GROUP - 1

GE109 REPORT - 5

TITLE: JET ENGINE

GROUP MEMBERS:

• Aman Choudhary : (2020EEB1151)

• Dishant : (2020EEB1167)
• Sakshi Singh : (2020EEB1204)
• Prathibha : (2020EEB1190)
• Amit Ashok Rodge : (2020EEB1156)

DETAILS ABOUT INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION:

• Aman choudhary (2020EEB1151) : Components

• Dishant (2020EEB1167) : Detailed Working with Schematics
• Sakshi Singh (2020EEB1204) : Working Principle and History
• Prathibha (2020EEB1190) : Applications
• Amit Ashok Rodge(2020EEB1156) : Future Innovation

OBJECTIVE:

To understand the working and evolution of Jet Engines and innovate the applications and
future ideas for it.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
Jet engines generate thrust by harnessing the principles of jet propulsion, expelling large volumes
of fluid in one direction to propel a vehicle in the opposite direction. In aircraft, this forward
motion creates a flow of air over the wings that produces lift to keep the airplane in the sky.

The thrust generation is accomplished by exploiting Newton’s third law of motion, which states
that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction .As air and combustion gases are
forced out of an engine, they exert a corresponding force back on the engine, pushing the aircraft
forward. In this way, jet engines are a type of reaction engine.

The term "jet engine" encompasses a variety of propulsive devices. From ramjets to turbofans,
each jet engine design converts energy to propulsive power in different ways.

HISTORY:
The jet engines have a long history that began during 120-150 BC with Hero demonstrating the
principle of jet reactions.

The timeline over the years proceeds as follows:

1232: The Chinese begin to use rockets as weapons.

1500: Leonardo da Vinci sketched a contraption, the chimney jack, that rotated due to
the effects of hot gases flowing up a chimney.

1629: Giovanni Branca develops a stamping mill that utilized jets of steam to operate
the machinery.

1687: Sir Isaac Newton presents his three laws of motion. These form the basis for
modern propulsion theory.

1791: John Barber applies and receives the first patent for a simple turbine machine.

1872: First true gas turbine engine designed by Dr. F. Stolze.

1897: Steam turbine used to power a ship.

1918: General Electric (GE) starts gas turbine division.

1930: Sir Frank Whittle of England patents his design for a gas turbine for jet
propulsion.

1936: Hans von Ohian and Max Hahn of Germany develop and patent their own
design.

1939: In August, the company Ernst Heinkel Aircraft flies the first gas turbine jet plane,
the HE178.

1941: Sir Frank Whittle designs the first successful turbojet, the Gloster Meteor.

1942: Dr. Franz Anselm develops the axial-flow turbojet, Junkers Jumo 004, used in the
Messerschmitt Me 262, the world’s first operational jet fighter.

1948: First turbojet breaks sound barrier.

1949: First use of turbojet for commercial service.

1955: First use of reheat to increase thrust of turbojet.

COMPONENTS:
The jet engine is equipped with some of the essential parts that define the whole
working of the same. These are quite important and lead the actual working of the
same.

1. Fan

This is the first part of the turbofan. These are quite large and suck a massive quantity
of air.The blades of these fans are manufactured of Titanium. These fans’ core working
is associated with speeding the thin air up and splitting them into two parts.

2. Compressor

It is made up of fans with numerous blades.These are attached with a shaft and
responsible for squeezing the air that enters tiny areas that ultimately increase the air
pressure.It helps increase the potential energy of the air.The compressed air is forced
into the combustion chamber, which makes it quite effective.

3. Combustor

In this, there are numerous nozzles available for spraying the fuel into the airstream.The
fire then gets ignited with a mixture of fuel and air. Due to this, it acquires high
temperature and optimal energy airflow.The inner core of the combustor is generally
made up of ceramics that help it acquire the property of heat resistant chamber.

4. Turbine

This is the part that is attached to the combustor. The high energy inflow goes into the
turbine from the combustor, which ultimately helps rotate the turbine blades.The
turbines are attached by a shaft that helps in turning the blade in the compressor.

