Fluid Mechanics GATE 1991-2013 Topic Wise Solution PDF

Mechanical Engineering
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
TOPICWISE GATE SOLUTION

1991-2013
DRONACHARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS

F-108, Katwaria Sarai, Near Mother Dairy Booth, New Delhi-16
Ph. +91-011-64551144, 9810758209
www.drona.org
Fluid Mechanics
Syllabus of GATE Examination
Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis of mass,
momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoulli’s
equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer; elementary turbulent flow; flow through
pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc. Pelton-wheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines - impulse and reaction
principles, velocity diagrams.
NOMENCLATURE OF CHAPTERS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
Fluid Mechanics 69 - 156
1. ............... Properties of Fluids ................................................................................ 71- 75
2. ............... Pressure and its Measurement ................................................................. 76 - 80
3. ............... Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces .............................................................. 81 - 84
4. ............... Buoyancy and Flotation .......................................................................... 85 - 86
5. ............... Fluid Kinematics .................................................................................... 87 - 97
6. ............... Fluid Dynamics ...................................................................................... 98 - 111
7. ............... Dimensional and Model Analysis ............................................................. 112 - 115
8. ............... Boundary Layer Theory ......................................................................... 116 - 124
9. ............... Laminar and Turbulent Flow ................................................................... 125 - 131
10. ............. Flow Through Pipes ............................................................................... 132 - 139
11. .............. Hydraulic Turbines ................................................................................. 140 - 147
12. ............. Centrifugal Pump ................................................................................... 148 - 153
13. ............. Compressible Flow ................................................................................ 154 - 155
Statistical Analysis
S.No. Chapter Name 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
1 Properties of Fluids 1 1 2
Pressure and its

2 2 2
Measurement
Hydrostatic Forces on
3 2 2 2
Surfaces
Buoyancy and
4 1 1
Flotation
5 Fluid Kinematics 2 1 1 3 5 2 1
6 Fluid Dynamics 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Dimensional and
7 1 3
Model Analysis
Boundary Layer
8 2 4 5 2
Theory
Laminar and Turbulent

59 2 1 2 1 1
Flow
10 Flow Through Pipes 4 4 1 2 1
11 Hydraulic Turbines 4 3 4 2 1 1
12 Centrifugal Pump 2 2 2
13. Compressible Flow
Total 13 18 7 17 16 11 8 8 3 5 6
Conclusion
1. Fluid Mechanics has approximate 6 to 8% weightage in GATE.
2. From analysis it is clear that one should focus on Kinematics and Dynamics of Flow, Boundry Layer
Theory, Francis Turbine, Flow through Pipes, Laminar Flow, and Centrifugal Pump.
1
Properties of Fluids
Year 2008 Year 2001

1. A journal bearing has shaft diameter of 40 mm 4. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity (v) is
and a length of 40 mm. The shaft is rotating at 20 (a) m2 /sec (b) kg/(m-sec)
rad/s and the viscosity of the lubricant is 20 mPa- (c) m/sec2 (d) m3 /sec 2
s. The clearance is 0.020 mm. The loss of torque
due to the viscosity of the lubricant is 5. A static fluid can have
approximately (a) non-zero normal and shear stress
(a) 0.040 Nm (b) 0.252 Nm (b) negative normal stress and zero shear stress
(c) 0.400 Nm (d) 0.652 Nm (c) positive normal stress and zero shear stress
(d) zero normal stress and non-zero shear stress
Year 2006
Year 1999
2. For a Newtonian fluid
(a) Shear stress is proportional to shear strain 6. Kinematic viscosity of air at 20oC is given to be
(b) Rate of shear stress is proportional to shear 1.6×10–5 m2/s. It kinematic viscosity at 70oC will
strain be vary approximately
(c) Shear stress is proportional to rate of shear (a) 2.2×10–5 m2/s (b) 1.6×10–5 m2/s
strain (c) 1.2×10–5 m2/s (d) 10–5 m2/s
(d) Rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of
shear strain Year 1996
7. The dimension of surface tension is
Year 2004
(a) ML–1 (b) L2 T–1
–1 1
(c) ML T (d) None of these
3. An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity, 7.4
x 10–7 m2/s, specific gravity, 0.88) is held between
two parallel plates. If the top plate is moved with
Year 1995
a velocity of 0.5 m/s while the bottom one is held
stationary, the fluid attains a linear velocity profile 8. A fluid is said to be Newtonian when the shear
in the gap of 0.5 mm between these plates; the stress is
(a) directly proportional to the velocity gradient
shear stress in Pascals on the surface of top
(b) inversely proportional to the velocity gradient
plate is:
(c) independent of the velocity gradient
(a) 0.651 x 10–3 (b) 0.651
(d) none of the above
(c) 6.51 (d) 0.651x103

73
Chapter-1
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (c) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (a) 7. Ans. (d) 8. Ans. (a)
Space for Rough work

