Meng : Gas Turbines and Jet

propulsion

Chapter One
Introduction and Overview

Mechanical Department
Collage of Engineering
By: zerom K.
Assosa University 1
 Introduction
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts
energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful
work. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they
move and impart rotational energy to the rotor

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 A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a
type of internal combustion engine. It has an
upstream rotating compressor coupled to a
downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in
between them
 The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine
that uses air as the working fluid. The engine
extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it
to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of
the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and
propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane
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THE GAS TURBINE CYCLE
The basic principle of the airplane turbine engine is
identical to any and all engines that extract energy
from chemical fuel. The basic 4 steps for any internal
combustion engine are:
1. Intake of air (and possibly fuel).
2. Compression of the air (and possibly fuel).
3. Combustion, where fuel is injected (if it was not
drawn in with the intake air) and burned to
convert the stored energy.
4. Expansion and exhaust, where the converted
energy is put to use. 4
 In the case of a piston engine, such as the engine in a
car or reciprocating engine, the intake, compression,
combustion, and exhaust steps occur in the same
place (cylinder head) at different times as the piston
goes up and down.
 In the turbine engine, however, these same four
steps occur at the same time but in different places.
As a result of this fundamental difference, the
turbine has engine sections called:
1. The inlet section
2. The compressor section
3. The combustion section (the combustor)
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4. The turbine (and exhaust) section.
 The turbine section of the gas turbine engine has the
task of producing usable output shaft power to drive
the propeller. In addition, it must also provide
power to drive the compressor and all engine
accessories by expanding the high temperature,
pressure, and velocity gas and converting the
gaseous energy to mechanical energy in the form of
shaft power.
 A large mass of air must be supplied to the turbine
in order to produce the necessary power. This mass
of air is supplied by the compressor, which draws
the air into the engine and squeezes it to provide
high-pressure air to the turbine. 6
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 Gas turbines used for land-based power application,
rocket engine, turbo-pumps, marine applications,
ground vehicles (tanks), etc.
 Many technical challenges to be addressed (Fuel
Economy, Emissions, Noise)

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Gas turbine for power generation

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Jet propulsion

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VARIOUS NUMBER OF ENGINE CONFIGURATIONS

2 engine 3 engine

4 engine 6 engine 20
 CROSS-SECTIONAL EXAMPLE: GE 90-115B
Compressor
Nozzle
Fan

Turbine

Inlet Combustor

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 MAJOR GAS TURBINE ENGINE COMPONENTS
1. Inlet:
– Continuously draw air into engine through inlet
– Slows or diffuses to compressor

2. Compressor / Fan:
– Compresses air
– Generally two, or three compressors in series
– Raises temperature and pressure
– Work is done on the air

3. Combustor:
– Combustion or burning processes takes place
– Adds fuel to compressed air and burns it
– Converts chemical to thermal energy
– Process takes place at relatively constant pressure
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 MAJOR GAS TURBINE ENGINE COMPONENTS
4. Turbine:
– Generally two or three turbines in series
– Turbine powers used to drives the compressor
– Air is expanded through turbine (P & T ↓)
– Work is done by the air on the blades
– Use some of that work to drive compressor
– Next:
• Expand in a nozzle
– Convert thermal to kinetic energy (turbojet)
• Expand through another turbine
– Use this extracted work to drive a fan (turbofan)
5. Nozzle:
– Flow is ejected back into the atmosphere, but with increased momentum
– Raises velocity of exiting mass flow

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 COMPRESSORS: WHERE IN ENGINE? PW2000
Fan
Compressor

Purpose of fan is to increase efficiency of turbojet engine

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 COMBUSTOR (BURNERS): LOCATION

Commercial
PW4000

Combustor

Military
F119-100

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Afterburner
 TURBINES: LOCATION

Low Pressure Compressor (low)

High Pressure Compressor (high)

High and Low Pressure Turbines

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5. NOZZLES: PW119 (F22 ENGINE)

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AFTERBURNER TESTING

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 REPRESENTATION OF AN ENGINE

Freestream Combustor
0

Inlet Compressor Turbine Nozzle

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2 5
3 4

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 Brayton Cycle 
Brayton cycle is the ideal cycle for gas-turbine engines in
which the working fluid undergoes a closed loop. That is the
combustion and exhaust processes are modeled by constant-
pressure heat addition and rejection, respectively.
P-v diagrams for ideal Brayton cycle
•The pressure of air rises slightly as it is decelerated in the
diffuser.
•Air is compressed by the compressor.
•It is mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber, where the
mixture is burned at constant pressure.
•The high-pressure and high-temperature combustion gases
partially expand in the turbine, producing enough power to
drive the compressor and other equipment.
• Finally, the gases expand in a nozzle to the ambient pressure
and leave the engine at a high velocity.
• In the ideal case, the turbine work is assumed to equal the
compressor work.
•Also, the processes in the diffuser, compressor, turbine, and
in the nozzle are assumed to be isentropic. 34
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Turbojet engine.

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 TURBOPROP ENGINE

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propeller

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TURBOFAN ENGINE

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TURBOSHAFT ENGINE

Main
shaft

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END

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