1

Fundamentals of IT
Q.1 what is a Computer?
Ans. The word computer has been derived from a Latin word “Compute” Which simply
means to calculate something.
Computer is an Electronic “Data Processing” Machine Which has the capacity to
accept data from the input device (Keyboard) and to process (CPU) and that produce
output on output device i.e. Monitor at a very fast speed.

Full form of a Computer: -

C - Commonly
O - Operating
M - Machine
P - Purposely
U - Used for
T - Trade Training
E - Education &
R - Research

Com + Pu + Ter
Complete Purpose Terminal

Basic functions of a Computer: -

Input  Processing  Output
  
User CPU User
 (Central Processing 
Keyboard Unit) Monitor

Computer Terminology: -
Input: - Any Kind of Data or Information given to the computer is known as input.

Data: - It is a collection of facts, figures, numbers, static’s etc. that is raw material it may
or may not be useable.

Information: - It is a processed data, which must have some meaning or value for the
user.

Processing: - It is a manipulation of data inside the computer (CPU), which can’t be

seen but only imagine.
Note: - Manipulation: -Alteration/Changes/Modifications etc.

Output: - It is a result given by the computer after processing.

Parts of a Computer: -
1) Input Devices
E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick etc.
2) CPU (Central Processing Machine)
i) CU (Control Unit)
ii) ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit)
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iii) MU(Memory Unit) (Registers)
3) Output Device
E.g. Monitor, Printer, Plotter, and Speaker etc.

Q.1 what is a Device?

Ans. A Device is any kind of electromechanically parts, which can be seen, touched,
braked, repair etc.
E.g. Keyboard, Monitor, CD-Drive etc.
Types of Devices: -
1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices

Q.2 what is an Input Device?

Ans. The device is used to feed up data or information into the computer (CPU) is
known as input device.
E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick etc.

Q.3 what is an Output Device?

Ans. The device is used to produce output to the user either in visual form i.e. soft copy
takes on the monitor or on the paper i.e. hard copy take on by the printer is known as
output device.
E.g. Monitor, Printer, Plotter, and Speaker etc.

INPUT DEVICES: -
Keyboard: - It is a primary input device, which is used to feed up data or information into
the computer in character format. It is called a board attached with variable number
associated with a single keystroke. The first keyboard introduces in India was having 84
keys on it. But now a day’s standard keyboard has approximately 108 keys on it. The
keys of keyboard can be categories as follows: -
1. Function keys (F1 - F12)
2. Number keys (0 - 9)
3. Alphabetic keys (A - Z / a - z)
4. Arrow keys
5. Special keys (Enter, Shift, and Delete etc.)

KEYS OF THE KEYBORD:-

ESC (escape key):-This key used to escape (get back) from the previoce action

F1 :- To help
` :- Stright sign
~ :- Tilde sign
! :- Exclamatory mark
@ :- at the rate off
# :- Hash (pound) sign
$ :- Dollar sign
% :- Percentage sign
^ :- Caret (ctrl/control) sign
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& :- And operator (ampersand)
* :- Asterisk sign. (Star/multiple sign)
() :- Round bracket.
{} :- Curly bracket.
[] :- Square bracket.
10-5 :- Minus sign.
10_5 :- under score.
= :- Equal sign.
+ :- Plus sign.
\ :- Slash (back)
/ :- Forwards slash (divide sign)
| :- Pipe sign.
(Back space):-It is used to delete character By character to it’s right side.
; :- Semi colon (terminator)
: :- colon.
‘K’ :- single quote
“JSS” :- Double quote
, :- Comma.
. :- Dot (period)
< :- Lesser then.
> :- Greater then.
? :- Literal sign. (Question mark)
Enter Key: - To start a new line.
Tab key:- It is used to jumps over the 4 space or 0-5 inch (by default)
Caps lock: - It is write capitalization letter.
LED’s :- (Light emitting diodes)
Toggle key:- The same key which is used to on or off purpose
Shift key:- It is just opposite caps lock key
Ctrl key:- It is a special key +has many functions.
Window key:-To activate start button
: -Right click of the mouse-:
Ctrl + Esc: - To activate start button.
Window +M:- To minimize all the open applications or program.
Alt +tab:- To navigate between different open applications or Program.
Alt + tab:- To close window.
Alt + Fn: - To activate control menu boy.
Print screen key: -It cupid whatever on the screen and place it on the viewer Clipboard.
Scroll lock:- To lock scrolling in excel.
Pause break:-To temporarily help the execution.
Insert key: - To insert a character between two characters.
Home key: - Move to the start of the current line.
End key: - Move to the end of the current line.
Ctrl + up: - Scroll up on line.
Ctrl + down: -Scroll down on line
Page up: - Scroll up on screen.
Ctrl +Page: - scroll left on screen.
Ctrl + Page down:- Scroll right on screen.
Ctrl + home: -scroll to the start on the document.
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Ctrl + End: - scroll to the end of to document.
Ctrl + Left: - Move left on work.
Ctrl + Right: - Move right on work.
Turbo + Fill: - To lock the keyboard
‘O’ to open the keyboard.

