Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

Waste is any substance that is considered not useful in the environment and can be
harmful to human health. Typically, bacterial and fungal infections are caused by
garbage. The two types further lead to stomach infection, typhoid, malaria, vomiting and
diarrhea, cholera, skin diseases and many respiratory allergies as well. All the above
mentioned facts requires effective management and proper disposal of the wastes.
When people throw away half-eaten food or broken items, most of them don’t think
about what happens next. For most people once an item goes in the trashcan, it is no
longer thought of, but for the item, the journey continues.
Commonly, trash was removed from home or business and placed in a large open air
piles. This type of disposal resulted in harsh odors, contamination, and infestation by
rodents and insects.
The proper disposal of wastes, referred to in this study, is crucial for human health
and safety of the environment. The wastes in this city collected by the authorities and
transported into an open field located at Barcelona, Dapitan city. This open dumpsite is
hazardous of both human and animal health near the site since it contaminates the ground
water when the rain water mixes with the chemicals from the garbage dumped and
produces “leachate” a sort of toxic sludge that burrows its way down through the landfill
and ultimately into the groundwater, product of decomposition which is methane-a gas 21
times more potent than carbon dioxide. run-off and making the air odorous. People who
live near this dumping site is exposed to different toxic chemicals.
Dapitan is a developing city that is politically subdivided into fifty (50) barangays
with a population of 82,418 as of 2015 census. Unfortunately, the government in this city
fails to control and disposed the waste. People are noticing garbage in roads, water
sources such as rivers, and public areas.
Sanitary landfill is a site of which the wastes is isolated from the environment until it
is safe. It is considered when it has completely degraded biologically, chemically and
physically. They are located, designed, constructed and operated in a manner that will
contain a solid waste so it will not cause a present or potential hazard to public health and
environment.
 This study focuses on planning, construction and management of sanitary landfill in
Dampalan, Dapitan city to address the mentioned problem above.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health, children being more vulnerable to
these pollutions. In fact, direct exposure can lead to diseases through chemical exposure as
the release of chemical waste into the environment leads to chemical poisoning. The
problems of improper waste disposal of garbage escalating at an alarming rate as the
households in the city increases rapidly. Some factors affect the city way on garbage
disposal, lack of sanitary landfills that may isolate waste to its surrounding environment,
preventing water contamination and contact with air and the city were accustomed in
incinerating their garbage that has a big impact to the health of the residents. These
developments therefore, proposing for a construction of sanitary landfills in the city. This
research will introduce the usage of sanitary landfill for waste disposal, it is a site where
the garbage will be dumped, compacted and covered with process in which the priority is
environment and human safety.

1.3 Significance of the study

The outcomes of overflowing garbage is air pollution, which causes various respiratory
diseases and other adverse health effects as contaminants absorbed from lungs into other
parts of the body (Ecubelabs.com). the problem of proper waste disposal is not just local,
provincial, or national concerns but a global issue that affects individuals and environment.
Hence this study is worthy of attention since it seeks to address the impact of improper
waste disposal by constructing sanitary landfill in Dapitan city. The result may be useful to
everyone since it isolates the trash from the environment.
1.4 Theoretical framework
 Perforated pipe

This research will introduce the uses of perforated pipe; it is designed to allow liquid
specially water to enter or exit through small holes or slots along the pipe. This pipe
can make a great underground drainage system particularly for outdoor uses since it
absorbs the water and other liquids and drains it out of the way.

Perforated pipes are commonly used for draining system and it has small slots present
in the pipe. Moreover, since the slots are very small, there is no risk of any unwanted
debris to drain down from the landfill, and so, indirectly this pipelines act as filter as
well.

High Density Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer it is sometimes called alkathene

or polythene produced from monomer ethylene. With a high strength to density ratio.
it is usually used in plastic bottles, corrosion resistant piping. the density of High
Density Polyethylene can range from 930-970 kg/𝑚3 .

Pipes convey water from one point to another. Flow direction is from the bottom of the
landfill to the leachate collector pond through pump. The head lost to friction associated
with the flow through a pipe can be expressed using the Hazen-William formula for
head lost due to friction.

ℎ𝑓 10.67𝑄1.852 (1)
𝑠= = 1.852 4.8704
𝐿 𝐶 𝑑
(1)

Where hf is the head loss due to friction. L is the length of the pipe, discharge,
C is the Hazen-Williams coefficient and d is the diameter of the pipe.

o Pipe Head loss formula

For manual computations:

Hazen-Williams Head Loss Formula

ℎ𝑓 10.67𝑄1.8852 (2)
𝑆= = 1.852 1.8704
𝐿 𝐶 𝑑
Darcy-Weisbach Head Loss Formula

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
hf = − (3)
𝐷2

Chezy-Manning Head Loss Formula

10.3𝑛2 𝐿𝑄 2 (4)
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5.33

Where:

C = Hazen-William roughness coefficient

F = friction factor

Q = discharge

d or D = pipe diameter

L = pipe length

n = roughness coefficient

Pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquid or gasses), or sometimes slurries,

by mechanical action. In the hydraulic field, the load of a pump is expressed in theory
in height of water. It is the hydraulic power communicated to the liquid of its passage
through the pump.

This mechanical power is given by the following formula:

𝑃 = 𝑄𝐻𝑚 . 9810

Where:

P = power transmitted to the fluid

𝑚3
Q = flow in 𝑠

Hm = Energy or pressure loss of the hydraulic network expressed in m.