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IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS
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the growth assumptions etc.
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some discrepancy in numbers (though rare), but you will know this only when you read annual reports.
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Please! It's your money. Please don't blame me if results of this excel
cause you to lose it all! I've designed this excel to aid your own thinking,
but you alone are responsible for your actions. I want to live peacefully
ever after! I am not a sadist who wants you to do the hard work by
analyzing companies on your own. But I'd rather give you a compass
instead of a map, for you can confuse map with territory and lose it all.
All the best!
ndage growth
Buffett Checklist - Read, Remember, Follow!
Source - Buffettology by Mary Buffett & David Clark
Parameter
Conclusion
Never Forget
Buffett Checklist - Read, Remember, Follow!
Source - Buffettology by Mary Buffett & David Clark
Explanation
Seek out companies that have no or less competition, either due to a patent or brand name or similar intangible that
makes the product unique. Such companies will typically have high gross and operating profit margins because of their
unique niche. However, don't just go on margins as high margins may simply highlight companies within industries with
traditionally high margins. Thus, look for companies with gross, operating and net profit margins above industry norms.
Also look for strong growth in earnings and high return on equity in the past.
Try to invest in industries where you possess some specialized knowledge (where you work) or can more effectively
judge a company, its industry, and its competitive environment (simple products you consume). While it is difficult to
construct a quantitative filter, you should be able to identify areas of interest. You should "only" consider analyzing
those companies that operate in areas that you can clearly grasp - your circle of competence. Of course you can
increase the size of the circle, but only over time by learning about new industries. More important than the size of the
circle is to know its boundaries.
Seeks out companies with conservative financing, which equates to a simple, safe balance sheet. Such companies
tend to have strong cash flows, with little need for long-term debt. Look for low debt to equity or low debt-burden ratios.
Also seek companies that have history of consistently generating positive free cash flows.
Rising earnings serve as a good catalyst for stock prices. So seek companies with strong, consistent, and expanding
earnings (profits). Seek companies with 5/10 year earnings per share growth greater than 25% (along with safe
balance sheets). To help indicate that earnings growth is still strong, look for companies where the last 3-years
earnings growth rate is higher than the last 10-years growth rate. More important than the rate of growth is the
consistency in such growth. So exclude companies with volatile earnings growth in the past, even if the "average"
growth has been high.
Like you should stock to your circle of competence, a company should invest its capital only in those businesses within
its circle of competence. This is a difficult factor to screen for on a quantitative level. Before investing in a company,
look at the company’s past pattern of acquisitions and new directions. They should fit within the primary range of
operations for the firm. Be cautious of companies that have been very aggressive in acquisitions in the past.
Buffett prefers that firms reinvest their earnings within the company, provided that profitable opportunities exist. When
companies have excess cash flow, Buffett favours shareholder-enhancing maneuvers such as share buybacks. While
we do not screen for this factor, a follow-up examination of a company would reveal if it has a share buyback plan in
place.
Seek companies where earnings have risen as retained earnings (earnings after paying dividends) have been
employed profitably. A great way to screen for such companies is by looking at those that have had consistent
earnings and strong return on equity in the past.
Consider it a positive sign when a company is able to earn above-average (better than competitors) returns on equity
without employing much debt. Average return on equity for Indian companies over the last 10 years is approximately
16%. Thus, seek companies that earn at least this much (16%) or more than this. Again, consistency is the key here.
That's what is called "pricing power". Companies with moat (as seen from other screening metrics as suggested above
(like high ROE, high grow margins, low debt etc.) are able to adjust prices to inflation without the risk of losing
significant volume sales.
Companies that consistently need capital to grow their sales and profits are like bank savings account, and thus bad
for an investor's long term portfolio. Seek companies that don't need high capital investments consistently. Retained
earnings must first go toward maintaining current operations at competitive levels, so the lower the amount needed to
maintain current operations, the better. Here, more than just an absolute assessment, a comparison against
competitors will help a lot. Seek companies that consistently generate positive and rising free cash flows.
Sensible investing is always about using “folly and discipline” - the discipline to identify excellent businesses, and wait
for the folly of the market to drive down the value of these businesses to attractive levels. You will have little trouble
understanding this philosophy. However, its successful implementation is dependent upon your dedication to learn and
follow the principles, and apply them to pick stocks successfully.