Mouse: - It is an input pointing device. It is a called mouse because of its shape. It has
got normally 2 or 3 button on it. One is known as left click as left button and another is
right click as right button, the middle button has no function but it is used to balancing
the mouse. Now a day’s scroll mouse is in fashion they have scrolled in the place of
middle button. It has got a pointer on the screen. It has a ball under it and as we rotate
the mouse on mouse pad its pointer also moves in corresponding direction. It is also
allows double click operations.
Left click [General function (select, open, drag etc.)]
Right click [Special function (cut, copy, paste, Del etc.)]

Scanner: - It is a graphical input device, which is used to scan graphs, pictures and text
directory into the computer. It looks & works like a photo state machine but smaller in
size.

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JOY STICK:-It is an input pointing device, which functions similar of mouse. It is widely
used in playing games left &right only.

TRACK BALL:-It is an also pointing device, which contains a ball on it that can rotate
in any direction the user spins the ball in different directions to move the cursor on the
monitor the electronic circuits detects the direction & speed of spinning this information
is sent to the processor. This type of pointing device is normally used in laptop computer.

MICR(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): -It is an input device, which recognize the
character written with magnetic ink. It is commonly used for banks for verifying correctness of
chaques, drapes etc.

OCR (Optical Character Rider): -it is also an input device which is used to recognized
character written with optical ink. It can also be used for chaques originality of bank chaques,
banks drafts & other document use optical ink.

BCR(Bar Code Reader): - it is special input device used to read bar coded data. Bar code is a
specialized code used for fast identification of items. It consist of saves of mall lines, knows as
bars. The actual coding, of the bars is the width of bar, hut not the light these are basically used
for identification of goods such as books, cards, postal, packages, badges etc.

OMR(Optical Mark Reader): - it is also an input device which recognized specific mark written
with optical ink. It is commonly used in competitive exams.

LIGHT PEN: - Light pen is a pointing device, which is used to monitor. It is a photosensitive
pen like device, capable of sending a position on the monitor when its lip touches screen when its
lip move over the screen surface its photocell sensing element defects the light coming from the
screen & the corresponding signals are to the processor.
Light pen is also used handheld pad type small device for writing small
massage & sending then E-mail.

WEB-CAMERA: - A web camera is also an input device that allows a computer an object.
The camera is focused on the object, then this picture can to a distant place & it can be seen on
the monitor of the distant computer. Computer connector through a network i.e. internet.
Voice can also be transmitted over the network. By this way too or
more persons can task & see one another this method is know as video confusing.

VIDEO CAMERA:-A video camera is a camera that takes continuous pictures & generates a
signal for display on a monitor or for permanent recording signals generated by video camera are
traditionally analog but new a days digital video camera are available.
A video camera captures image breaking down the image in to a
series of lines. Each line is scanned one at a time and the continuously varying intensities of red,
green and blue light across the lines ate filtered out and converted into a continuously variable
(analog) signal.

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VOICE INPUT AND RECOGNITION SYSTEM:-It is an input device consisting
microphone or telephone that convert human speech into electrical signal. A signal pattern obtain
in this manner is sent to the computer where it is matched agnist a pre-stored pattern to identify
the input when a case match is found, a word is recognized
By the system.
The set of pre-stored pattern is known as vocabulary of the system
those system are used where person mats to input do to a computerized system specially in
situation where his hands busy or a measuring interment or on some object.
They can also be used as security system for identifying authorized
user of the system. Also used by the individual telephone input is required.
In facts, voice reorganization system can be used when the input is
small and very specific precise.

OUTPUT DEVICES: -
Monitor: - It is a primary output device that display the input as well as output in visual
form i.e. softcopy.
It looks & works like a portable T.V. in our home. It is a different name such as
console, VDU (Visual Display Unit), CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), Screen, LCD(Liquid
Crystal Display) etc.
Types of Monitor: -
1. B & W (Monochrome) Monitor
2. Colored Monitor
NOTE: - .Pixel: - It is a smallest unit of a screen or video.

