Types of Gas Turbine

Engine
 Syllabus

 Historical background of Aircraft Power plant.

 Brief Theory.

 Working Principle.

 Modern Development.

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 History of Gas Turbine Engine

 1930: First Turbine Engine for jet propulsion by Sir

Frank Whittle, England.
 This engine was used for its first flight after 11 years
of it’s invention.

 1939: First Jet engine by Hans Von Ohain, Germany.

 1100lbs Thrust.
 It powered Heinkle HE-178 Aircraft.

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 A Whittle-type turbo-jet engine: 1930 (Ref: FAA PP)

 Whittle engine formed the basis of the

modern gas turbine engines.
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 History of Gas Turbine Engine

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Forces on Airplane (Ref: FAA Phy)
 Forces on Airplane (Ref: FAA Phy)

 1. Airplane accelerating: Thrust > Drag.

 2. Airplane decelerating: Thrust < Drag.

 3. Airplane at constant velocity: Thrust = Drag.

 4. Airplane climbing: Lift > Weight.

 5. Airplane descending: Lift < Weight.

 6. Airplane at constant altitude: Lift = Weight.

 Newton’s 3rd Law

MV

Equilibrium Reaction Action

Thrust = Mass x Velocity (MV)

The jet engine relies on Newton’s 3rd Law,

where every action has an equal and opposite
reaction.
 Principle of Heat Engines
 All powered Aircraft are driven by some form of
Heat Engine.
 Chemical energy stored in the fuel is released as
heat energy that causes air to expand.
 The expansion of this air is what performs the
useful work, driving either piston or a turbine.

 Definition of Heat Engine:

 A mechanical device that converts chemical energy
in a fuel into heat energy, and then into mechanical
energy.
 Aircraft Engine: General Requirement (Ref: FAA PP)

 Aircraft engines general requirements of efficiency,

economy, and reliability:
 1) Economical in fuel consumption.
 2) Economical in the cost of original procurement
and the cost of maintenance.
 3) Low weight-to-power ratio.
 4) Reliable & Durable.
 5) Compact & accessible for maintenance.
 6) Minimum vibration.
 7) Must be able to cover a wide range of power
output at various speeds and altitudes.
 Principle of Jet Propulsion (Ref: RR Book)

 Jet propulsion is a practical application of Sir Isaac

Newton’s third law of motion which states that,
”for every force acting on a body there is an
opposite and equal reaction”.

 For aircraft propulsion, the ’body’ is atmospheric air

that is caused to accelerate as it passes through the
engine.
 The force required to give this acceleration has an
equal effect in the opposite direction acting on the
apparatus (Engine) producing the acceleration.

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 Propeller & Jet Propulsion (Ref: RR Book)

Propeller Type

Both propel
their aircraft by
thrusting a large
weight of air
backwards.

Jet Type

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 Propeller & Jet Propulsion (Ref: RR Book)

 A jet engine produces thrust in a similar way to

the engine/ propeller combination.

 Both propel the aircraft by thrusting a large

weight of air backwards,

 Propeller: Large air slipstream at

comparatively low speed.

 Jet: Jet of gas at very high speed.

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 Propeller V/s Jet Propulsion

Propeller - moves Mvjet

LARGE MASS of air at
low velocity

Mvaircraft
Thrust = M (vaircraft - vjet)

Thrust = m (Vaircraft - Vjet)

Jet - moves small

mVjet mass of gas at HIGH
mVaircraft VELOCITY
 Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine
 G T Engines have a steady supply of air entering
from the front.
 The thrust is achieved by accelerating this air (in the
form of gas), so that it leaves the rear faster than it
arrives at the front.
 The amount of thrust achieved is equal to the mass
of air multiplied by the change in velocity.

 A propeller engine moves a large mass of air at low

speed: thrust = M (vaircraft - vjet),
 Whilst a gas turbine moves a smaller mass of air at a
greater speed: thrust = m (Vaircraft - Vjet).
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Gas Turbine Engine: Basic Components
Gas Turbine Engine: Basic Components
 Gas Turbine Engine: Basic Components
 Compressor
 Draws in air & compresses it
 Combustion Chamber
 Fuel is sprayed in and ignited to burn with
compressed air
 Turbine
 Hot gases expand in Turbine.
 Turbine drives compressor & external load.

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 Gas Turbine Engine: Basic Components
 Compressor
 Draws in air & compresses it
 Combustion Chamber
 Fuel is sprayed in and ignited to burn with
compressed air
 Turbine
 Hot gases expand in Turbine.
 Turbine drives compressor & external load.