Debtor Days 57 47 47 54 53 66 89 99 88 76
Inventory Turnover 17 17 10 9 7 9 10 8 8 6
Fixed Asset Turnover 7.0 7.8 7.0 6.9 4.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 4.2 4.6
Debt/Equity 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Return on Equity 39% 41% 39% 37% 35% 30% 24% 21% 21% 17%
Return on Capital Employed 57% 57% 57% 46% 43% 36% 34% 30% 31% 24%
Profit & Loss Account / Income Statement
MAYUR UNIQUOTERS LTD
Rs Cr Mar-10 Mar-11 Mar-12 Mar-13 Mar-14 Mar-15 Mar-16 Mar-17 Mar-18 Mar-19 Trailing
Sales 163 246 315 379 466 503 507 477 552 573 561
% Growth YOY 51% 28% 20% 23% 8% 1% -6% 16% 4%
Expenses 136 204 262 310 372 401 371 349 407 446 447
Material Cost (% of Sales) 74% 75% 75% 72% 68% 65% 58% 57% 59% 63% Check for wide fluctuations in key
Power and Fuel 1% 1% 1% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% expense items. For manufacturing
Other Mfr. Exp 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% firms, check their material costs etc. For
Employee Cost 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 5% 6% 5% 5% services firms, look at employee costs.
Selling and Admin Cost 5% 5% 4% 5% 5% 6% 5% 3% 3% 4%
Operating Profit 27 41 53 69 94 102 136 127 145 128 113
Operating Profit Margin 16% 17% 17% 18% 20% 20% 27% 27% 26% 22% 20%
Other Income 2 1 2 3 1 6 6 11 13 21 20
Other Income as % of Sales 1.2% 0.4% 0.5% 0.7% 0.2% 1.2% 1.1% 2.4% 2.4% 3.7% 3.5%
Depreciation 2 3 4 5 7 12 16 17 17 18 18
Interest 1 2 2 2 4 3 3 1 1 1 1
Interest Coverage(Times) 20 21 26 27 20 37 37 89 105 156 203
Profit before tax (PBT) 25 37 49 64 84 93 122 121 140 130 115
% Growth YOY 49% 31% 30% 30% 11% 30% -1% 16% -7%
PBT Margin 16% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 24% 25% 25% 23% 21%
Tax 9 12 16 21 27 27 39 39 46 43 37
Net profit 16 25 33 44 57 66 83 82 94 87 77
% Growth YOY 56% 32% 31% 30% 16% 25% -1% 15% -7%
Net Profit Margin 10% 10% 11% 12% 12% 13% 16% 17% 17% 15% 14%
EPS 5.0 7.8 10.3 11.5 17.5 15.2 17.8 17.9 20.8 19.2 17.1
% Growth YOY 56% 32% 12% 52% -13% 17% 1% 16% -7%
Price to earning 3.6 4.1 5.4 8.9 18.8 29.9 21.7 21.1 22.9 18.0 12.6 3.5823236 29.9130639
Price 18 32 56 102 329 455 387 378 475 347 215
Dividend Payout 16.7% 21.4% 21.9% 23.6% 17.6% 20.0% 19.6% 5.6% 7.9% 16.9%
Market Cap 58 103 182 388 1,068 1,971 1,791 1,732 2,152 1,572
Retained Earnings 14 20 26 33 47 53 66 77 87 72
Buffett's $1 Test 3.1
Check for long term vs short term trends here. Check if the growth over
past 3 or 5 years has slowed down / improved compared to long term (7
to 10 years) growth numbers.
10yrs 9yrs 8yrs 7yrs 6yrs 5yrs 4yrs 3yrs 2yrs MIN Max Average
Sales Growth% 15% 11% 13% 7% 4% 3% 4% 10% 4% 3% 6%
NetProfit Growth % 21% 17% 15% 12% 9% 7% 2% 3% -7% 2% -1%
PE growth 20% 20% 19% 12% -1% -12% -6% -8% -21%
Cash Flow Statement
MAYUR UNIQUOTERS LTD
Rs Cr Mar-10 Mar-11 Mar-12 Mar-13 Mar-14 Mar-15 Mar-16 Mar-17 Mar-18 Mar-19 Total
Cash from Operating Activity (CFO) 22 6 29 27 49 53 65 78 86 68 484
% Growth YoY -73% 396% -7% 79% 9% 23% 20% 10% -21%
Cash from Investing Activity -1 -12 -23 -36 -46 -94 -34 -26 -30 -71 -373