Printer: - It is an output device that produces the output on the paper i.e. hard copy and
it can be used as evidence. It can be two types: -
1. Impact Printer
2. Non-Impact Printer

IMPACT NON-IMPACT PRINTER

1. It can be used electro magnetic for 1.It do not used any electromagnetic mechanism
Printing it uses number; ribbon for it uses thermal comical electro static laser
Paper to print bhemes for paper to print.
2. It print character is character that’s 2.It print whole paper at once so faster.
Why take too much time. 3. It does not cause any noise.
3. It print too much noise while printing 4.It is faster them impact printer.
4. It is slower then non impact printer. 5. It is costly.
5. It is cheaper. 6. It produces good quality out put.
6. It produces not good quality output. 7. E.g.
7. E.g. 1. Ink-jet printer
1. DMA 2. Laser printer
2. Chain Printer 3. Thermal printer
3. Line Printer
4. Drum Printer
5. Daisy Wheel Printer
6. Serial Printer
Printers (laser, ink jet and dot matrix)
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As we have seen, information on a screen disappears when the computer is switched
off. Printers provide this hard copy (printed out on paper) output to keep the results for
future use. There are generally three main types of printer in use today: laser, ink and
dot matrix.
Laser printers
Laser printer produce high quality printed documents. They work at fast speeds (on
average about 10 pages per minute). Laser printers can produce both black and colour
print but colour printers are still more expensive than black ones. Laser printers use
powder to produce the printed document. This powder is called toner, and is bought in
cartridges which are changes when they are empty. Toner cartridges are often
expensive but they last a long time. This makes a page printed by a laser printer much
cheaper than page printed by an ink printer.
Ink jet printers
Ink jet printers are very popular because they are cheap to buy. They also offer colour
printing They are fairly quiet when printing. But they are slower than most laser printers.
The better ones produce about 4 pages a minute. These printers use liquid ink
contained in small cartridges. The ink cartridges are much cheaper than laser toner
cartridges. The cartridges, however, do not last as long. Ink jet printers are used by
people are used by people who do not print a lot. They are used to print out
photographs at home.
Dot matrix printer
Dot matrix printers print by striking tiny pins against an ink ribbon. One character of text
is printed at a time. This makes them much slower than ink jet printers. They are very
noisy because you can hear the pins hitting the paper. The quality from a dot matrix
printer is not very good. To produce text as good as ink jet printer you have to print a
line twice. Dot matrix printers are ideal when carbon copies are needed. You will find
them in use in factories, Offices and garages for printing invoices and delivery notes
where quality is not important. Dot matrix printers have lower running costs.

PLOTTER:-Plotter is a graphical output device. Plotter produce good quality graph & drawing
under the control of the computer potter can be classified as follow.
1. Drum plotter
2. Micro grip plotter (pen plotter)
3. Inkjet plotter.

MICRO FILM:-In this technique, the output from the computer is recorded on a micro the
form of a small film images. The information recorded in the micro film viewing system.
In high speed camera takes the photograph of the information displayed in
the CRT. This monitor process is very fast 10 to 20 times faster then high speed printer.

MULTIMEDIA PROJECTOR:-Multidia projector is an output device connected to a P.C.

(personal computer) and use to project information from a computer on to a large screen. It is
void Ely used for giving presentation

VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM:-A voice response system enables a computer to talk with
the user. In a voice response system all the sound needed to process the enquiries are pre-
recorded ordered on a storage medium.

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Each sound is giving a code when enquiries are received the
computer follows a set us rolls and regulation to create a reply massage in a coded form.

SPEECH SYATHESIZES:-It is also output device that converts textual data in to spoken
sentence to produce speech basic sound units called phonemes. It is vidly used in treating blind
and dump people.

MEMORY UNIT: -
Q.1 what is Memory?
Ans. Memory is a storage unit inside the computer (CPU) which is used to store data or
information for future retrieval.
Types of Memory: -
1. Primary Memory (Main Memory)
2. Secondary Memory (Auxiliary Memory)

PRIMARY MEMORY: - The memory comes into the actions from the movements we
switch on the computer and it keeps alive until the power supply is on or does not
fluctuate if the power goes off or fluctuate. The contents of primary memory get
vanished or destroyed.
E.g.
(1) RAM (Random Access Memory)
(2) ROM (Read Only Memory)

Ram Rom
1. RAM is a temporarily memory. 1. ROM is a permanent memory.
2. It is called as volatile type of 2. It is known as nonvolatile type of
memory. memory.
3. It keeps alive until we keep our 3. Power makes no effect in its
system on and its contents get contents.
vanished.
4. We can read as well as write into it. 4. We can read if only but we can’t
write into it.
5. It does not mean so. 5. It is known as one time memory.
6. E.g. working in a file as the work in 6. E.g. booting process, CD ROM
progress. etc.

STATIC RAM DYNAMIC RAM

1. Static RAM can be return 1. Dynamic RAM losses to
information as ling as power information in very short time (mille
supply is on. sec.) even though the power supply is
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on.
2. It does not require refreshing 2. Dynamic RAM need to refresh
periodically. periodically generally after every two
mille second.
3. Static RAM is costlier. 3. Dynamic RAM is cheaper.
4. Static RAM consumes more 4. Dynamic RAM consumes less
power. power.
5. Static RAM faster. 5. Dynamic RAM are slower than
static RAM.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

PROM’S (Programmable ROM)
EPROM (Erasable PROM)
EEPROM (Electrically EPROM)

PROM’S (Programmable ROM): - Once programmed the recorded data / information

return by user cannot be changed. E.g. CD-ROM
It can be categorized follows: -
1. EPROM
2. EEPROM

1. EPROM: - An EPROM is an erasable PROM the stored data / information in EPROM

can be erased by exposing them to high intensity short wave ultraviolet light for about
twenty minutes. EPROM is cheap, reliable and hence they are widely used. EPROM is
used to stored programs which are permanent but need updating. When updating or
changes in programs at the development stage are required. EPROM is more
economical than PROM because they can be reused.
2. EEPROM (Electrically EPROM): - It can be programmed using special electrical
impulses the advantage of EEPROM chips is that they need not be removed from the
computer to be changed.