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 Gas Turbine Engine: Basic Components
 Compressor
 Draws in air & compresses it
 Combustion Chamber
 Fuel is sprayed in and ignited to burn with
compressed air
 Turbine
 Hot gases expand in Turbine.
 Turbine drives compressor & external load.

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 Jet Engine Operation RR

 The gas turbine engine is essentially a heat engine

using air as a working fluid to provide thrust.

 To achieve this, the air passing through the engine

has to be accelerated; this means that the velocity
or kinetic energy of the air is increased.

 To obtain this increase, the Pressure Energy is

increased, followed by the addition of Heat Energy,
before final conversion back to Kinetic Energy in the
form of a high velocity jet efflux.
 Gas Turbine Engine: Brayton Cycle

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Parts of a Gas Turbine Engine for Aircraft
 Parts of a Gas Turbine Engine for Aircraft
 A typical gas turbine engine consists of:

 1. An air inlet,
 2. Compressor section,
 3. Combustion section,
 4. Turbine section,
 5. Exhaust section,
 6. Accessory section, and
 7. The systems necessary for starting, lubrication, fuel
supply, and auxiliary purposes, such as anti-icing,
cooling, and pressurization.
Turbofan Air inlet
Accessory Gearbox
Compressor: Centrifugal Type
 Compressor
Compressor: Centrifugal Type
Compressor: Axial Flow Type
 Compressor
Compressor: Axial Flow Type
 Compressor
Compressor: Axial Flow Type
Combustor

Fig 5
 Combustor Operation
Primary zone Dilution zone
Intermediate
zone

Fuel spray
nozzle
Combustor
Combustor
Combustor
Combustor
Annular Combustion Chamber
Turbine Inlet Guide Vanes & Blades
Turbine Nozzle Vanes & Rotor elements
Turbine Blade Retention
Basic Components: Turbine Blades
Turbine Casing Assembly
 Basic Components: Exhaust Collector

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 Advantages of Gas Turbine Engine
 Advantages of Gas Turbine over Reciprocating
Engines:

1- Increased reliability.

2- Longer mean times between overhaul.

3- Higher airspeeds.

4- Ease of operation at high altitudes.

5- High power to weight ratio.

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 Aircraft Power plant

 1) Propeller
a) Driven by Piston Engine.
b) Driven by Turbine Engine (Turboprop).

 2) Turbojet

 3) Turbofan: (Bypass type)

 4) Turboshaft: (Helicopters/ APU)

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 Turboprop Engine

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 Propeller Engine (Ref: FAA PP)

 The propellers of aircraft powered by reciprocating

or turboprop engines accelerate a large mass of air
at a relatively lower velocity by turning a propeller.
 The same amount of thrust can be generated by
accelerating a small mass of air to a very high
velocity.

 The air used for the propulsive force is a different

quantity of air than that used within the engine to
produce the mechanical energy to turn the propeller.
Turboprop Engine
 Turboprop Engine
 Turboprop engine is a gas turbine engine that
delivers power to a propeller.
 Power produced by a turboprop is delivered to
a reduction gear system that spins a propeller.
 Used in business and commuter type aircraft
because of the combination of jet power and
propeller efficiency at speeds between 300
and 400 mph.
 It has the best specific fuel consumption of
any gas turbine engine.

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 Turbojet Engine

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 Turbojet Engine
 Air enters through the air intake.
 It is compressed in the compressor.
 Fuel is added and burned in the combustion
chamber.
 Heat causes the compressed air to expand and
pass through the turbine and spins it.
 The turbine drives the compressor.
 The air then exits the engine at a much higher
velocity than the incoming air through exhaust
nozzle.
 The difference between the entering air and
the exiting gases produces the thrust.

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 Turbojet Engine (Ref: FAA PP)

 Turbojet is a type of gas turbine that passes all the

gases through the core of the engine directly.
 Turbojets, ramjets, and pulse jets are examples of
engines that accelerate a smaller quantity of air
through a large velocity change.
 They use the same working fluid for propulsive
force that is used within the engine.
 One problem with these types of engines is the
noise made by the high velocity air exiting the
engine.
 Turbojets, ramjets, and pulse jets have very little to
no use in modern aircraft due to noise and fuel
consumption.
 Turboprop V/s Turbojet

Turboprop Turbojet
Suitable for medium speed, Suitable for high speed,
short-haul operation. long-haul operations.
Speed: up to 400 mph. Speed: up to 1000 mph.
Shorter runway for takeoff. Longer runway for takeoff.
Less noisy operation. More noisy operation.
More complicated and heavy Weighs less than
due to propeller governing turboprop.
system & reduction gearing.