74
Chapter-1
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (a)
Given: Shaft diameter, d = 40 mm
Shaft length, L = 40 mm
Speed,  = 20 rad/s
Viscosity,  = 20 mPa-s
Clearance, y = 0.020 mm
0.02 mm µ = 20 mPas
40 mm
40 mm
Shear stress given by Newton’s law of viscosity

du
 = 
dy
Here, u = × r = 20 × 0.02 = 0.4 m/s
0.4
  = 20  103  = 400 N/m2
0.02  103
Shear force, F = × A = 400 × d L
= 400 ×  × 0.04 × 0.04 = 2.0106 N
 Torque loss, T = F × r = 2.0106 × 0.02 = 0.0402 Nm
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-22, Example-
1.10.
Q.2 Ans. (c)
Exp. Consider a fluid element in a real flow. In a real flow there exist a velocity gradient in the perpendicular
direction of the flow. The change in velocity in two conscutive layer of fluid flow is shown in the figure.
u + du du.dt
d
dy
du  dt
Shear strain, tan d =
dy
If d is small, then tan d ~ d .
du  dt
Therefore, d =
dy
d du
 =
dt dt
75
From Newton’s law of viscosity

du d
 =  dy = 
dt
Hence, for a Newtonian Fluid, the shear stress is directly proportional to rate of shear strain.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 6, 1.3.3.
or
du
For a Newtonian fluid, Shear stress, 
dy
du du
 , where = velocity gradient
dy dy
dy u + du
u
y
x
 dx 
 
   dt 
dy
 dx 
 dy 
dx
    , where is shear strain of fluid
dt dy
 dx 
 dy 
Thus   is rate of shear strain
dt
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-11, 1.8.
Q.3 Ans. (b)
Given, Kinematic viscosity,  = 7.4×10–7 m2/sec
Specific gravity, S = 0.88
Density of fluid,  = 0.88 × 1000 kg/m3
Dynamic viscosity,  = × 
= 0.88 × 103 × 7.4 × 10–7 = 0.6512×10–3 Pa.s
V = 0.5 m/s
0.5 mm
Now, from Newton’s law of viscosity

.du 0.6512  10 3  0.5
 =   0.6512 N/m2
dy 0.5  10 3
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-11, Equation-1.8.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
The SI unit of kinematic viscosity () is m2/s whereas CGS unit is cm2/s which is also known as Stoke.
1 m2/s = 104 stoke
76
Q.5 Ans. (c)

Static fluid has normal stress only. Since fluid starts flowing under the action of shear stress irrespective of
its magnitude. In static fluid, there is no flow. Therefore, there is no shear stress.
Q.6 Ans. (a)
The viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in temperature due to decrease in intermoleculer force of
attraction while the viscosity of gas increases with increase in temperature due to increase in random motion
of the molecules.
Q.7 Ans. (d)
Surface tension () is defined as force per unit length. It is also equivalent to surface energy per unit surface
area. It is mainly due to force of cohesion.
MLT 2
Dimension of  = = MT–2
L
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-14, Equation-
1.11.
Q.8 Ans. (a)
A fluid is said to be Newtonian fluid when it obeys the Newton’s law of viscosity. For such fluids the viscosity
is independent from the rate of shear strain. For example water, air etc.
The other types of fluid is shown in the following figure:
Ideal solid
fluid
astic
Shear stress, 
pl
ham
Bing fluid
p la stic
Pseu
do fluid
w to nian
Ne
id
ant flu
at
Dil Ideal Fluid
 du 
Velocity gradient,  
 dy 

77
2
Pressure and its Measurement
Year 2005
Atmospheric pressure G2
1.01 bar
1. A U-tube manometer with a small quantity of
mercury is used to measure the static pressure G1
P
difference between two locations A and B in a
conical section through which an incompressible
fluid flows. At a particular flow rate, the mercury (a) 1.01 bar (b) 2.01 bar
(c) 5.00 bar (d) 7.01 bar
column appears as shown in the figure. The
density of mercury is 13 600 kg/m3 and g = 9.81
Year 2000
m/s2. Which of the following is correct?
3. In figure if the pressure of gas in bulb A is 50 cm
Hg vaccum and patm = 76 cm Hg, the height of
B column H is equal to
A
150 mm Patm A
H
Hg
(a) Flow direction is A to B and pA – pB = 20 kPa

(a) 26 cm (b) 50 cm
(b) Flow direction is B to A and pA – pB =1.4 kPa
(c) 76 cm (d) 126 cm
(c) Flow direction is A to B and pB – pA =20 kPa
(d) Flow direction is B to A and pB – pA =1.4 kPa
Year 1999
Year 2004 4. If ‘p’ is the gauge pressure within a spherical

droplet, the gauge pressure within a bubble of the
2. The pressure gauges G1 and G2 installed on the same fluid and of same size will be
system show pressures of PG1 = 5.00 bar and p p
(a) (b)
PG2 = 1.00 bar. The value of unknown pressure 4 2
P is (c) p (d) 2p
Year 1997
5. Refer to figure, the absolute pressure of gas A in
the bulb is
PA
C
10 cm
BA
5 cm
F
2 cm
D E
 = 13.6 g/ml
(a) 771.2 mm Hg (b) 752.65 mm Hg