Cache Memory: - The cache memory (pronounced as cash memory) is being placed in
between the CPU and main memory (RAM). It is much faster than ram. It is accessed
time is much lesser than that of main memory the accessed time of cache memory is
about 15-25 NS where as that of ram is about 80 NS.
1NS = 109 Second
The cache memory is not accessible to user. It stored instructions and data, which
are to be executed immediately. It much more costly than main memory. Cache
memory increased the operating speed of the system.

SECONDARY MEMORY (AUXILIARY MEMORY): - as its names apply it can be used

at later stage when user wants to save his works or file for future use. It store large
amount of data for long period of time. We can read as well as write into it.
SECONDARY STORAGE UNITES AND DEVICES:-
1. Floppy Disk: -a :\> & b :\>
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2. Hard Disk: - c :\>
3. Magnetic Tape
4. Optical Disk

1. FLOPPY DISK: - It is also called a disk or diskettes. Floppy disk is a remove able or
transferable disk used for storing data. It is called a floppy disk because the round film
inside the disk plastics shell is flexible (floppy). You should always keep back up of
information in the floppy disk this will prevent loss of information incase the hard disk
fails or attacked by virus. Floppy disk is commonly used to transfer data from one pc to
another.

Types of Floppy Disk: -

(1) [a:>] 3.5 or 1.44 MB or 2.88 MB or 720 KB
(2) [b:>] 5 ¼ or 1.2 MB or 360,or 720 KB

MEMORY UNIT: -
1 BIT = 0 or 1
4 BIT = 1 NIBBLE
8 BIT = 1 BYTE
1024 BYTE = 1 KILOBYTE (KB)
1024 KB = 1 MEGABYTE (MB)
1024 MB = 1 GIGABYTE (GB)
1024 GB = 1 TERABYTE (TB)

1. Protecting a floppy disk: - A floppy disk has a write protection notch which can be
used t prevent accidental erasure of data. The floppy disk should keep away from direct
heat, dust, moistures, water and strong magnetic fields.

2. OPTICAL DISK: - It is an optical read only memory. It is made up polycarbonate. it is

coated with a material which will change its reflecting properly when a high intensity
user be an is focused on it the coated material is highly reflective usually a aluminum
the high intensity user beams forms a ting “pit” along a trace to represent “1” and the
surface without a pit known as “land” represent “0” the reflected laser beams is sensed
by a photodiode to read data the intensity of the reflected light of laser beams changes
as it encounters 0 pit. This change in reflected light in sensed and converted into
electronically signals for reading purpose of data.

Optical disk is two types: -

(1) CD-ROM (Compact Disk ROM)
(2) WORM (Write Once and Read Many)

1. CD-ROM: - It is very good for distributing large amount of information or data to a

large numbers of users.
The three main advantage of CD-ROM are:-
 Large data information storage capacity.
 Moss reapplication in expensive and fast.
 These are removable disks thus they are suitable for archive storage.
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The disadvantages of CD – ROM are as follows: -

 It is read only and there fare cannot be updated.
 Access time is longer than that of a magnetic disk.

2. Worm Disk: - It allows users to create their own CD’S. By using a CD’s that are
purchased blank and written into it by using CD-WRITER. The information recorded on
worm disk can be read by any ordinary CD-Drive but data can be written only once, new
a days worm disk are the preferred choice for backup.

3. MAGNETIC DISK (HARD DISK): - Magnetic disk is a mass storage device the data
stored on the hard disk can be retrieved at a very fast speed because hard disk is direct
address devices unlike floppies, CD’S, zip disks etc. You cannot easing attached or
remove hard disk from your computer.

Structure of a Hard Disk Drive: -

Explanation: - A hard disk drive is made up f a group of disks or disk plotters piled on
top of one another in on air fight dustproof case there becomes 7 or more such disks
are mounted on a central shaft which rotates at speeds of 2400 or more revolutions per
minutes (rpm). Each plotter has an upper and lower surface. each surface has a
corresponding read / write the arms between two plotter carried two read / write heads
therefore a 6 plotter disk is referred to as a twelve [12] head disk. Each disk consists of
number of invisible concentric circles called tracks. Tracks are numbered from outside
starting with “0”.
A disk pack having 10 disks plates will have 18 recording surfaces and hence. it
will have 18 track per cylinder each tracks is further subdivided into sector vary in size
but the amount of data storage in each sector becomes some.
Latency Time: - The time taken to reach the particular tracks of a disk is known as
latency time
Seek Time: - The time takes to search or read a record on the track or sector is called
seek time.
Access Time: - The total time taken that is the sum of latency time and seeks time is
called the access time of a disk pack.