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 Turbofan Engine

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Turbofan Engine
 Turbofan Engine

 The Turbofan combines good operating

efficiency and high thrust capability of a
Turboprop and the high speed, high altitude
capability of a Turbojet.

 Lower noise level as compared with a Turbojet of

equal thrust.

 The complex propeller governing & reduction

gearing system is replaced by the Fan.

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 Thermal Energy
Distribution in
Turbojet,
Turboprop &
Turbofan Engines

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 Propulsive Efficiency (Ref: FAA PP)

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 Turboshaft Engine

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Turboshaft Engine
 Turboshaft Engine
 Turboshaft engine is a gas turbine engine that
delivers power to a shaft.
 Most of the energy produced by the expanding
gases is used to drive a turbine.

 Helicopters, Auxiliary Power Units (APUs), Electric

Generators, and Surface Transportation systems
use turboshaft engines.
 Turboshaft engine power is measured in shaft
horsepower.

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 COMBINATION COMPRESSORS

 Axial flow - Centrifugal flow compressors were developed

to combine the best features of centrifugal and axial
compressors.
 Currently used in some smaller engines installed on
business jets and helicopters.
SINGLE-SPOOL COMPRESSORS
 SINGLE-SPOOL COMPRESSORS

 Single spool compressor has only one

compressor unit connected to the turbine.
 Drawback of single spool compressors:
1) rear stages operate at a fraction of their
capacity, while the forward stages are
overloaded.
2) does not respond quickly to sudden
control input changes.
 Single-spool compressors are relatively simple
and inexpensive.
MULTIPLE-SPOOL COMPRESSORS
 MULTIPLE-SPOOL COMPRESSORS
 Single spool compressor drawbacks were overcome
by splitting the compressor into two or three
sections.
 Each compressor is connected to its turbine by shafts
that run coaxially, one within the other.
 Dual-spool, twin-spool compressors has two
compressors connected to two turbines.
 Front section is called low pressure, low speed, or N1
compressor. Driven by 2 stage low pressure turbine
(rear turbine).
 Second compressor is called high pressure, high
speed, or N2 compressor. Driven by single stage high
pressure turbine (front turbine).
 The low pressure compressor is driven by the low
pressure turbine by a shaft that rotate inside the high
pressure compressor shaft.
MULTIPLE-SPOOL COMPRESSORS
 MULTIPLE-SPOOL COMPRESSORS
 Since the spools are not connected together, each is free
to seek its own best operating speed.
 High pressure compressor speed is relatively constant.
 Low pressure compressor speeds up or slows down
with changes in the inlet air flow caused by flight
condition.
 N1 increases at high altitude and decreases at low
altitude to supply the high pressure compressor with
constant air pressure and mass flow for each power
setting.
 Triple-spool compressor turbo-fan engine has three
compressors connected to three turbines.
 The fan, low pressure, or N1 compressor, the next in line
is called intermediate or N2 compressor, and the inner
most is called high pressure or N3 compressor.
Multiple Shafts - RRTrent 95,000 lbs Thrust
LP System
IP System 1 Fan stage
8 Compressor stages 5 Turbine stages
1 Turbine stage >3,000 rpm
>7,500 rpm

HP System
6 Compressor stages
1 Turbine stage
>10,000 rpm
 Rolls Royce Engine: Why 3 Shafts?
Long / Medium-Haul Short / Medium-Haul
(40,000-100,000lbs thrust): (8,000 - 40,000lbs thrust):
Range Acquisition Cost
Fuel consumption Maintenance

• Requires high: • Simpler engine, hence moderate:

- Overall pressure ratio - Overall pressure ratio
- Turbine entry temperature - Turbine entry temperature
- Bypass ratio - Bypass ratio

Three-Shaft Configuration Two-Shaft Configuration

 Rolls Royce Engine: Why 3 Shafts? Contd.
 For the long haul market, the required engines
must develop typically over 40,000 lbs thrust
and the principal parameters are range and
hence fuel consumption.
 This necessitates an engine with high efficiency
levels, demanding high overall pressure ratios,
turbine entry temperatures and bypass ratios.
 The optimum architecture to achieve this is a
three-shaft configuration with a two-shaft gas
generator, with each shaft running at its
optimum speed.

