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Water Balance PDF
Water Balance PDF
C. P. Kumar
Scientist ‘F’
National Institute of Hydrology
Roorkee – 247667 (Uttarakhand)
Email: cpkumar@yahoo.com
Presentation Overview
Ø Introduction
Ø Hydrologic Cycle
Ø Basic Concept of Water Balance
Ø Water Balance of Unsaturated Zone
Ø Water Balance at Land Surface
Ø Groundwater Balance
Ø Integrated Water Balances
Introduction
Global Water Balance (Volumetric)
Precipitation Atmospheric moisture flow Precipitation Evaporation
100 39 385 424
Evaporation
61
Surface Outflow
38
Evaporation
484
Outflow
316
Blue Water -
GW
GW
GW
GW
GW
Adapted from: GWP (M. Falkenmark), 2003, Water Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change
Blue & Green Water – Pathways
percentages
Consumptive water use by terrestrial ecosystems as seen in a global perspective. (Falkenmark in SIWI Seminar 2001).
Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic Cycle
Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration
Ocean
Infiltration
Recharge runoff
Aquifer
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater
Hydrologic Cycle (detailed)
Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration
Discharge
treated water
Soil
moisture
Extraction
Aquifer
Salt Water Intrusion Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Soil moisture Surface Water
Infiltration Return flow Groundwater
Extraction Treated water Aquifer intrusion
Watersheds – Boundaries and Divides ?
Country 1
Country 3
Country 2
What is the Hydrologic Cycle?
Ø Evaporation
Solar energy
powers the cycle.
Heat energy from
the sun causes
evaporation from
water surfaces
(rivers, lakes and
oceans) and….
Ø … transpiration from
plants..
plants
Ø Evapotranspiration –
water loss to the
atmosphere from
plants and water
surfaces.
Condensation
Ø …precipitation
occurs, either as
rain or snow
depending on
altitude.
Runoff / Surface Flow
Ø The rainwater
flows, either over
the ground (run
(run off
/ surface flow)
flow) into
rivers and back to
the ocean, or…
Groundwater Flow
Ø … infiltrates
downwards through
the soil and rocks
where it is returned
to the oceans
through
groundwater flow.
Groundwater Flow
Hydrologic Cycle Model: The model shows how water travels endlessly through the hydrosphere,
atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. The triangles show global average values as
percentages. Note that all evaporation equals all precipitation when all of the Earth is
considered. Regionally, various parts of the cycle will vary, creating imbalances and, depending
on climate, surpluses in one region and shortages in another.
If we assume that mean annual global evaporation
equals 100 units, we can trace 86 of them to the ocean.
The other 14 units come from the land, including water
moving from the soil into plant roots and passing
through their leaves.
Actual ET P E
dS/dt
Q
Discharge
• Without an accurate water balance, it is not possible to
manage water resources of a country. When working on the
water balance, it is inevitable to face the fact that
appearance of water within a country is highly dynamic and
variable process, both spatially and temporarily. Therefore,
methodology, which is directly dependent on a time unit and
is a function of measured hydrometeorological and
hydrological data quality and data availability, is the most
significant element.
• Field capacity
– Amount of water held in the soil after excess water has drained
is called the field capacity of the soil.
Soil Moisture Storage
Soil moisture storage refers to the amount of water that is stored
in the soil and is accessible to plant roots, or the effective
rooting depth of plants in a specific soil. This water is held in the
soil against the pull of gravity. Soil is said to be at the wilting
point when plant roots are unable to extract water; in other
words, plants will wilt and eventually die after prolonged
moisture deficit stress.
Dh
Q = - KA
L
Q hdown - hup
q = = -K
A L
¶h
q z =- K
¶z
A soil-moisture budget can be established for
any area of earth's surface by measuring the
precipitation input and its distribution to satisfy
the "demands" of plants, evaporation, and soil
moisture storage in the area considered.