(c) 767.35 mm Hg (d) 748.8 mm Hg
Year 1996
6. A mercury manometer is used to measure the
static pressure at a point in a water pipe as shown
in Fig. The level difference of mercury in the two
limbs is 10 mm. The gauge pressure at the
point A is
Water
A
H2O
10 mm
Hg
(a) 1236 Pa (b) 1333 Pa

(c) zero (d) 98 Pa
Year 1994
7. Net force on a control volume due to uniform
normal pressure alone
(a) depends upon the shape of the control volume
(b) translation and rotation
(c) translation and deformation
(d) deformation only

79
Chapter-2
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (d) 5. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (b) 7. Ans. (a)

80
Chapter-2
Q.1 Ans. (a)
B
A
150 mm
Writing the pressure balance equation,

pA = pB + gh
150
pA– pB = 136000  9.81   20.012 kPa
1000
Q.2 Ans. (d)
Atmospheric pressure G2
1.01 bar
G1
P
Absolute pressure at 2
P abs2 = PG2 + Patm
= 1 + 1.01 = 2.01 bar
Absolute pressure at 1 Pabs1 = PG1 + Patm (Atmospheric pressure for G1 becomes 2.01 bar)
= 5 + 2.01 = 7.01 bar
Q.3 Ans. (b)
Patm A
H
Hg
Applying pressure balancing equation at free surface

–PA + PH = P atm
P atm = PA – PH
Taking P atm = 0
Therefore, P H = 50 cm
19.7.
Q.4 Ans. (d)
4
Pressure inside spherical droplet =
d
8
, where  is surface tension force and d is diameter..
Pressure inside soap bubble =
d
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-15,
Equation-1.11.
Q.5 Ans. (a)
PA
C
17 cm BA
5 cm
F
datum 2 cm
D E  = 13.6 g/ml
Gauge pressure at A,
PA + 1gh1 = 2gh2 + 1gh3 (Taking the unknown liquid as water)
17 2 5
PA + 1000  9.81 = 13600  9.81   1000  9.81 
100 100 100
PA = 2668.32 + 490.5 – 1667.2 = 1491.12 N/m2
P abs = Patm + PA
= 1.013×105 + 1491.12 = 102791.12 N/m2
 P abs = mghm
m  density of mercury 
 h  mercury column height 
 m 
102791.12
hm =  0.77055m = 771 mm
13600  9.81
Q.6 Ans. (b)
Water
A
H2O
10 mm
Hg
Neglecting the depth of water column, gauge pressure is given as
10
P gua ge = gh = 13600  9.81  = 1334.16 N/m2
1000
Q.7 Ans. (a)
Force
Exp. Pressure =
Area
 Net force = Pressure×Area.
Therefore, area defined by the shape of the control volume.
2.1.

82
Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces

3
Year 2013
1. A hinged gate of length 5 m, inclined at 30° with
the horizontal and with mass on its left, is shown
in the figure below. Density of water is 1000 kg/ (a) Fx = ghrw and Fy = 0
m3. The minimum mass of the gate in kg per unit (b) Fx = 2ghrw and Fy = 0
width (perpendicular to the plane of paper), (c) Fx = 2ghrw and Fy = gwr2/2
required to keep it closed is (d) Fx = 2ghrw and Fy = gwr2/2
Year 1992
5m
4. A 3.6 m square gate provided in an oil tank is
hinged at its top edge (Figure). The tank contains
gasoline (sp. gr. = 0.7) upto a height of 1.8 m
above the top edge of the plate. The space above
the oil is subjected to a negative pressure of 8250
N/m2. Determine the necessary vertical pull to
(a) 5000 (b) 6600 be applied at the lower edge to open the gate.
(c) 7546 (d) 9623
Gasoline surface
Year 2003 Negative pressure (8250 N/m2)
2. A water container is kept on a weighing balance. 1.8m Gasoline (S = 0.7)

Water from a tap is falling vertically into the Hinge
container with a volume flow rate of Q; the velocity P
Gate
of the water when it hits the water surface is U. 45º
At a particularly instant of time the total mass of
the container and water is m. The force registered
by the weighing balance at this instant of time is
(a) mg + QU (b) mg + 2 QU
2
(c) mg + QU /2 (d) QU2 /2
Year 2001
3. The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces Fx
and Fy on the semi-circular gate, having a width
w into the plane of figure, are

