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Gas turbine engine operates under varying condition that affect the
amount of thrust the engine produces. These conditions affect either the
momentum of air fuel flows through the jet nozzle.
a) Jet nozzle velocity
During most normal high speed operations, the exhaust nozzle
operates in a chocked condition. This means that the gases flowing out of the
engine have been accelerated to the speed of sound and they cannot be
accelerated any further. The value of V2 in the thrust formula remains
relatively constant, changing only the temp of the exhaust gas changes the
speed of sound. Wherever the nozzle is not chocked, varied atmospheric
condition will cause some changes in jet nozzle velocity.
b) Airspeed
When a turbojet or turbo fan engine operating at high power and the
aircraft in which it is mounted is not moving the value of V1 in thrust energy is
zero and thrust is maximum.
(Wa/g) Many factors affect the mass airflow, the most important being air
temperature, pressure, because these factors determine the density of the air
entering the engine & ram effect.
e) Ram effect
The compression of air in an inlet duct arising from forward motion is
called ram pressure or ram effect. Because of ram effect, increasing air speed
also increases the pressure of the air & airflow into engine (Wa). As turbine
powered aircraft begins to move forward for tale off, air is rammed into the inlet
duct and mass flow through the engine increases. The faster the aircraft moves
the greater the increase in thrust. This is shown in the figure Curve A
But, an increase in forward speed decreases the amount of air is
accelerated and the thrust decreases. This is shown in the figure, Curve B.
The thrust increase caused by the ram effect is grater than decrease in
thrust caused by increase in air speed and the net increase is shown in curve
C. The thrust increase becomes greater an air speed increase.