“TURBOJET ENGINES”

Experiment:1

Hamsa kamel daham | the third stage

2022/11
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− INTRODUCTION

1
− The gas turbine engine is a machine, which work according to the
thermodynamic Brayton Cycle by harnessing energy from a working fluid
and converting the energy into a useable form. Various types of gas
turbines are designed to perform a range of tasks, but all operate on
similar principles. Air enters the engine, is compressed, mixed with fuel,
combusted, and then expanded through a rotating turbine. Due to the
extreme temperatures and high rotational speeds experienced by engine
components, design and construction of a gas turbine demands accuracy,
informed material selection, knowledge of thermodynamics, and the ability
to model and machine metal components. From fine tolerance in space to
resilience to high temperatures and stress, the jet engine has gone
through a revolution over the years, with great improvements in
performance, efficiency, and reliability. The most known jet engines are
the turbojet engine, the turboprop engine, the turbofan engine, the
turboshaft, and the ramjet engine. The major principle in all these engines
are the same and they work according to similar concepts as the internal
combustion engine: Figure 1.1: Turbojet Engine. 11 i. Suck: The engine
sucks in a large volume of air through the fan and compressor stages. A
typical commercial jet engine takes in 1.2 tons of air per second during
takeoff. The mechanism by which a jet engine sucks in the air is largely a
part of the compression stage. Some engines have an additional fan that
is not part of the compressor to draw additional air into the system. This
part is on left side in figure 1. ii. Squeeze: Aside from drawing air into the
engine, the compressor also pressurizes the air and delivers it to the
combustion chamber. The compressor is shown in figure 1 just to the left
of the fire in the combustion chamber and to the right of the fan. The
compression fans are driven from the turbine by a shaft. Compressors can
achieve compression ratios more than 40:1, which means that the
pressure of the air at the end of the compressor is over 40 times that of
the air that enters the compressor.

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Most modern passenger and military aircraft are powered by gas turbine engines, which
are also called jet engines. The first and simplest type of gas turbine is the turbojet.
Turbojet engines had a significant impact on commercial aviation. Aside from being
faster than piston engines, turbojets had greater reliability.
Turbojets are the oldest kind of general-purpose jet engines and are reaction engines.
Turbojet engines operate on Newton’s third law of motion i.e.
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”.
Turbojets consist of an air inlet, an air compressor, a combustion chamber, a gas turbine
(that drives the air compressor) and a nozzle. The air is compressed into the chamber,
heated and expanded by the fuel combustion and then allowed to expand out through the
turbine into the nozzle where it is accelerated to high speed to provide propulsion.

HISTORY

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The first patent for using a gas turbine to power an aircraft was filed in 1921 by
Frenchman Maxime Guillaume. His engine was to be an axial-flow turbojet, but was
never
constructed, as it would have required considerable advances over the state of the art in
compressors.
On 27 August 1939 the Heinkel He 178 became the world's first aircraft to fly under
turbojet power with test-pilot Erich Warsitz at the controls, thus becoming the first
practical jet
plane. The first two operational turbojet aircraft, the Messerschmitt Me 262 and then the
Gloster Meteor entered service towards the end of World War II in 1944.

Types of Jet Engine

1.1 •TURBOJETS

1.2 •TURBOPROPS

1.3 •TURBOFANS

1.4 •TURBOSHAFTS

1.5 •RAMJETS

The turbojet engine is a closed cycle gas turbine engine that is used in aircraft
and other industries by the burning of fuel and the use of several components
like the compressor, Turbine, propeller, and more.

Open cycle Gas Turbine:Here the working fluid is air or gas. It is an internal
combustion engine. It involves four processes:

 Suction of air
 Compression and Combustion of air
 Expansion and
 Exhaust.

Here You can check Information on Open Cycle Gas Turbine

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Let us know four processes in brief,

 Suction: The suction process intake the air into the system.
 Compression: It compresses the air and so pressure and temperature are
increased.
 Combustion: Here the compressed air and fuel together burns
 Expansion and Exhaust: After burns, it makes a charge and the remaining
again cycle starts.
There are three types of Gas turbine engines: Turbojet, Turboprop,
and Turbofan.

PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF TURBOJET ENGINES

 Diffuser
 Compressor
 Pump
 Fuel Injector
 Combustion chamber
 Shafts
 Turbine
 Nozzle


1.5.1 Diffuser:
Air is supplied here. The area is such a way that the kinetic energy of air is
reduced and pressure energy starts increasing.

The air molecules get compressed. It is an isentropic (Entropy remain constant)

component. In simple Diffuser main work is to diffuse the air.

1.5.2 Compressor:
The main function of the compressor is the compress the air that comes from the
diffuser hence it increases the temperature and pressure of the air.

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Kinetic energy gets reduced. It is an isentropic (Entropy remain constant)

component.

1.5.3 Pump:
The pump gets the compressed air and air the lean amount of fuel is provided for
a mixture of air and fuel.

1.5.4 Fuel Injector:

Its main works are to ignite the mixture of air and fuel.

1.5.5 Combustion chamber:

In the combustion chamber, the complete burning of air and fuel takes place at
constant pressure heat supplied.

1.5.6 Shafts:
The shaft is connected between the compressor and the turbine.

1.5.7 Turbine:
Here the burned charges come with high-pressure energy and it rotates the
turbine blades and also compressor gets rotates. It is an isentropic (Entropy
remain constant) component.

1.5.8 Nozzle:
The nozzle is like sending the exhaust gas to the atmosphere. Here the charge
coming the pressure energy is reduced and Kinetic energy is increased and thus
thrust created more.

Which is useful for sending the jet in the forward direction.

Newton’s third law of motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction. At the end of the nozzle, the power supplied for creating thrust to move
the engine forward.

Now working,

2 Parts of jet engine Following are the parts of jet

engine:
• Fan - The fan is the first component in a turbofan. The large spinning fan sucks in large
quantities of air. Most blades of the fan are made of titanium. It then speeds this air

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up and splits it into two parts. One part continues through the "core" or center of the
engine, where it is acted upon by the other engine components.

• Compressor - The compressor is the first component in the engine core. The
compressor is made up of fans with many blades and attached to a shaft. The
compressor squeezes the air that enters it into progressively smaller areas, resulting
in an increase in the air pressure. This results in an increase in the energy potential of
the air. The squashed air is forced into the combustion chamber.

• Combustor - In the combustor the air is mixed with fuel and then ignited. There are as
many as 20 nozzles to spray fuel into the airstream. The mixture of air and fuel
catches fire. This provides a high temperature, high-energy airflow. The fuel burns
with the oxygen in the compressed air, producing hot expanding gases. The inside of
the combustor is often made of ceramic materials to provide a heat-resistant
chamber. The heat can reach 2700°.

• Turbine - The high-energy airflow coming out of the combustor goes into the turbine,
causing the turbine blades to rotate. The turbines are linked by a shaft to turn the
blades in the compressor and to spin the intake fan at the front. This rotation takes
some energy from the high energy flow that is used to drive the fan and the
compressor. The gases produced in the combustion chamber move through the

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turbine and spin its blades. The turbines of the jet spin around thousands of times.
They are fixed on shafts which have several sets of ball-bearing in between them. 20

• Nozzle - The nozzle is the exhaust duct of the engine. This is the engine part which
produces the thrust for the plane. The energy depleted airflow that passed the
turbine, in addition to the colder air that bypassed the engine core, produces a force
when exiting the nozzle that acts to propel the engine, and therefore the airplane,
forward. The combination of the hot air and cold air are expelled and produce an
exhaust, which causes a forward thrust.