Cash from Financing Activity -7 -2 -11 8 0 53 -44 -46 -50 -3 -102
Net Cash Flow 14 -8 -5 -1 3 12 -12 6 6 -7 8
CFO/Sales 13% 2% 9% 7% 10% 11% 13% 16% 16% 12%
CFO/Net Profit 133% 23% 88% 62% 86% 81% 79% 96% 91% 78%
Capex** 315 212 364 565 607 937 1,156 1,638 1,238 824
FCF -293 -206 -335 -538 -558 -884 -1,091 -1,560 -1,152 -756 -7,372
Average FCF (3 Years) -1,156
FCF Growth YoY -30% 63% 61% 4% 58% 23% 43% -26% -34%
FCF/Sales -180% -84% -106% -142% -120% -176% -215% -327% -209% -132%
FCF/Net Profit -1809% -814% -1004% -1233% -983% -1341% -1322% -1900% -1224% -868%
Operating Margin 16.4% 16.8% 16.9% 18.2% 20.2% 20.2% 26.8% 26.7% 26.3%
PBT Margin 15.5% 15.3% 15.6% 16.9% 18.0% 18.5% 24.0% 25.3% 25.3%
Net Margin 10.0% 10.3% 10.6% 11.5% 12.2% 13.1% 16.3% 17.2% 17.0%
Debtor Days 57.5 46.9 47.0 54.4 52.6 65.8 89.2 98.5 87.9
Inventory Turnover 16.6 16.9 10.3 8.6 7.3 9.0 10.1 8.2 7.7
Fixed Asset Turnover 7.0 7.8 7.0 6.9 4.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 4.2
Debt/Equity 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Debt/Assets 5.4% 7.1% 2.4% 11.6% 13.8% 10.9% 5.9% 2.5% 1.1%
Interest Coverage (Times) 19.8 21.2 26.1 27.3 20.5 36.9 36.8 88.5 104.6
Return on Equity 38.6% 41.4% 38.9% 36.8% 35.3% 29.5% 24.1% 20.9% 20.8%
Return on Capital Employed 57.2% 57.2% 57.1% 46.5% 43.4% 35.8% 34.0% 30.2% 30.7%
Free Cash Flow (Rs Cr) -293 -206 -335 -538 -558 -884 -1,091 -1,560 -1,152
Mar/19
3.8%
-6.9%
-7.4%
96.9%
-21.0%
-34.4%
22.2%
22.7%
15.2%
76.3
6.0
4.6
0.0
3.4%
155.9
16.7%
24.1%
-756
What to look for?
Higher is better, but also look for long term stability and consistency
Higher is better, but also look for long term stability and consistency
Higher is better, but also look for long term stability and consistency
Higher isn't always better, esp. when the company is generating high ROE, which means the management is allocating capital
Higher is better, but also look for long term stability and consistency
Higher is better, but also look for long term stability and consistency
Higher is better, but also look for long term stability and consistency, plus the nature of the industry. Also compare with industry
Higher is better, but also look for long term stability and consistency, plus the nature of the industry. Also compare with industry
Higher is better, but also look for long term stability and consistency, plus the nature of the industry. Also compare with industry
700
Revenue Revenue and Pro
60%
Check for a rising trend. Check for a ris
600 50% Compare grow
500 40%
400 30%
20%
300
10%
200
0%
100
-10% Jan/11 Jan/13
- -20%
Jan/10 Jan/12 Jan/14 Jan/16 Jan/18 Revenue Growth
Net Profit Grow
Management Effectiveness
Mar/10 Mar/11 Mar/12 Mar/13 Mar/14 Mar/15 Mar/16 Mar/17 Mar/18
ROE 39% 41% 39% 37% 35% 30% 24% 21% 21%
ROCE 57% 57% 57% 46% 43% 36% 34% 30% 31%
Cash Flows
Mar/10 Mar/11 Mar/12 Mar/13 Mar/14 Mar/15 Mar/16 Mar/17 Mar/18
Operating Cash Flow 22 6 29 27 49 53 65 78 86
Free Cash Flow -293 -206 -335 -538 -558 -884 -1,091 -1,560 -1,152
%
Capital Allocation Quality
Check for a rising trend and/or consistency.