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 Rolls Royce Engine: Why 3 Shafts? Contd.
 On a two-shaft engine, several compression
stages have to be driven by the LP shaft at
lower rotational speeds, as dictated by the fan.
 However, in the three-shaft design the
intermediate compressor is mounted
separately and can rotate faster.
 Fewer compressor stages are therefore
required, improving efficiency and reducing
cost and engine length.
 This increases engine stiffness and reduces
weight, as well as improving modularity of the
engine design.
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 Presently used GT Engines (Ref: FAA PP)

 Small general aviation aircraft use mostly

horizontally opposed reciprocating piston engines.
 While some aircraft still use radial reciprocating
piston engines, their use is very limited.

 Many aircraft use a form of the gas turbine engine

to produce power for thrust.

 These engines are normally the turboprop,

turboshaft, turbofan, and a few turbojet engines.
 Present
Gas
Turbine
Engines

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 Present
Gas
Turbine
Engines

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 Propulsive Efficiency (Ref: RR)

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Airflow
systems 1
Airflow
systems 2
Other Types of Jet Engine
 Ramjet Engine (Ref: RR)

Ramjet engine is an athodyd, or aero-thermodynamic-duct.

Air breathing engine with no moving parts.
Must be moved forward at a high velocity before it can
produce thrust.
Limited in there use, military weapons delivery systems.
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 Pulsejet Engine (Ref: RR)

: Spring loaded to Open position

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 Pulsejet Engine (Ref: RR)

 Similar to ramjet except that the air intake duct is

equipped with a series of shutter valves.
 Shutter valves are spring loaded to the open
position.
 Air is drawn and mixed with fuel in the
combustion chamber, as pressure builds up the
shutter valves close, causing the air to expand
backward.
 More useful than ramjet because it will produce
thrust prior to being accelerated to a high
speed.
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Turbo/ Ram Jet Engine

(MACH No. < 3)

(MACH No. > 3)

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 Turbo/ Ram Jet Engine
 The turbo/ram jet engine combines the turbo-jet
engine (which is used for speeds up to Mach 3)
with the ram jet engine, which has good
performance at high Mach numbers.
 The engine is surrounded by a duct that has a
variable intake at the front and an
afterburning jet pipe with a variable nozzle at
the rear.
 During takeoff and acceleration, the engine
functions as a conventional turbo-jet with the
afterburner lit; at other flight conditions up to
Mach 3, the afterburner is inoperative.
 Turbo/ Ram Jet Engine Contd.

 As the aircraft accelerates through Mach 3, the

turbo-jet is shut down and the intake air is
diverted from the compressor, by guide vanes, and
ducted straight into the afterburning jet pipe,
which becomes a ram jet combustion chamber.

 This engine is suitable for an aircraft requiring high

speed and sustained high Mach number cruise
conditions where the engine operates in the ram jet
mode.
 Rocket Engine

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 Rocket Engine (Ref FAA PP)

 The combustion gases are accelerated and

displaced.
 The rocket must provide all the fuel and oxygen for
combustion and does not depend on atmospheric
air.
 A rocket carries its own oxidizer rather than using
ambient air for combustion.
 It discharges the gaseous products of combustion
through the exhaust nozzle at an extremely high
velocity (action) and it is propelled in the other
direction (reaction).
Turbo-rocket Engine
 Turbo-rocket Engine
 The turbo-rocket engine could be considered as an
alternative engine to the turbo/ram jet; however, it
has one major difference in that it carries its own
oxygen to provide combustion.

 The engine has a low pressure compressor driven by

a multi-stage turbine.

 The power to drive the turbine is derived from

combustion of kerosene and liquid oxygen in a
rocket-type combustion chamber.
 Turbo-rocket Engine Contd.

 Since the gas temperature will be in the order of

3,500 deg. C, additional fuel is sprayed into the
combustion chamber for cooling purposes
before the gas enters the turbine.

 This fuel-rich mixture (gas) is then diluted

with air from the compressor and the surplus
fuel burnt in a conventional afterburning
system.
 Turbo-rocket Engine Contd.

 This engine is smaller and lighter than the

turbo/ram jet, But it has a higher fuel
consumption.

 This tends to make it more suitable for an

interceptor or space-launcher type of aircraft
that requires high speed, high altitude
performance and normally has a flight plan that
is entirely accelerative and of short duration.
 The End

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