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2.1 Application of jet engine

JET ENGINES POWER JET AIRCRAFT, CRUISE MISSILES AND UNMANNED AERIAL
VEHICLES. IN THE FORM OF ROCKET ENGINE, JET ENGINE POWER FIREWORKS, MODEL
ROCKETRY, SPACEFLIGHT, AND MILITARY MISSILES. JET ENGINE DESIGNS ARE
FREQUENTLY MODIFIED FOR NON-AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS, AS INDUSTRIAL GAS
TURBINES OR MARINE POWERPLANTS. THESE ARE USED IN ELECTRICAL POWER
GENERATION, FOR POWERING WATER, NATURAL GAS, OR OIL PUMPS, AND PROVIDING
PROPULSION FOR SHIPS AND LOCOMOTIVES. INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINES CAN CREATE
UP TO 50,000 SHAFT HORSEPOWER. JET ENGINES ARE ALSO SOMETIMES DEVELOPED
INTO, OR SHARE CERTAIN COMPONENTS SUCH AS ENGINE CORES, WITH TURBOSHAFT
AND TURBOPROP ENGINES, WHICH ARE FORMS OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES THAT ARE
TYPICALLY USED TO POWER HELICOPTERS AND SOME PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRCRAFT.

Working Principle of Jet Engine

All jet engines work on the same principle. The engine sucks air in at the front with a fan. A
compressor made with many blades attached to a shaft spin at high speed and raises the
pressure of the air by compress or squeeze the air. The compressed air is then sprayed with
fuel and an electric spark lights the mixture. The burning gases expand and blast out through
the nozzle, at the back of the engine. The engine and the aircraft get thrust forward as the
jets of gas shoot backward. As the hot air is going to the nozzle, it passes through another
group of blades called the turbine. The turbine is attached to the same shaft as the

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compressor. Spinning the turbine causes the compressor to spin. Figure 2.1 shows the air
flow through the engine.

2.2 APPLICATION OF TURBOJET ENGINE:

The following main application of turbojet engine:

 This type of system used in the aircraft industry.

 It also used in the Automobile sector:
 In vehicles: Motorcycle, racing cars
 It also used in a water jet engine.
 Used in Military aircraft and much more.

2.3 Advantages of Turbojet Engine:

The following main advantages of Turbojet Engine are:

 The low-grade fuel type can be used.

 The chances of parts wear and tear are very less.
 Turbojet engines produced more thrust comparatively propeller engines.
 The operating temperature can be high which means it can operate at a high
temperature.
 The speed operation is very high.
 Simple in construction.
 The weight to power ratio is very less in this system.
 The maintenance cost is low.
 This type of engine does not have any unbalance force which causes a problem
which is also a major advantage of the turbojet engine.
 It can be highly efficient for supersonic aircraft.
It has some disadvantages’ too so let’s discuss,

2.4

2.5 Disadvantages of Turbojet Engine:

The following main disadvantages of Turbojet Engine are:

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 The efficiency reduces at a lower speed of the system.

 It produces noise. So the system is like a noisy system.
 Low thrust is available at takeoff and climb.

2.6 Theoretical Calculations of the Model

THE NET THRUST WHICH WILL BE GENERATED BY THE ENGINE COULD BE CALCULATED
BY USING THE EQUATION GIVEN BELOW

. 𝐹𝑁 = (𝑚̇𝑓 + 𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑖𝑟)𝑉𝑗 − 𝑉𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑖𝑟

WHERE,

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡

𝑉𝑗 = 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑚̇𝑓 = 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 26

𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡�

NOTABLE

VEHICLES USING TURBOJETS

􀂙 Heinkel He 178 - first air breathing jet aircraft.
􀂙 Messerschmitt Me 262 - first jet fighter.
􀂙 De Havilland Comet - first jet airliner.
􀂙 Concorde - Mach 2 airliner.

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􀂙 Thrust2 - land speed record car that held the record for 14 years.

FIG 9.1DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TURBOJET AND TURBOFAN

ENGINE:

Turbojet Turbofan

Here the power produce from

The power produce from the turbine is used to drive
the turbine is used to drive the
the compressors in turbojet engine but
propeller and compressor.

The frontal area is more because of use

The frontal area is less comparatively.
of centrifugal compressor.

Turbofan has high weight per

In this lower weight per unit thrust.
unit thrust.

Turbofan has high propulsive

It has low propulsive efficiency. But
efficiency.

Take of thrust is low comparatively Turbofan. Take of thrust is more here.

The gear reduction is not needed. Here reduction gear is needed.

Low space as compared to a Turbofan engine. More space is required.

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