CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO GAS TURBINE

PROGRAM GOAL

• This program provides students with working knowledge on basic

principles of rotating equipment design, operation, maintenance and
inspection to cater for oil and gas, marine, power plant and other
industries
COURSE OBJECTIVES

• EXPLAIN the operating principles of gas turbine

• EXPLAIN the components and functions of gas turbine
• DESCRIBE the support systems of gas turbine
• DESCRIBE the basic maintenance of gas turbine
 HEAT ENGINE
• A DEVICE THAT CONVERTS HEAT INTO WORK IS KNOWN AS HEAT ENGINE
EXAMPLE :
- Petrol Engine High Temperature Source

- Diesel Engine
- Gas Turbine Engine
Output
- Steam Engine
Heat Engine W

Heat Sink
GAS TURBINE (OPEN CYCLE)

FUEL

COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
HIGH TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE GAS
HIGH PRESSURE
AIR
MW
AIR INLET LOAD
TURB
COMPRESSOR
TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF GAS TURBINE

• Gas turbine is a form of heat engine where a hot pressurized gas produced by combustion of fuel
and air, spin the turbine.
• The ignition of fuel and air results in rapid expansion of gas which cause high speed rotation as the
hot pressurized gases flow across aerodynamically shaped turbine blade
• Gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that operates using the same cycle of events as
reciprocating engine, i.e. induction, compression, combustion , expansion and exhaust.
• In 4-stroke reciprocating engine, all parts of the cycle occur in the cylinder. In a gas turbine, each
part of the cycle takes place in a separate section of the machine.
 GAS TURBINE CLASSIFICATION
Aero Engine

Turbo jet (e.g. SR71) Turbo Fan (e.g. Airasia, MAS)

Turbo Prop (use propeller e.g. Malindo Air, Turbo Shaft (helicopter, hovercraft)
firefly)
 GAS TURBINE CLASSIFICATION
Industrial gas turbine

Heavy weight (>25MW)

Medium Weight (10-25 MW)
Low weight (<10MW)
ADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINE

The advantages of a gas turbine plant as compared to a steam or reciprocating engine of

comparable horsepower include:
• Weight reduction of 70%
• Simplicity (fewer propulsion auxiliaries)
• Less Vibration
• Reduced manning due to automated propulsion plant control
• Quicker response time
• Faster acceleration/deceleration
INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE
AERO ENGINE-AVIATION ENGINE
COMPARISON ON TYPES OF GAS TURBINE
Heavy duty Light weight Aero
Pressure ratio Low (~10) Medium (~14) High (~20)
Efficiency Low (~29%) Medium (~33%) High (~37%)
Turbine inlet Low (~950oC) Medium (~1100oC) High (~1200oC)
temperature (TIT)
Power/weight ratio 0.25 MW/ton 0.45 MW/ton 0.6 MW/ton
Power/size ratio 0.6 MW/m2 0.7 MW/m2 0.8 MW/m2
Bearing/lubrication Journal/mineral Tilting pad/mineral Ball bearing/synthetic
Time between overhaul ~48000 hours ~25000-40000 hours ~25000 hours
Engine removal no yes yes
HOW GAS TURBINE USED IN PLANT
TURBINE AUXILIARIES
CO-GENERATION
BRAYTON CYCLE
BRAYTON CYCLE
(CONSTANT PRESSURE CYCLE)

Pressure (P)
1 - 2 Compression
2 3 2 - 3 Combustion
3 - 4 Expansion
4 - 1 Exhaust

4
1

Volume (V)
 FUNDAMENTAL OF GAS TURBINE

When the Brayton Cycle is worked out for a FUEL

steady flow process, we have a simple gas 4 c = compressor
b = burners
turbine cycle. In a simple gas turbine cycle, 2 b t = turbine

combustion & exhaust occur at constant

pressure and compression & expansion occur c t GENERATOR
continuously. 3
AIR
1
SINGLE SHAFT AND MULTI-SHAFT GAS TURBINE

• If the load speed is constant, as in the case of an electric generator, a single-shaft unit is
often specified; an engine specifically designed for electric power generation would make
use of a single-shaft configuration.
• An alternative, however, is the use of a two-shaft engine. If the load needs to be driven
with varying speeds (compressors, pumps), two-shaft engines are advantageous.
SINGLE SHAFT GAS TURBINE:
In Single shaft gas turbines, the turbine, compressor, and driven
load are on a single common shaft. The hot gas from the
combustor drives the turbine, the turbine, in turn, drives the
compressor utilizing some of the energy, and the remaining
energy is utilized to run the load (generator, compressor, pumps,
etc.). In practice something like 80% of the power developed in
the turbine from the combustion is needed to drive the
compressor, leaving only about 20% ‘payload’ to drive the load.
Because the compressor and turbine are running on the same
shaft they run at the same speed. In a single-shaft gas turbine,
the power turbine is usually coupled to the driven load (a
generator or compressor) through a gearbox. The compressor
and power turbine, therefore, run at a fixed speed, which is the
generator speed multiplied by the gear ratio.
TWO SHAFT GAS TURBINE: (ALSO REFERRED TO AS SPLIT SHAFT
GAS TURBINE)

Two shaft gas turbines have two no’s of turbine. One is HP

turbine (high pressure) and the other one is LP turbine (low
pressure or power turbine). The hot gas from the combustor
runs both the HP & LP turbine. The HP turbine only drives the
compressor, as they are on the same shaft. The LP turbine runs
on the second shaft, and it drives the load, usually at a speed
different from that of the compressor/HP turbine. In a two-shaft
turbine, the compressor and the power turbine can, and do, run
at different speeds. The power turbine is coupled to the load
and runs at governed speed, but the compressor speed varies
with the loading.
BASIC WORKING OF A GAS TURBINE

• https://youtu.be/Qez1cBZuP-o