83
Chapter-3
Answers
1. Ans. (d) 2. Ans. (a) 3. Ans. (d) 4. Ans. (144.5 kN)

84
Chapter-3
Q.1 Ans. (d)
2.5
5m
x
m
h G
mg cos 30º B
1m
30º b=
F 30º
mg
Depth of centre of gravity from free surface of water,
x = 2.5 × sin 30o = 1.25 m
Hydrostatic force, F = gAx = 1000 × 9.81 × 5 × 1 × 1.25 = 61312.5 N
Depth of centre of pressure,
IG
h = x sin 2 
Ax
1
 1 53 2
12
= 1.25 +
 5  1  1.25
 sin 30o  = 1.67 m
For gate to be closed, moment of all forces about the hinge point must be zero. Therefore, taking moment of
all forces about hinge point.
mg cos 30o × 2.5 = F × h /sin 30o
Fh 61312.5  1.67
Therefore, m = = = 9641 kg
0
g  cos30  2.5  sin 30 0
9.81  cos300  1.25
Therefore, the nearest possible value is 9623 kg.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-132, Example-
3.22.
Q.2 Ans. a)
Mass of water strike = AV = Q
Force on weighing balance due to strike of water = Initial momentum – final momentum
= QU – Q.0 = QU
Since weight of water and container = mg
Total force on weighing balance = mg + QU
Q.3 Ans. (d)
Horizontal component of hydrostatic force, Fx = gAx where  = density of the liquid, A = surface area, x
= depth of centre of pressure from free surface of liquid
Hence, Fx = g A x where projected area, A = w × 2r
Therefore, Fx = 2 gwrh Projected area (ABCD),
r+r C
B
w
r r
A
2r D
Vertical component of hydrostatic force,
F y = Weight of water supported by the curved surface
F y = g × Volume of curved portion
  r2
=  g r 2  w where, = Area of semi-circle
2 2
 g w r 2
= where, w is the width of the gate.
2
Q.4 Ans. (144.5 kN)

Gasoline surface
Negative pressure (8250 N/m2)
1.8m Gasoline (S = 0.7)

Hinge
P
Gate
45º
p 8250
Head of oil equivalent to negative pressure 238 N/m2, h =   1.2 m
w 0.7  9810
This negative pressure will reduce the oil head above the top edge of the gate from 1.8 - 1.2 = 0.6 m of oil.
Calculations for the magnitude and location of the pressure force are thus to be made corresponding to 0.6 m
of oil.
3.6
Now, x = 0.6 + sin 45º = 1.873 m
2
Area, A = 3.6 × 3.6 = 12.96 m2
Pressure, P = wAx = 0.7 × 9810 × 12.96 × 1.873 = 166690 N
I G sin 2 
Centre of pressure, h = x
Ax
1
 3.6  (3.6)3  (sin 45º ) 2
12  1.873  2.16 m
=
12.96  1.873
 Vertical distance of centre of pressure below top edge of the gate = 2.16 – 0.6 = 1.56 m
Taking moments about the hinge.
1.56
F sin 45º × 3.6 = P ×
sin 45º
P  1.56 166690  1.56
Hence, vertical force, F = = 3.6  (sin 45º ) 2 = 144465 N = 144.5 kN
3.6  (sin 45º ) 2
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-101.

86
4
Buoyancy and Flotation
Year 2010
1. For the stability of a floating body, under the
influence of gravity alone, which of the following
is TRUE?
(a) Metacentre should be below centre of gravity.
(b) Metacentre should be above centre of gravity.
(c) Metacentre and centre of gravity must lie on
the same horizontal line.
(d) Metacentre and centre of gravity must lie on
the same vertical line.
Year 2003
2. A cylindrical body of cross-sectional area A,
height H and density s, is immersed to a depth h
in a liquid of density , and tied to the bottom with
a string. The tension in the string is
(a) ghA (b) (s – ) ghA

(c) ( – s) ghA (d) (h – sH) gA
Year 1994
3. Bodies in flotation to be in stable equilibrium, the
necessary and sufficient condition is that the
centre of gravity is located below the...........

Chapter-4
Q.1 Ans. (b)
Condition of stability in case of Floating bodies is given as:-
1. For stable equilibrium, MG > 0
2. For unstable equilibrium, MG < 0
3. For neutral equilibrium, MG = 0
Meta centre
M
G
Centre of
B gravity
Centre of
buoyancy
Q.2 Ans. (d)
Free body diagram of the cylindrical body will be
G
B W
FB
T
At equilibrium condition
T + weight of body = Buoyancy force
T + Mg =  h Ag
T + (s HA)g =  h Ag
T = (h – sH) gA
Q.3 Ans. metacentre
For floating body the equlibrium conditionds are as follows:-
1. For stable equilibrium, metacentre should be above the centre of gravity.
2. For unstable equilibrium, metacentre should be below the centre of gravity.
3. For neutral equilibrium, metacentre should coincide the centre of gravity.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-129, 4.3.

