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Abstract.
There are at least two types of propulsion and lift engines. One
is designed to easily produce for vertical landing and vertical
landing. In both engines, the exhaust gases can be diverted to
provide a directional change in thrust. The aircraft is equipped
with the engine The latest announcement requires, however,
auxiliary lift engines. In 1947 the direction of the propeller jet
was designed. In 1947 an engine was designed, a weight Figure 1.0 Principle of reaction in jet propulsion.
reaction, by Rolls Royce, mainly for rockets and from this
engine, for example, the first lift reactor for the application in Every force has an opposite force, and we will call this 𝐹𝐼 force,
V / STOL. the impulse that the plane really has. In addition, the pressure
difference between the input at atmospheric pressure and the
I. INTRODUCTION outlet can cause a force expressed by (𝑝4 − 𝑝1 )𝐴𝑒 , where Ae is
The gas turbine has been used to produce electric power, and to the area of the exhaust nozzle. We add it to the previous impulse
drive vehicles. Frequently, the power of the motor can be force to obtain:
𝑉4 − 𝑉1
extracted by means of a rotary axis, the form of work or power 𝐹1 = 𝑚 + (𝑃4 − 𝑃1 )(𝐴𝑒 )
in the axis. However, this method of power transmission is not 𝑡𝑔𝑐
Equation 3
always used, and especially in aviation applications, power is
often applied as jet propulsion. If an airplane is driven by a Often, the specific impulse is defined as follows:
turboprop engine, the power is extracted by a rotating shaft that 𝐹1 𝑉4 − 𝑉1 (𝑃4 − 𝑃1 )(𝐴𝑒 )
drives a propeller, which in turn drives the plane. If, on the other 𝐼𝑠𝑝 = = +
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇
hand, the aircraft is driven by a turbojet engine or jet engine, the Equation 4
power is extracted by jet propulsion, and for this application,
the gas turbine only gives sufficient power to drive the This quantity is a measure of the propulsion capacity of a
compressor. This means that the gases that leave the turbine are particular design.
much hotter than they would be if all the power were extracted
by a rotating shaft. II. DEVELOPMENT
Figure 1.0 shows the mechanical principle that represents this Gas turbine engines are widely used to drive aircraft because
phenomenon, called jet propulsion, or reaction. The air at the they are light, compact and have a high power to weight ratio.
inlet to the compressor of the gas turbine has a speed 𝑉1 (or the Gas turbines for aircraft operate in an open cycle called a
plane has a speed 𝑉1 contrary to the direction of the indicated propulsion cycle by the reaction. The propulsion cycle by ideal
speed) and, after passing through the engine, it leaves at the reaction differs from the ideal Brayton cycle in that the gases
speed 𝑉4 , much larger than 𝑉1 . The acceleration of the gases, do not expand to the ambient pressure in the turbine. Instead,
(𝑉4 −𝑉1 ) they expand to a pressure such that the power produced by the
, multiplied by the mass of the gases, is the force F that
𝑡 turbine is sufficient to drive both the compressor and the
requires that acceleration, in English units. auxiliary equipment, for example, a small generator and
hydraulic pumps. That is, the network output of a propulsion
cycle per reaction is zero. The gases that leave the turbine at a
𝑉4 − 𝑉1 𝑉4 − 𝑉1
𝐹=𝑚 = 𝑚̇ relatively high pressure are accelerated in a nozzle to provide
𝑡𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 the thrust that drives the airplane (Fig. 2.0). Also, gas turbines
Equation 1 for aircraft operate at higher pressure ratios (usually between 10
𝑚 𝑉4 − 𝑉1 and 25) and the fluid passes first through a diffuser, where it
𝐹1 = + (𝑃4 − 𝑃1 )(𝐴𝑒 ) decelerates and its pressure increases before it enters the
𝑔𝑐 𝑡 compressor. Airplanes are driven by the acceleration of a fluid
Equation 2
in the direction opposite to the movement. This is achieved by
slightly accelerating a large mass of fluid (motor driven by a
Now he C. Z. studies at the Technological Superior Institute of San Martin T. C. The author studies in the Department of Electromechanical
Texmelucan. Engineering at the technological of San Martin, Mexico.
>REMPLACE ESTA LÍNIEA CON EL NÚMERO DE IDENTIFICACIÓN DE SU ARTÍCULO (DOBLE CLIC ACÁ) < 2
propeller) or by considerably accelerating a small mass of fluid The thrust developed by a turbojet engine is the unbalanced
(jet engine or turbojet), or both procedures (turboprop engine). force that is caused by the difference in the amount of
movement with which low velocity air enters the engine and
with the high-velocity exhaust gases coming out of it, this is
determined from Newton's second law. The pressures at the
inlet and outlet of the turbojet are identical (the ambient
pressure), therefore the net thrust developed by the engine is
where 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is the exit velocity of the exhaust gases and 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
is the air inlet velocity , both relative to the airplane. Thus, for
an aircraft that flies in an air without currents, 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 is the
speed of the aircraft. In fact, the mass flows of the gases at the
outlet and the inlet of the engine are different, and the difference
is equal to the speed of combustion of the fuel. However, the
mass ratio of air and fuel used in propulsion engines by reaction
is usually very high, which makes this difference very small.
Figure 5 The power of propulsion is the thrust that acts on the plane
along a distance per unit of time.
III. CONCLUSION
Figure 6.0 Ramjet engine. The jet propulsion motors are typically used for aircraft that
usually use some type of chemical to perform, as it were, the
The most widely used engine in airplane propulsion is the internal combustion required for their advancement.
turbofan engine (air vent), where a large fan driven by a turbine
forces a large amount of air to circulate through a duct (cover) REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES
that surrounds the machine, as shown in Figures 7.0 and 9-53.
The fan exhaust exits the duct at a higher speed, significantly REFERENCES
increasing the total thrust of the motor. The turbofan engine is
Basic format for books:
based on the principle that, for the same power, a large volume [1] Rolle, K. (2008). Termodinámica. México: Pearson Prentice Hall.
of air moving more slowly will produce more thrust than a small [2] [2]C. YUNUS, TERMODINAMICA, 7th ed. [S.l.]: MCGRAW-HILL,
volume of rapidly moving air. The first commercial turbofan 2012.
engine was successfully tested in 1955. [3] [3]M. Cuesta Álvarez, Motores de reacción, 5th ed. Madrid: Paraninfo,
1980.