turned inside out and are not worn anymore.

Practice 51
Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be
correct.

1. Few airports in the United States is as modern asthatof Atlanta

(A) (B)(C)(D)

2. Not one in a hundred seeds developinto a healthy plant, even under laboratory conditions.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

3. In order to grow well, the Blue Spruce, likeother pine trees, require a temperate climate.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

4. Both a term paper and a final exam is often requiredfor a college class.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

5. According toa team of scientists, there are evidence that Mount Everest is still rising.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

6. One-cent coins issued in the United States since 1982is 96 percent zinc.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

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7. In the 1920s, Art Deco, known for plastic and chrome-plated objects, were very popular.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

8. The urinary system, including both the bladder and the kidneys, are contained in the
(A) (B) (C) (D)
cavities of the trunk.

Assignment
Write a leaflet about safe food handling requirements in relation to preparing food.

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