88
5
Fluid Kinematics
Year 2011 Statement for linked answer questions

4 and 5
1. A streamline and an equipotential line in a flow The gap between a moving circular plate and a
field stationary surface is being continously reduced,
(a) are parallel to each other as the circular plate comes down at a uniform
(b) are perpendicular to each other speed V towards the stationary bottom surface,
(c) intersect at an acute angle as shown in the figure. In the process, the fluid
(d) are identical contained between the two plate flows out
radially. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible
and inviscid.
Year 2009
R Moving
2. You are asked to evaluate assorted fluid flows r circular plate
for their suitability in a given labortory application.

The following three flow choices expressed in h
terms of the two dimensional velocity field in the V
xy plane are made available

P. u = 2y, v = –3x Stationary
surface
Q. u = 3xy, v = 0
R. u = –2x. v = 2y 4. The radial velocity vr at any radius r, when the
Which flow (s) should be recommended when gap width is h, is
the app lication r equ ir es the flow to be Vr Vr
incompressible and irrotational? (a) vr = (b) vr =
2h h
(a) P and R (b) Q
(c) Q and R (d) R 2V h Vh
(c) vr = (d) vr =
r r
Year 2008
5. The radial component of the fluid acceleration at
  r = R is
3. For the continuity equation given by   V to be

valid, where V is the velocity vector, which one 2 2
3V R V R
(a) (b)
of the following is a necessary condition? 2 2
4h 4h
(a) steady flow
(b) irrotational flow 2 2
V R V R
(c) inviscid flow (c) (d) 2
2 4h
2h
(d) incompressible flow
89
Year 2006 Year 2003
6. In a two-dimensional velocity field with velocities     

10. The vector field F  xi  yj (where i and j are
u and v along the x and y directions respectively,
unit vectors), is:
the convective acceleration along the x-direction (a) divergence free, but not irrotational
is given by (b) irrotational, but not divergence free
(c) divergence free and irrotational
u u u v (d) neither divergence free nor irrotational
(a) u v (b) u v
x y x y
Year 2001
v u u u
(c) u v (d) v u
x y x y 11. The 2-D flow with velocity
  
V   x  2y  2  i   4  y  j , is
7. A two-dimensional flow field has velocities along (a) compressible and irrotational
the x and y directions given by u = x2t and v = – (b) compressible and not irrotational
2xyt respectively, where t is time. The equation (c) incompressible and irrotational
of streamlines is (d) incompressible and not irrotational
(a) x2y = constant
(b) x y2 = constant
(c) x y = constant
Year 1999
(d) not possible to determine
12. For the function f = ax2 y – y3 to represent the
velocity potential of an ideal fluid. D2 f should be
Year 2005 equal to zero. In that case, the value of ‘a’ has to
be:
(a) –1 (b) 1
8. The velocity components in the x and and y
(c) –3 (d) 3
directions of a two dimensional potential flow are
u 13. If the velocity vector in 2-D flow field is given by

u and v, respectively. Then is equal to   
x V = 2xyi + (2y 2 - x 2 )j , the vorticity vector, curl

V will be
v v  
(a) (b) 
x x (a) 2y 2 j (b) 6yk

(c) zero (d) -4xk
v v
(c) (d) 
y y
Year 1995
14. The velocity components in the x and y directions
Year 2004 are given by
3 4
u  xy 3  x 2 y, v  xy 2  y
9. A fluid flow is represented by the velocity field 4
   The value of  for a possible flow field involving
V  ax i  ay j , where a is a constant. The an incompressible fluid is
equation of stream line passing through a point 3 4
(a)  (b) 
(1, 2) is: 4 3
(a) x - 2y = 0 (b) 2x + y = 0 4
(c) (d) 3
(c) 2x - y = 0 (d) x + 2y = 0 3
90
15. The force F needed to support the liquid of density

d and the vessel on top (Fig) is
(a) gd[ha – (h – H) A] (b) gdHA

(c) gdHa (d) gd (H – h) A
Year 1994
16. Stream lines, path lines and streak lines are virtually
identical for
(a) Uniform flow
(b) Flow of ideal fluids
(c) Steady flow
(d) Non uniform flow
17. In a flow field, the streamlines and equipotential

lines
(a) are parallel
(b) are orthogonal everywhere in the flow field
(b) cut at any angle
(d) cut orthogonally except at the stagnation points
18. For a fluid element in a two dimensional flow field

(x-y plane), if it will undergo
(a) translation only
(b) translation and rotation
(c) translation and deformation
(d) deformation only
Year 1992
19. Existence of velocity potential implies that
(a) Fluid is in continuum
(b) Fluid is irrotational
(c) Fluid is ideal
(d) Fluid is compressible
20. Circulation is defined as line integral of tangential

component of velocity about a..........

