2018-19

CHEMISTRY PROJECT
Topic: Solid state
&crazy experiment
Submitted to: submitted by:
Mrs.Premsheela singh Anuj pratap singh

(PGT CHemistry) jeena(xii a)(‘04’)

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Anuj Pratap Singh Jeena
of CLASS 12TH of JNV NAINITAL has successfully
completed his project on SOLID STATE&CRAZY
EXPERIMENTS OF CHEMISTRY under my
supervision . He has taken proper care and
shown utmost sincerity in completion of the
project.
I certify that this project up to my
expectation and as per guidelines issued by
CBSE.
MRS.PREMSHEELA SINGH
(P.G.T. CHEMISTRY)
INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 Acknowledgement
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
MR.RAJ SINGH , PRINCIPAL JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA, NAINITAL for his encouragement and for all the
facilities that provided for project work.
I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into
fold for which I shall remain embedded to him.
I extend my heartily thanks to MRS. PREMSHEELA SINGH
MA’AM who guided me to the successful completion of this
project work. I take this opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude for his invaluable guidance ,constant
encouragement , constructive comments, sympathetic
attitude and immense motivation which has sustained my
efforts to all the stages of size of this project for work .
I can't forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates to
help me to carry this project successfully and for their
valuable advice and support which I received from them time
to time.
THANKYOU
ANUJ PRATAP SINGH JEENA
ROLL NO. 5800852
 INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PRODURE FOLLOWED
8. USES OF TRANSFORMER
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTION
11. SOURCE OF ERROR
12. BIBLOGRAPHY
PX3012 CM3020
The Solid State Solid State Chemistry

Course coordinator: Course coordinator:

Dr. J. Skakle Dr. J. Feldmann
 SOLID STATE
Crystals
 Crystal structure basics
unit cells
symmetry
lattices
 Diffraction
how and why - derivation
 Some important crystal structures and properties
close packed structures
octahedral and tetrahedral holes
basic structures
ferroelectricity
 Objectives

By the end of this section you should:

• be able to identify a unit cell in a symmetrical
pattern
• know that there are 7 possible unit cell shapes
• be able to define cubic, tetragonal,
orthorhombic and hexagonal unit cell shapes
 Why Solids?
 most elements solid at room temperature
 atoms in ~fixed position
“simple” case - crystalline solid
 Crystal Structure
Why study crystal structures?
 description of solid
 comparison with other similar materials -
classification
 correlation with physical properties
Crystals are everywhere!
More crystals
 Early ideas
• Crystals are solid - but solids are not
necessarily crystalline
• Crystals have symmetry (Kepler) and long
range order
• Spheres and small shapes can be packed to
produces regular shapes (Hooke, Hauy)

?
 Group discussion
Kepler wondered why snowflakes have 6 corners,
never 5 or 7. By considering the packing of
polygons in 2 dimensions, demonstrate why
pentagons and heptagons shouldn’t occur.
Definitions
1. The unit cell

“The smallest repeat unit of a crystal structure, in 3D,

which shows the full symmetry of the structure”

The unit cell is a

box with:
• 3 sides - a, b, c
• 3 angles - , , 
  Seven unit cell shapes

• Cubic a=b=c ===90°

• Tetragonal a=bc ===90°
• Orthorhombic abc ===90°
• Monoclinic abc ==90°,   90°
• Triclinic abc     90°
• Hexagonal a=bc ==90°, =120°
• Rhombohedral a=b=c ==90°

Think about the shapes that these define - look at the

models provided.
 2D example - rocksalt
(sodium chloride, NaCl)

We define lattice points ; these are points

with identical environments
Choice of origin is arbitrary - lattice points need not be
atoms - but unit cell size should always be the same.
 This is also a unit cell -
it doesn’t matter if you start from Na or Cl
- or if you don’t start from an atom
This is NOT a unit cell even though they are all the
same - empty space is not allowed!
In 2D, this IS a unit cell
In 3D, it is NOT
All M.C. Escher works (c) Cordon Art-Baarn-the Netherlands.
All rights reserved.
 Examples

The sheets at the end of handout 1 show examples of

periodic patterns. On each, mark on a unit cell.
[remembering that there are a number of different
(correct) answers!]
 Summary

 Unit cells must link up - cannot have gaps

between adjacent cells
 All unit cells must be identical
 Unit cells must show the full symmetry of
the structure  next section
 CHEMISTRY TO
EXCITMENT

Chemistry.... is king when it comes to making science cool! There

are so many interesting and fun projects to try, but these 10 completely
awesome chemistry experiments will make anyone enjoy science.

01

Copper and Nitric Acid:

When you place a piece of copper in nitric acid, the Cu2+ ions and nitrate
ions coordinate to color the solution green and then brownish-green. If
you dilute the solution, water displaces nitrate ions around the copper
and the solution changes to blue.

02

Hydrogen Peroxide with Potassium Iodide:

Affectionately known as elephant toothpaste, the chemical reaction
between the peroxide and potassium iodide shoots out a column of foam.
If you add food coloring, you can customize the "toothpaste" for holiday-
colored themes.

03

Any Alkali Metal in Water:

Any of the alkali metals will react vigorously in water. How vigorously?
Sodium burns bright yellow. Potassium burns violet. Lithium burns red.
Cesium explodes. Experiment by moving down the alkali metals group of
the periodic table.

04

Thermite Reaction:
The thermite reaction essentially shows what would happen if iron rusted
instantly, rather than over time. In other words, it's making metal burn. If
the conditions are right, just about any metal will burn. However, the
reaction usually is performed by reacting iron oxide with aluminum:

Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3 + heat and light

If you want a truly stunning display, try placing the mixture inside a block
of dry ice and then lighting the mixture.

05

Coloring Fire:
When ions are heated in a flame, electrons become excited, then drop to
a lower energy state, emitting photons. The energy of the photons is
characteristic of the chemical and corresponds to specific flame colors.
It's the basis for the flame test in analytical chemistry, plus it's fun to
experiment with different chemicals to see what colors they produce in a
fire.

06

Make Polymer Bouncy Balls:

Who doesn't enjoy playing with bouncy balls? The chemical reaction used
to make the balls makes a terrific experiment because you can alter the
properties of the balls by changing the ratio of the ingredients.

07
Make a Lichtenberg Figure:
A Lichtenberg figure or "electrical tree" is a record of the path taken by
electrons during an electrostatic discharge. It's basically frozen lightning.
There are several ways you can make an electrical tree.

08

Experiment with 'Hot Ice:

Hot Ice is a name given to sodium acetate, a chemical you can make by
reacting vinegar and baking soda. A solution of sodium acetate can be
supercooled so that it will crystallize on command. Heat is evolved when
the crystals form, so although it resembles water ice, it's hot.

09

Barking Dog Experiment:

The Barking Dog is the name given to a chemiluminescent reaction
between the exothermic reaction between nitrous oxide or nitrogen
monoxide and carbon disulfide. The reaction proceeds down a tube,
emitting blue light and a characteristic "woof" sound.

Another version of the demonstration involves coating the inside of a

clear jug with alcohol and igniting the vapor. The flame front proceeds
down the bottle, which also barks.

10

Dehydration of Sugar:
When you react sugar with sulfuric acid, the sugar is violently dehydrated.
The result is a growing column of carbon black, heat, and the
overwhelming odor of burnt caramel. It's a memorable experiment!