Storage Capacity: - The more disks surfaces a particular disk pack has the greater will
be its storage capacity it also depends on the tracks per inch of surface and the bits per
inch of the bytes. The total no of bytes that can be stored on a disk pack can be
calculated as follows: -
 No. of Cylinders * Tracks Per Cylinders * Sectors Per Track * Bytes Per Sector
 Bytes per sector * Sectors Per Cylinder * Number Of Cylinders * number of
heads

Q.1 A hard disk drive has 14 heads 723 cylinders and 51 sectors each sector can store
0.5 KB has a storage capacity of 25 & MB find out the storage capacity of disk?
Ans.
Storage capacity: -
Bytes per Sector * Sector per Cylinder * number of cylinders * number of head
= 14 * 723 * 50 * 0.5
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= 258,111.00 KB = 258 MB.

Accessing data: - Data is recorded on the tracks of a spinning disk surface and read
from the surface by one or more read / write heads. As a hard disk is more stable being
rigid and contained in a dust free environment it store more information which can be
accessed at the fastest speed than those of floppy disk it is access time is less than 20
ms (Mille Second).

4. MAGNETIC TAPE: - It is one of the most popular storage medium for large volumes
of data. it is a sequential access device that the data can only be accesses sequentially
rather than randomly. The taps is a plastic ribbon usually y2 inch wide that is coated on
one side of iron oxide material the information is stored in reels of 50 to 2400 feet. it is
similar to the tape used on a tape recorder but of higher quality and it is reused again
and again.

Multimedia: - Multimedia is the information stored, retrieved and manipulated that

includes plain text, pictures (graphics), sound (audio) and movies (video) as well as
animation.

Multimedia applications: - Multimedia application provides a wide range of application

that is interactive education, entertainment and marketing.

Multimedia in education: - Topics or lessons to be taught by a teacher can be

prepared or recorded in CD – ROM. So the students can learn though these CDs at
their own place. It can also be used to provide on line job assistance, personnel training,
equipment set up and operation and presentations.

Multimedia in entertainment: - Multimedia has a impact in entertainment films, video,

songs are stored in CD – ROMs. These are produced in massive scale & sold at small
price.

Multimedia in marketing: - Multimedia can be used for marketing fields as follows: -

(a) Reservations
(b) Product / sales promotions
(c) Advertising
(d) Interactive
(e) Information directory
e.g. yellow pages.

Terminals: - Terminals are online remote data entry devices consisting of primarily a
monitor and a keyboard these terminals are designed to communicate with the CPU of
a large sized computer such as Mini computer or a mainframe. They can be
categorized their own depending capabilities: -
(1) Dump terminals
(2) Smart terminals
(3) Intelligent terminals

Block diagram of a computer: -

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CU (Control unit): - As its names implies it control or coordinate between different

components (parts) and activities of a computer system. It does not perform any task on
its own.

ALU: - ALU stands for arithmetic logic unit. it is responsible for performing all kinds of
tasks or we can say the processing is actually been taken out the ALU. All the ALU’s
are designed to perform the four basic operations; addition, subtraction multiplication
and division including logical operations such as >, <, >=, <=, =, # etc.

CPU: - CPU stands for central processing unit. It is also known as heart or brain of
the computer. ALU & CU are jointly known as CPU.
CPU=ALU+CU+MU

Types of wares: -
Hardware: - Hardware is the physical components (parts) of a computer, which can be
seen, touched, broken and repaired etc.
E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, CD – Drive, Monitor etc.

Live ware: - Live ware/ human ware / blood ware is the user for who operate the
computer.

Firmware: - Firmware is the ROM instruction, which could be read only, and
advertisements of a company are known as firmware.

Software: - Software is a set of instructions or programs, which help the user to carry
out any operation on the computer.
OR
We can say software works likes a bridge between the user and computer.

Types of software: -
1. System Software(OS)
2. Application Software

System Software (Operating System): - It is master control a program that becomes

responsible for smooth running and proper functioning of all the parts (components) of a
computer. It becomes first program to execute in computer memory.
E.g. MS-DOS,
MS-WINDOWS- 95 ONWARDS,
MS WIN-XP,
MS WIN- NT,
UNIX,
LINUX,
Vista
Windows-7 etc.

Application software: - It becomes responsible for fulfilling the applications

(requirements) of the user.
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E.g. MS-OFFICE (MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS-PowerPoint etc), Tally, Coral Draw etc.

Program: - Program is a set of instructions or commands that are arranged in a

proper sequentially to accomplish to particular jobs or tasks as per user requirements.