91
Chapter-5
Answers
1. Ans. (b) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (d) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (a) 7. Ans. (a) 8. Ans. (d) 9. Ans. (c) 10. Ans. (c)
11. Ans. (d) 12. Ans. (d) 13. Ans. (d) 14. Ans. (d) 15. Ans. (a)
16. Ans. (c) 17. Ans. (b) 18. Ans. (c) 19. Ans. (b) 20. Ans.(closed
contour in a
fluid flow)

92
Chapter-5
Q.1 Ans. (b)
If ψ and φ are the stream function and potential function respectively representing the possible flow field.
Slope of stream line represented by ψ is given by
 d 
 
dy  dx  v
slope (m1) = =  d  = ......(i)
dx  dy  -u
 
Slope of potential line represented by φ is given by
 d 
 
 dx 
slope (m2) = dy =  d 
dx  dy 
 
-u u
= = ......(ii)
-v v
Now, product of the slopes,
v u
m1 × m2 =  = –1
u v
Since the product of the slope of these two lines at the point of intersection is –1, which indicates that these
two lines are prependicular to each other.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-244, Sec. 6.12.
Q.2 Ans. (d)
For steady, incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
u v

x y = 0 ......(i)
1  v u 
z =    = 0 ......(ii)
2  x y 
For P,
Given u = 2y and v = –3x
u  u 
= (2y) = 0 and = (2y) = 2
x x y y
v  v 
=  3x    3 and =  3x   0
x x y y
u v
From equation (i) 
x y = 0 + 0 = 0
1  v u  1
From equation (ii) z =  -  =  3 - 2   0
2  x y  2
Since the given velocity field is satifying the equation (i) only, therefore it is a possible case of steady,
incompressible and rotational flow.
93
For Q, Given u = 3xy and v = 0

u  u 
= (3xy) = 3y and = (3xy) = 3x
x x y y
v  v 
=  0   0 and y = y  0   0
x x
u v
x y = 3y  0
1  v u  -3x
From equation (ii) z =  -  = 0
2  x y  2
Given velocity field is neither satisfying the equation (i) nor (ii), therefore the flow is neither steady nor
irrotational.
For R, Given u = – 2x and v = 2y
u  u 
= ( 2x) = -2 and = (2x) = 0
x x y y
v  v 
=  2y   0 and y = y  2y   2
x x
u v
x y = 0
1  v u 
From equation (ii) z = - =0
2  x y 
Given velocity field is satisfying the equation (i) and (ii), therefore, the flow is a possible case of steady,
incompressible and irrotational flow.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn-6.33 a.
Q.3 Ans. (d)
 
Given that V = 0
    
i.e.  i  j  k    ui  vj  wk   0
 x y z 
u v w
i.e.  
x y z = 0
which represents the three dimensional continuity equation of steady, and incompressible flow.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page -146, Eqn. 5.4.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
At radius r, volume of fluid moving out radially is equal to the volume of fluid displaced by moving plate within
radius r.
Given that V = downward velocity of circular plate in m/s
vr = radial velocity at radius ‘r’
R
V
r
h Vr
So volume displaced by moving plate

= Velocity × Area
= V × r2
Now, volume flow out at radius,
94
r = vr × 2rh
From above stated condition
vr × 2rh = r2 × V
V r
Therefore, vr =
2h
Q.5 Ans. (c)
Radial component of the fluid acceleration at r = R
 VR 
d 
d VR  2h 
aR = =
dt dt
 VR 
d 
 2h    dh 
=   (–ve as h is reducing with time)
dh  dt 
=
VR  1 
  2   (  V) as 
2  h 
dh
dt 
V 
V2R
Therefore, aR =
2h 2
Q.6 Ans. (a)
Acceleration of fluid particle along x-axis is given by
u u u u
ax = u +v +w + ......(i)
x y z t
u
For 2-D flow = 0
z
u u u
Thus, from equation (i), ax = u +v +
x y t
  Temporal or local
Convective acceleration
acceleration
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-232, Equation
6.27.
Q.7 Ans. (a)
Given: u = x2t and v = –2xyt
Stream line equation is given as
dx dy
=
u v
dx dy
 2 =
x t -2xyt
dx 1 dy
 = -
x 2 y
dx 1 dy
Integrating both side  x
= 
2
 y
1
 ln x =  ln y  c
2
 ln x2 + ln y = c
 x2y = Constant
Equation 6.2.
95
Q.8 Ans. (d)

Exp. For two dimensional potential flow, the continuity equation is given as
u v

x y = 0
u v
Therefore, = –
x y
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-223, Eqn. 6.5.
Q.9 Ans. (c)
The velocity field is given as,
    