% Numbers > 20% long term are good. Also check if the company
% has zero/marginal debt. Compare with a close competitor Note: Please ignore the dates
on the X-axis. The figures are
% for/as on the year ending date,
% which for most Indian
companies would be 31st
% March of that year
%
%
Jan/10 Jan/12 Jan/14 Jan/16 Jan/18
ROE ROCE
Mar/19
17%
24%
Mar/19
573
130
87
Mar/19
68
-756
Common Size P&L
Rs Cr Mar-08 Mar-09 Mar-10 Mar-11 Mar-12 Mar-13 Mar-14 Mar-15 Mar-16 Mar-17
Sales 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Raw Material Cost 74% 75% 75% 72% 68% 65% 58% 57% 59% 63%
Change in Inventory 0% 1% 1% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%
Power and Fuel 1% 1% 1% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4%
Other Mfr. Exp 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4%
Employee Cost 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 5% 6% 5% 5%
Selling and Admin Cost 5% 5% 4% 5% 5% 6% 5% 3% 3% 4%
Other Expenses -1% -1% 0% -1% -1% -1% -1% 1% 1% 0%
Operating Profit 16% 16% 15% 15% 19% 21% 27% 27% 26% 19%
Other Income 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 2% 2% 4%
Depreciation 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 3% 4% 3% 3%
Interest 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%
Profit Before Tax 16% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 24% 25% 25% 23%
Tax 6% 5% 5% 5% 6% 5% 8% 8% 8% 7%
Net Profit 10% 10% 11% 12% 12% 13% 16% 17% 17% 15%
Dividend Amount 2% 2% 2% 3% 2% 3% 3% 1% 1% 3%
P.S. In case of companies earning negative FCF, where this model will not work, you must use a normalized positive FCF as
starting number. This number is your assumption of FCF the business will earn in a normal year, without capex. Check the his
this business while arriving at your assumption, and use your judgment wisely without twisting the model to fit your version of
Calculation
by Mohnish Pabrai
Avg 5-Yr Net Profit (Rs Crore) 82.3 Avg 5-Yr Net Profit (Rs Crore)
PE Ratio at 0% Growth 8.5 PE Ratio at 0% Growth
Long-Term Growth Rate 4.5 Long-Term Growth Rate
Ben Graham Value (Rs Crore) 1,437 Ben Graham Value (Rs Crore)
Current Market Cap (Rs Crore) 975 Current Market Cap (Rs Crore)
EXPLANATION
Ben Graham's Original Formula: Value = EPS x (8.5 + 2G)
Here, EPS is the trailing 12 month EPS, 8.5 is the P/E ratio of a stock with 0% growth and g is the growth rate for the next 7-10
82.3
8.5
8.9
2,173
975
e of around 1962 when Graham was publicizing his works, the risk free interest rate was 4.4% but to adjust to the present, we divide this nu
e present, we divide this number by today’s AAA corporate bond rate, represented by Y in the formula above.
Dicounted Cash Flow Valuation
MAYUR UNIQUOTERS LTD
Final Calculations
Terminal Year (4,180)
PV of Year 1-10 Cash Flows ###
Terminal Value ###
Total PV of Cash Flows ###
Current Market Cap (Rs Cr) 975
META
Number of shares 4.53
Face Value 5
Current Price 215
Market Capitalization 974.54
Quarters
Report Date Mar-17 Jun-17 Sep-17 Dec-17 Mar-18 Jun-18
Sales 118.31 140.85 137.84 137.99 135.54 141.13
Expenses 90.98 101.15 103.86 103.05 101.41 103.46
Other Income 3.9 3.2 4.68 2.67 4.98 6.77
Depreciation 4.11 4.23 4.2 4.33 4.35 4.47
Interest 0.47 0.22 0.42 0.45 0.27 0.45
Profit before tax 26.65 38.45 34.04 32.83 34.49 39.52
Tax 8.39 12.76 11.53 11.07 10.34 13.92
Net profit 18.26 25.68 22.51 21.75 24.15 25.6
Operating Profit 27.33 39.7 33.98 34.94 34.13 37.67
BALANCE SHEET
Report Date Mar-10 Mar-11 Mar-12 Mar-13 Mar-14 Mar-15
Equity Share Capital 5.41 5.41 5.41 10.83 10.83 21.65
Reserves 36.64 55.6 80.47 107.64 150.27 201.58
Borrowings 4.41 7.77 3.76 24.79 41.67 44.82
Other Liabilities 35.79 40.62 69.41 70.83 98.37 144.01
Total 82.25 109.4 159.05 214.09 301.14 412.06
Net Block 23.15 31.3 45.09 54.67 97.66 136.5
Capital Work in Progress 0.25 3.35 3.98 18.91 26.56 6.18
Investments 0.06 0.06 11.72 13.65 9.85 75.82
Other Assets 58.79 74.69 98.26 126.86 167.07 193.56
Total 82.25 109.4 159.05 214.09 301.14 412.06
Receivables 25.63 31.59 40.6 56.45 67.11 90.69
Inventory 9.83 14.55 30.71 44.23 63.77 56.1
Cash & Bank 19.58 22.83 19.04 10.65 13.43 26.59
No. of Equity Shares 5413200 5413200 5413200 10826400 21652800 43305600
New Bonus Shares 5413200 5413200 10826400
Face value 10 10 10 10 5 5
CASH FLOW:
Report Date Mar-10 Mar-11 Mar-12 Mar-13 Mar-14 Mar-15
Cash from Operating Activity 21.59 5.9 29.24 27.23 48.87 53.29
Cash from Investing Activity -0.91 -12.23 -23.11 -35.86 -45.97 -94.29
Cash from Financing Activity -6.86 -1.77 -11.1 7.67 0.06 52.97
Net Cash Flow 13.82 -8.1 -4.97 -0.96 2.96 11.97
DERIVED:
Adjusted Equity Shares in Cr 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.79 3.25 4.33
DO NOT MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THIS SHEET
5 5 5 5
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