Use of computer: -
(a) Education
(b) Administration
(c) Desktop publishing
(d) Communication
(e) CAD / CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture): - Computer is used to production
of engineering items chemical processes etc. Designers are use computer aided
design (CAD) software packages to design machines and machine parts which
are manufactured in large number. Computer are also used to manufacturing
methods as well as machines namely lathes drilling or milling machines
integrated approach of computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided
manufacture (cam) is applied in automated factories. The designers design new
machines using cap packages.
(f) Astrology
(g) Music
(h) Electronic mail
(i) Trade and business
(j) Health
(k) Entertainment
(l) Astronomy

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COMPUTER

SIZE WORKING USE

1. Micro 1. Digital 1. Simple
2. Mini 2. Analog 2. Special
3. Mainframe 3. Hybrid
4. Super

Classification of computer: - Computer can be classified on the base of their size,

cost, and on their working capacity.
1. Home computer: - It is P.C. (Personal Computer), which is mainly, used for
education and games or for entertainment purpose the least expansive computer.

2. P.C. (micro computer): - It is a computer that is designed for user PC Are basically
used for application such as word processing spreadsheets data base management and
for various graphical programs. They are also used for handling traditional business
application such as accounting software a pc can be attached with the internal
telephone line.

3. Mini computer: - Mini computer is a small to medium scale computer means it’s a
rang between a micro computer and mainframe computer. mini computer are
extensively used for pay roll preparation. Accounting and for scientific computation mini
computer are also used in university industries and in research center there are high
performance system with graphics input output capability. Mini computer mostly PIII as
a CPU and RAM between 84 – 256 MB and hard disk capacity between 0 – 40 GB.

4. Mainframe computer: - There are very powerful large-scale general-purpose

computer. There word length may be 48,64-bit, RAM between 256 – 512 MB, hard disk
capacity from 1 to 100 and processing speed between 100 to 200 MIPS (millions of per
seconds). Mainframe computer are used were large amount of data is to be processed
or very complex calculation are to be made. There are used in research organization big
industries business and government organization the Banks railway airways
reservations were large amount or data is required.
E.g. IBM – 4300 series HD – 9000 etc

5. Supper computer: - The processing speed of super computer likes in the range of
400 – 1000 MIPS its word length between 64 – 100 bits RAM between 1024 MB or
more and hard disk capacity is from 100 GB. A super computer is specially designed to
minimize the no. of floating point’s instructions. A super computer contain no of C.P.U
which operate into make it faster. sc are used for weather forecasting, research and in
development or rockets automatic nuclear and plasma physics. There are used for
massive data processing and soling very sophisticated problems.
E.g. “PARAM” developed by CDAC in PUNE (India)
CDAC (Center for Development for Advance Computer)

Computer Can Be Classified As Follows: -

1. Digital Computer
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2. Analog Computer
3. Hybrid Computer

1. Digital computer: - The computers, which are used to perform arithmetical and
logical computation, are known as digital computer. Digital computer is those, which
process the information, which is in binary form (0, 1) [binary digit].
E.g.
(a) Microcomputer – small in sized
(b) Minicomputer – medium sized
(c) Mainframe computer – large sized
(d) Super computer – very large as per their size and capacity

2. Analog computer: - The computers, which are used to handle or process the
information physical nature, are known as analog computer.
e.g. Temperature, pressure, speed etc

3. Hybrid computer: - The computer that has combined feature of both analog and
digital computer are known as hybrid computer.
E.g.
E.C.G. (electronic cardio graph) machine used in hospital.
Hybrid=Digital + Analog

TRANSLATOR
1. Assembler
2. Interpreter
3. Compiler
4. Threader

Translator: - Translator is software that converts HLL (High Level Language) into
machine language or we can say translator is software, which convert program codes
(source code)/ user program into object code (machine code)/LLL (Low Level
Language)/(0,1) binary Digit.

1. Assembler: - Assembler was the first translator use to translator assembly language
into machine codes.
2. Interpreter: - interpreter is software that covert the source codes (user program)
into object code (machine language). It is used in FoxPro (DBMS).
3. Compiler: - Compiler is software that covert the source codes (user program) into
object code (machine language). It is used in C, C++ Languages.
4. Threader: - Threaded is a translator, which has combined features of both interpreter
compiler. Its use in JAVA programming language.