V = ax i  ay j = ui  vj
The equation of stream line

dx dy
= ......(i)
u v
dx dy
from equation (i), =
ax ay
dx dy
Integrating both side,  x
= 
y
ln x = ln y + c
x
n
y = ln c
x
y = c ......(ii)
Since this stream line passes through point (1, 2) hence c = 1/2
Therefore, equation of stream line is (from equation (ii))
2x – y = 0
Q.10 Ans. (c)
  
Given vector filed F = x i  yj
 
The divergence of V is defined as   V
         
It can also be written as 
 x
i 
y
j  k
z 
  x i  yj  zk
u v w x   y 0
=   =   = 1-1 = 0
x y z x y z
1  v u 
Rotational component, z =   =0
2  x y 
Hence, the vector field is divergence free and irrotational.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page-156, Sec. 5.8.
Q.11 Ans. (d)
    
The 2-D flow with velocity, V =  x  2y  2  i   4  y  j = ui  vj
For incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
u v

x y = 0 ......(i)
1  v u 
z =    = 0 ......(ii)
2  x y 
96
u  u 
Here, = (x  2y  2) = 1 and = (x  2y  2) = 2
x x y y
v  v 
=  4  y  = 0 and y = y  4  y   1
x x
u v
From equation (i),  = 1–1=0
x y
For irrotational flow from equation (ii),
1  v u  1
z =    =  0  2  0
2  x y  2
Hence, this flow is steady, incompressible and rotational.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-219, Eqn 6.2.
Q.12 Ans. (d)
Velocity Potential, f = ax2y – y3
f  2f
Now = 2axy &  2ay ......(i)
x x 2
f  2f
and = ax 2  3y 2 &  6y ......(ii)
y y 2
As D2f should equal to 0
or D2 (f) =  2 (f )  0
 2 f  2f
 = 0
x 2 y 2
From euation (i) and (ii),
2ay – 6y = 0
2y (a– 3) = 0
Therefore, a = 3
Q.13 Ans. (d)
 
The curl of V is defined as  V .
  
i j k
   
curl of V =
x y z
u v w
  2 2
 
Flow field, V = 2xyi + (2y -x )j + 0k
 w v    u w    v u  
It can also be written as   i     j   k
 y z   z x   x y 
   v u  
=  0  0  i  0  0 j    k
 x  y 
 
=  -2x - 2x  k = - 4xk
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-172, Equation 5.32.
Q.14 Ans. (d)
The velocity components in the x and y directions are given by
97
3 4
u  xy 3  x 2 y, v  xy 2  y
4
Continuity equation for steady, incompressible and irrotataional flow is
u v
 = 0 ......(i)
x y
u v
= y3  2xy & y = 2xy  3y3
x
Put these value in equation (i),
y3  2xy  2xy  3y3 = 0
 y3 – 3y3 = 0
 y3 ( – 3) = 0
 – 3 = 0
  = 3
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, S.K. Aggarwal, Page No. 104.
Q.15 Ans. (a)
Let Free body diagram of liquid columns due to symmetry
 Aa 
Here A 1 = a and A2 = A3 =  
 2 
a
A–a h
A1 (A–a)
2
2
H
A2 A2 H-h
a
A
Now F is equal to the weight of water supported by the piston.
W = Mg
or M.g = d.g.V where d is the density of the liquid
F = d.g.V ......(i)
Now V = A1H + 2 (A1 (H–h))
Aa
= aH + 2   (H  h)
 2 
= aH + A (H–h) – aH + ah
V = ah + A(H – h)
= ah – A (h – H) ......(ii)
Put Value of V in equation (i)
F = dg [ah – A(h–H)]
Q.16 Ans. (c)
In steady and uniform flow stream line, path line and streak line are same.
In the given problem steady flow and uniform flow are separate option. Hence option (a) & (c) both are
correct but most appropriate single answer is (c).
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page No. 160, 5.4.4.
Q.17 Ans. (b)
In a flow field, the streamlines and equipotential lines are always orthogonal to each other.
= equipotential lines
= stream lines

98
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-245, Fig. 6.18.
Q.18 Ans. (c)
For 2-D flow, irrotational component,
1  v u 
z =    =0
2  x y 
Therefore, there is no variation in velocity in z-direction.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn 6.34c.
Q.19 Ans. (b)
For steady, incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
u v

x y = 0 ......(i)
1  v u 
z =    = 0 ......(ii)
2  x y 
If φ is the potential function representing the possible flow field. Then from definition of potential function
φ φ
u = - and v = -
x y
u v  2  2
From equation (i),  =  which is known as Laplace equation.
x y x 2 y 2
2
1  v u     2 
From equation (ii),   =    =0
2  x y   xy yx 
The velocity potential of the flow denoted by ‘’ if satisfies the continuity/Laplace equation, then it will be a
possible case of irrotational flow.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn 6.34c.
Q.20 Ans. (closed contour in a fluid flow)
Circulation is defined as the line integral of the tangential component of the velocity taken around a closed
contour. Mathematically, the circulation is obtained if the product of the velocity component along the curve
at any point and the length of the small element containing that point is integrated around the curve.
Y
ds  V
X
Mathematically, circulation  =  V cos .ds =  (udx  vdy)

Area of closed curve = Vorcitity along the axis perpendicular to the plane containing the closed
curve.
 = Vorticity × area = 2 × z × area
1  v u 
= 2     x y
2  x y 
For irrotational flow in xy plane,
z = 0 hence vorticity which leads to circulation also equal to zero.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, K. Subramanya, Edition 2012, 108,3.5.1.