DWu
I -E +G -R =
Dt
Q gi - Q go Dh
R - G + 1000 =m
A Dt
Qgi = Qgih + Qgiv = total rate of groundwater inflow into the shallow unconfined
aquifer (m3/d)
Qgo = Qgoh+ Qgov = total rate of groundwater outflow from the shallow unconfined
aquifer (m3/d)
Qgih = rate of horizontal groundwater inflow into the shallow unconfined aquifer
(m3/d)
Qgoh = rate of horizontal groundwater outflow from the shallow unconfined aquifer
3
(m /d)
Qgiv = rate of vertical groundwater inflow from the deep confined aquifer into the
shallow unconfined aquifer (m3/d)
Qgov = rate of vertical groundwater outflow from the shallow unconfined aquifer into
the deep confined aquifer (m3/d)
µ = specific yield, as a fraction of the volume of soil (-)
∆h = rise or fall of the water table during the computation interval (mm)
To get the data necessary for direct calculations of horizontal and vertical
groundwater flow, and of the actual amount of water going into or out of
storage, we must install deep and shallow piezometers and conduct
aquifer tests.
Detailed Groundwater Balance Equation
Rr + Rc + Ri + Rt + Si + Ig = Et + Tp + Se + Og + DS
where,
Rr = recharge from rainfall;
Rc = recharge from canal seepage;
Ri = recharge from field irrigation;
Rt = recharge from tanks;
Si = influent seepage from rivers;
Ig = inflow from other basins;
Et = evapotranspiration from groundwater;
Tp = draft from groundwater;
Se = effluent seepage to rivers;
Og = outflow to other basins; and
DS = change in groundwater storage.
v Preferably, all elements of the groundwater balance equation should be
computed using independent methods.
v The water balance may be computed for any time interval. The
complexity of the computation of the water balance tends to increase
with increase in area. This is due to a related increase in the technical
difficulty of accurately computing the numerous important water
balance components.
For carrying out a groundwater balance study, following data may be required over
a given time period:
Rainfall data: Monthly rainfall data of sufficient number of rainguage stations lying
within or around the study area, along with their locations, should be available.
Land use data and cropping patterns: Land use data are required for estimating
the evapotranspiration losses from the water table through forested area. Cropping
pattern data are necessary for estimating the spatial and temporal distributions of
groundwater withdrawals, if required. Monthly pan evaporation rates should also be
available at few locations for estimation of consumptive use requirements of
different crops.
River data: Monthly river stage and discharge data along with river cross-sections
are required at few locations for estimating the river-aquifer interflows.
Canal data: Monthwise water releases into the canal and its distributaries along
with running days during each month are required. To account for the seepage
losses through the canal system, the seepage loss test data are required in
different canal reaches and distributaries.
Tank data: Monthly tank gauges and water releases should be available. In
addition, depth vs. area and depth vs. capacity curves should also be available for
computing the evaporation and seepage losses from tanks. Field test data are
required for computing infiltration capacity to be used to evaluate the recharge
from depression storage.
Water table data: Monthly water table data (or at least pre-monsoon and
post-monsoon data) from sufficient number of well-distributed observation wells
along with their locations are required. The available data should comprise
reduced level (R.L.) of water table and depth to water table.
Aquifer parameters: Data regarding the storage coefficient and transmissivity are
required at sufficient number of locations in the study area.
Groundwater balance study is a convenient way of establishing the rainfall
recharge coefficient, as well as to cross check the accuracy of the various
prevalent methods for the estimation of groundwater losses and recharge from
other sources. The steps to be followed are:
2. Estimate all the components of the water balance equation other than rainfall recharge
for monsoon period using the available hydrological and meteorological information and
employing the prevalent methods for estimation.
3. Substitute these estimates in the water balance equation and thus calculate the rainfall
recharge and hence recharge coefficient (recharge/rainfall ratio). Compare this estimate
with those given by various empirical relations valid for the area of study.
4. For non-monsoon season, estimate all the components of water balance equation
including the rainfall recharge which is calculated using recharge coefficient value
obtained through the water balance of monsoon period. The rainfall recharge (Rr) will be
of very small order in this case. A close balance between the left and right sides of the
equation will indicate that the net recharge from all the sources of recharge and
discharge has been quantified with a good degree of accuracy.
q By quantifying all the inflow/outflow components
of a groundwater system, one can determine
which particular component has the most
significant effect on the groundwater flow regime.
Q gi - Q go DWu Dh
I - E + 1000 = +m
A Dt Dt
Equation shows that the vertical flows I, R, and G (all important linking factors
between the partial water balances) disappear in the overall water balance.
When water balances are assessed for a hydrologic year, changes in storage in
the various partial water balances can often be ignored or reduced to zero if the
partial balances are based on long-term average conditions.
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