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Difference between Interpreter and Compiler: -

Interpreter Compiler

1. Interpreter scans each line of source 1. Compiler scans full program at once before
codes and executed that. execution.
2. Interpreter is two-step process. 2. Compiler is three-step process.
3. Interpreter does not make any object 3. Compiler makes an .exe file called object
or .exe file. file if the program is error free.
4. Interpreter execute step by step all 4. Compiler execute only if all bug of whole
we can say line by line until any bug program are makes correct.
appear.
5. Step by step program development is 5. It is totally impossible.
possible in case of interpreter.
6. An error can be skipping from the 6. No error can skip from the case of
case of the interpreter. compiler.
7. An interpreter base program all 7. After linking process of object file exe file is
requires the help of interpreter because automatically that why it can run on its self.
of lack of any permanent file formation.
8. Interpreter is a slow process. 8. Compiler is a faster process.
9. Interpreter base program occupied 9. Compiler base program a occupied more
less space the secondary memory. space in secondary memory because three
version of file are to be save that is source
file object file exe file.
10. Interpreter base program a occupied 10. Compiler base program a occupied less
more space in RAM because source space in RAM because only exe file has to
codes as well as the object codes has be in RAM.
to be in RAM.
11. An Interpreter source code is not 11. Compiler source codes are safe.
safe.
12. Errors are encountered as and 12. All error in the whole program is
when occur. encountered at the sometime.
13. Debugging is easier in case of 13. Debugging is not easier in case of
interpreter. compiler.

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Generation of Computer: -

First Generation (1945 – 54): -

1. Vacuum tube were used
2. Physically too much bigger like a room.
3. A dark room was required.
4. Air condition was necessary
5. Less storage capacity
6. Slow processing speed
7. Machine language (0,1/ binary digit/ low level language ) was in use.

Example: - IBM 700 series (International Business Machine), EDVAC (Electronic Digital
Value Automatic Calculator), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator), ENIVAC
(Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator)

Second Generation (1955 – 64): -

1. Transistors were used instead or vacuum tube.
2. Assembly language was in use.
3. Increased speed.
4. Increased storage capacity.
5. HLL (high level language) was introduced.
6. Reduction in size.

Example: - CDC –1604 (control data corporation), PDP 1 (program data processor),
PDP – 5, PDP – 8

Third Generation (1965 – 74): -

1. IC’s (Integrated Circuit) were used
2. HLL was in use.
3. Minimize in size
4. Increased speed.
5. Increased storage capacity.
6. Improved reliability & accuracy.
7. Cache memory was introduced.
8. The concept of virtual memory was also introduced.

Example: - CDC – 1600, PDP – II, System – 30

Fourth Generation (1975 – 84): -

1. VLSIC (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) was used.
2. C.P.U was introduced consisting of multiple microprocessors.
3. Cache memory is being provided in CPU.
4. External cache memory was also introduced.
5. Very certificated chips are being manufactured which contains clock generator.
Interrupt controller, DMA (dynamic memory allocation) controller, BUS controller,
memory refresh controller, numeric processor and control logic etc.
Example: - PC (1975)
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Fifth Generation (1985 - ONWORDS): -

1. VCSIC’s are in used.
2. Artificial Intelligence in computer.
3. Super computer.
4. Use of USLIC’s (ultra scale large IC’S).
5. Such computer with use intelligent programming knowledge base problem
solving techniques higher performance and improved human interface with the
machine.
6. Computer will understand natural language like English, Japanese etc.
7. Programmer will not have to learn programming language.
8. Because of Intelligent programming the user will tell the computer what to
do & not to bother about how to do?

Generation Of Computer Language: - The generation language in to categories the

general imprudent in the various computer languages that have evolved our the last
fifteen years each generation indicate significant progress is making computer easier to
use.
Generation of language can be classified as follows: -
1. 1st generation: - (1946 - 1954)
Machine / low level language/ binary language
50 +50 10101110 +10101110
2. 2nd generation (1955 -1964): -
Assembly language (mnemonic codes)
50 + 50 10101110 add 10101110
3. 3rd generation (1965 -1975): -
Assembly language + introduction HLL
4. 4th Generation (1976 - 1986): -
HLL + logical programming
5. 5th generation (1986 - On words): -
A.I. (Artificial Intelligence)

Computer Languages Can Be Classified: -

1. Machine language
2. Assembly language
3. High level language

Common High-Level Language and Their Application: - HLL are the simplest and
the most widely used language for application development the program of this category
and more concerned with solution rather than the details of the computer hardware
behavior. The following these are HLL such as e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, C++ and
BASIC etc.

(1) C LANGUAGE: - ‘C’ is a general purpose structured programming language this

language was designed by a group at be telephone laboratories USA in the early
1970’s. ‘C’ is the characterized by the ability to write very conscious source programs it
is used by system program to develop complex programs such as an operating system
and application programs it is made by “Dennis richi”.
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(2) COBOL: - COBOL stands for COmmon Business Oriented Language and is one of
the popular languages used for business applications such as handling of ledgers
accounts pay roll files etc. it was introduced by the U.S industry government committee
in 1960. It supports simple and limited numeric operations but it can handle complex
nonnumeric operations.

(3) FORTRAN: - It stands for FORmula TRANsaction. IBM introduced it in 1957. It is a

very useful language for scientific and engineering compotators as it contains many
functions for performing complex mathematical operations it is an compact
programming language. In 1977 the ANSI (American national standards institute)
published a standard for FORTRAN called FORTRAN 77.