5. Nozzle

The nozzle acts as an exhaust duct of the engine. In this, the energy which doesn’t
come into play passes through the turbine.Following that, the colder sir that bypassed
the engine core generates a force while exiting the nozzle that helps in propelling the
engine.

6. Afterburner

This is the part of a jet engine that doubles the power of a jet engine. The fuel is
sprayed in the exhaust duct and mixed with the hot air due to the engine’s blowback
features.

7. Carburetor

This is the part used on a piston engine that helps mix the fuel and air appropriately.
After this only, it drives to the engine for further ignition.
8. Core

It is the section of the jet engine that is equipped with high pressure.It is also equipped
with a high-pressure compressor, turbine, and combustion chamber.

9. Cowling

This is more of housing that surrounds the engine.

10. Disc

This is the part of the jet engine responsible for holding the rotating blades of the jet
engine.

11. Exhaust pipe

This is the exhaust which has a tube-like structure joint at the rear end of the engine
that is mainly responsible for the discharging of hot air of the jet.

12. Generator

The main function of the generator is to produce electrical power for the airplane.

13. Igniter

The igniter is the jet engine component used to ignite the mixture of compressed air and
fuel when they enter the combustion chamber.

14. Pylon

Pylon is a jointer that is of metal structure which helps in connecting the engine to the
wing.

15. Root

This is one of the compressor components used to attach the turbine blade to the disc.

DETAILED WORKING WITH SCHEMATICS:

Understanding the core working of a jet engine is quite complicated, but it can be
simplified with some of the basic terminologies. Certain functionalities can easily
describe the same.
CONCEPT: A basic jet engine air specifically enters the front intake and gets
compressed to the optimal extent. After this, the air is forced to enter the combustion
chamber where fuel is being sprayed, and the ignition process is started.

• The gases formed are expanded rapidly, and the exhaust process comes into
play through the rear of the combustion chambers.
• With the exertion of these gases, an equal amount of force is dislodged in every
direction, which ultimately provides forward thrust while attaining exertion.
• When the gases leave the engine, they pass through a turbine setup which helps
in rotating the shaft.
• It rotates the compressor, which brings a fresh supply of air.
• The process of working can be described with four phenomena, which are quite
easy to understand. The process of working is equipped with four steps which
create the thrust for a jet engine.

The four processes are as follows:

i. Suck
ii. Squeeze
iii. Bang
iv. Blow

Let’s delve into the brief explanation of the following:

Jet Engine Working Step #1: Suck

This is when the engine sucks a massive air volume through the compressor stages
and fan.A normal commercial jet engine generally takes 1.2 tons of air per second
during takeoff, which generated ample thrust.The whole mechanism through which the
jet engine sucks the air is massively a part of the compression stage.In most engines,
the compressor is responsible for both sucking and compressing the air.

Jet Engine Working Step#2: Squeeze

Just after drawing air into the engine, there is one process that provides massive
force.In this, the compressor pressurizes the air that helps it to get towards the
combustion chamber.The compression fans function from the turbine through a shaft. In
this, the compressor is capable of achieving compression ratios of 40:1.
With the help of this, a typical jet compressor rotates at 1000mph and can easily take
1200kg of air per second.

Jet Engine Working Step#3: Bang

The bang is the name given to this mechanism as there is the ignition in the combustion
chamber in which air and fuel mixture gets ignited.

This bang is specifically the cause for the expansion that forces the air inside the
turbine.In the combustion chamber, the fuel burns at temperatures more than 2000
degrees Celsius.This is the temperature where metals also get on at the melting.In this
section, advanced cooling techniques are used, which makes it withstand the
temperature.In this mechanism, the combustion chambers play a vital role in which the
burning of large quantities of fuel occurs. The fuel is supplied through the fuel spray
nozzles, which are equipped with a massive air volume.This air is supplied by the
compressor and released the resulting heat, which ultimately produces thrust.Bang is
one of the tasks in a jet engine that should be achieved with minimal loss of pressure
and with maximum heat in a small space area.In the Jet Engine, this is the accessory
that helps to acquire most of the thrust that is needed for the forward push of aircraft.
In this, there are some of the processes that make it quite efficient. The amount of fuel
added to the air is dependent upon the temperature required.