(4) C++: - C++ is an extension of ‘C’ language. It is an OOP’S (object oriented

programming) language it provides many advantage in c language, which enables us to
read/write programs easily.

(5) JAVA: - Java is also an object-oriented language. It is used in networking (internet

programming).

(6) Prolog: - It stands for PROgramming in LOGic as the name suggests prolog lays
stress on the way of logical operations.

(7) Lips: - It stands for McCarthy developed LIst Processing this language in the early
1960’s. It is used to suitable for non-numeric operations involving logical operations
designing computer games proving theorems etc.

(8) Visual basic: - It has been evolved from BASIC (Business All Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code). It allows create distributed application VIA – Internet, it has the tools
unit for programming.

Free Domain Software: - Free domain software is a program that is offered at no cost.
However they are copyright of they owner, which means you, cannot use these
programs for selling or for your own software development purpose.
E.g. Linux

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OPERATING SYSTEM: - It is a master controls programs, which becomes responsible
for smooth running and proper functioning of all the parts (components) of a computer.
It is become first programs to execute in computer memory.
E.g. MS-DOS, MS - Windows 95 - Onwards, UNIX, LINUX etc.

Functions of an Operating System: -

 Processor Management: - If a computer has more than one processor than o.s.
assigns different tasks to different processor.
 Memory Management: - It allocates the main memory & secondary memory to
the systems programs user programs & data.
 Input / Output Management: - O.S. manages & co-ordinates between different
input & output devices.
 File Management: - O.S. also manages the files and folders in memory. It allows
files to be copied moved from one place to another & also provide text editors to
manipulation these files.
 Scheduling: - O.S. determines & maintains priority and order in which jobs are to
be executed.
 Time-Sharing: - O.S. Co-ordinates & assigns compilers, assembler’s, utility
programs and other software packages (computer resources) to various users on
a network by time-sharing and time slicing.
 Security Management: - It establishes data security & integrity. It protects or
guards the data from in unauthorized access or distribution.
 Error Landing: - O.S. also produces traces error messages & debugging & error
detecting codes.
 Interface: - O.S. provides easy & user-friendly communication between user &
computer.

Classified of O.S.: -

1. Single User Operating System: - An O.S. which allows only single (one) user to
work on a computer is known as single user O.S.
E.g. Ms – dos etc.
2. Multi User Operating System: - A multi User O.S allows a number of user to work
together on a single computer each user will be provided a terminal (work stations
/Nodes) to the single (main computer / server) computer.
E.g. Linux, UNIX, Windows 95 - ONWORDS etc.
3. Single Tasking Operating System: - An operating system which can execute only
one task at a time is known as single tasking operating system.
E.g. Ms – dos etc.
4. Multi Tasking Operating System: - An operating system, which can execute more
than one task at a time is known as multi tasking operating system.
E.g. Windows 95 – ONWARDS, UNIX, Linux etc.

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ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
A – Z 65 to 90
a – z 97 to 122
0 – 9 48 to 57
Enter 13
Esc 27
Space 32
Ctrl + z 26
Ctrl + c 3

Number System: -

(1) DECIMAL NUMBER BASE

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 10

(2) Binary Number

0, 1 2
(3) Octal Number
0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 8
(4) Hexadecimal Number
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, a, b, c, d, e, f 16

Binary Representation: - Conversion from decimal to binary number and vise – versa
1. Decimal to binary: -
(a) (1975) 10 = (11110110111) 2
2 1975 Remainder
2 987 1
2 493 1
2 246 1
2 123 0
2 61 1
2 30 1
2 15 0
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 0 1
Read in reverse order

(b) (65) 10 = (1000001) 2

2 65 -
2 32 1
2 16 0
2 8 0
2 4 0
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2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1
(2) Binary to decimal
1000001
64+0+0+0+0+0+1
(65) 10

Octal representation: - Conversion from decimal to octal number and vise – versa
(1) (90) 10 = (132) 8
8 90 -
8 11 2
8 1 3
0 1

Octal Binary
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111

Hexadecimal representation: - Conversion from decimal to hexadecimal and vice-

versa.
(a) (115) 10 = (73) 16
16 115
7 3
0 7

3*160 = 3
7*161 = 112
115

BCD stands for (binary coded decimal) number system while converting into binary
number every decimal digit is displaced a equivalent binary number the most common
method is to represent each digit by binary equivalent using for 4 bits
Decimal number Equivalent binary number
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0110
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8 1000
9 1001

ASCII code: - It is pronunciation as ‘askee’. It is most common alphanumeric code used

to represent character like A, B, C etc.
ASCII: - It stands for American standard code for information interchange this code
allows manufactures to standard eyes. Computer hardware such as keyboard, printer,
and VDU. ASCII code user either seven or eight bits for data representation it is used in
P.C.
EBCDIC: - It is stands for extended binary coded decimal interchange code it is used in
mainframe computer.

9950577897(M) JSS College of Education (K. R. Gaur)