Jet Engine Working Step#4: Blow

This is the last mechanism through which the whole engine ultimately acquires the
thrust needed.In the reaction of the expanded gas with the mixture of air and fuel is
forcefully moved through the turbine and drives the fan.After this, it blows out the
exhaust nozzle that helps in acquiring the much-needed thrust.
The whole process is attained by generating energy from hot gases.These hot gases
are released from the combustion system, and at a lower pressure and temperature, it
gets expanded.

Here for producing ample torque, the turbine needs several stages of mechanism.In
this, the blades and stationary guide vanes play a prominent role.

This last but not the least mechanism of the four bits of help produces high efficiency of
power.Though there are some concerns,the turbine blades are expected to withstand
excessive temperature and redundant operation.
Sometimes the blade of the turbine glows as red hot.To cater to this problem, the
turbine should be strong enough to withstand the critical temperature and continuous
operation for a long time.

Applications:

Jet engines power jet aircraft, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles. In the form
of rocket engines they power fireworks, model rocketry, spaceflight, and military
missiles.

Jet engines have propelled high speed cars, particularly drag racers, with the all-time
record held by a rocket car. A turbofan powered car, ThrustSSC, currently holds the land
speed record.

Jet engine designs are frequently modified for non-aircraft applications, as industrial gas
turbines or marine powerplants. These are used in electrical power generation, for
powering water, natural gas, or oil pumps, and providing propulsion for ships and
locomotives. Industrial gas turbines can create up to 50,000 shaft horsepower. Many of
these engines are derived from older military turbojets such as the Pratt & Whitney J57
and J75 models. There is also a derivative of the P&W JT8D low-bypass turbofan that
creates up to 35,000 Horse power (HP) .

Jet engines are also sometimes developed into, or share certain components such as
engine cores, with turboshaft and turboprop engines, which are forms of gas turbine
engines that are typically used to power helicopters and some propeller-driven aircraft.

Different types of jet engines have different applications:

• The core use of turbojets is in those aircraft that need maximum speed. It is
massively used in fighting jets and other kinds of aircraft with the basic need for
massive speed.

• The core application of turboprops is in airliners as well as transport aircraft.

• The core use of turboshafts is to provide power to a helicopter rotor.

• Ramjets are used explicitly for guided missiles as well as in space vehicles.

Future Innovation:
Lately there has been some buzz about new developments in electric turbofan engines.
An advancement would result in a quieter, more fuel-efficient mode of jet propulsion—
and thereby a cheaper and less polluting form of air travel. Promotional spots for the
products often show energy diagrams with bold green arrows and lines, or sleek aircraft
soaring above verdant, rolling landscapes. Rolls-Royce, for instance, is collaborating
with Siemens and Airbus to develop a hybrid aircraft on which one of the four gas-
turbine engines—a turbofan painted green—will be powered solely by electric energy.
The plane will have three normal gas turbofans as backup as the companies test the
green engine for stress, safety, and reliability. The goal is to fly this test plane by the
coming years, suggesting that the technology could conceivably be put into use within
the next couple decades.

Rolls-Royce confirmed that this turbofan has been designed to meet guidance for
projected regulations of emissions and noise, which have not yet increased in
stringency. This both assumes a worsening state of affairs (more air-traffic congestion,
greater ecological urgency, etc.) and assures buyers that these things have already
been planned for and built into the engine.And certainly, even as turbofan and aircraft
manufacturers alike make appeals to cleaner technology, their goal is not to reduce
human air travel.

Innovations in turbofan-engine design and technology may be well-intentioned and

forward-thinking, at least in some sense. And the actual work that turbofans do day in
and day out, hour after hour of nonstop chugging across the sky—it’s nothing less than
incredible, from a technical standpoint.