99
6
Fluid Dynamics
Year 2013
  h  h 
(a) 2 gh3  1  1 1  2 2 
1. Water is coming out from a tap and falls vertically  3 h3 3 h3 
downwards. At the tap opening, the stream
diameter is 20 mm with uniform velocity of 2 m/s. (b) 2 g ( h1  h2  h3 )
Acceralation due to gravity is 9.81 m/s 2 .
Assuming steady, inviscid flow, constant atmo   h  2 h2  3 h3 
(c) 2g  1 1 
spheric pressure everywhere and neglecting  1  2  3 
curvature and surface tension effects, the
diameter in mm of the stream 0.5 m below the
tap is approximately   h h  2 h3 h1  3 h1h2 
(d) 2g  1 2 3 
(a) 10 (b) 15  1h1  2 h2  3 h3 
(c) 20 (d) 25
Year 2011
Year 2012
3. Figure shows the schematic for the measurement
2. A large tank with a nozzle attached contains three of velocity of air (density = 1.2 kg/m3) through a
immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown. Assuming constant-area duct using a pitot tube and a water-
that the changes in h1, h2 and h3 are negligible, tube manometer. The differential head of water
the instantaneous discharge velocity is (density = 1000 kg/m3) in the two columns of the
manometer is 10 mm. Take acceleration due to
gravity as 9.8 m/s2. The velocity of air in ‘m/s’ is
h1 1
Flow
h2 2
h3 3
10 mm
(a) 6.4 (b) 9.0

(c) 12.8 (d) 25.6
Year 2010 Year 2006
4. A smooth pipe of diameter 200 mm carries water.

7. A siphon draws water from a reservoir and
The pressure in the pipe at section S1 (elevation discharges it out at atmospheric pressure.
: 10 m) is 50 kPa. At section S2 (elevation : 12 m) Assuming ideal fluid and the reservoir is large,
the pressure is 20 kPa and velocity is 2 ms–1. the velocity at point P in the siphon tube is
Density of water is 1000 kgm–3 and acceleration
due to gravity is 9.8 ms–2. Which of the following
P
is TRUE
(a) flow is from S 1 to S 2 and head loss is
h1
0.53 m
(b) flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is 0.53 m h2
(c) flow is from S 1 to S 2 and head loss is
1.06 m
(d) flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is 1.06 m
Year 2009
(a) 2gh1 (b) 2gh2
5. Consider steady, incompressible and irrotational

(c) 2 g (h2  h1 ) (d) 2 g (h2  h1 )
flow through a reducer in a horizontal pipe where
the diameter is reduced from 20 cm to 10 cm.
The pressure in the 20 cm pipe just upstream of Year 2005
the reducer is 150 kPa. The fluid has a vapour
pressure of 50 kPa and a specific weight of 5 8. A venturimeter of 20 mm throat diameter is used
kN/m3. Neglecting frictional effects, the maxi- to measure the velocity of water in a horizontal
mum discharge (in m3/s) that can pass through pipe of 40 mm diameter. If the pressure differ-
ence between the pipe and throat sections is found
the reducer without causing cavitation is
to be 30 kPa then, neglecting frictional losses, the
(a) 0.05 (b) 0.16 flow velocity is
(c) 0.27 (d) 0.38 (a) 0. 2 m/s (b) 1. 0 m/s
(c) 1. 4 m/s (d) 2. 0 m/s
Year 2007
9. A leaf caught in a whirlpool. At a given instant
6. Which combination of the following statements the leaf is at a distance of 120 m from the centre
about steady incompressible forced vortex flow is of the whirlpool. The whirlpool can be described
correct ? by the following velocity distribution;
P : Shear stress is zero at all points in the flow.
Q : Vorticity is zero at all points in the flow.  60  103  300  103
Vr = –   m / s & V = m / s,
R : Velocity is directly proportional to the radius  2 r  2 r
from the centre of the vortex.
angular Velocity V where r (in metres) is the
S : Total mechanical energy per unit mass is con-
distance from the centre of the whirlpool. What
stant in the entire flow field.
will be the distance of the leaf from the centre
Select the correct answer using the codes given
bewlow: when it has moved through half a revolution
(a) P and Q (b) R and S (a) 48 m (b) 64 m
(c) P and R (d) P and S (c) 120 m (d) 142 m
101
j FGH DD  1IJK  D
Year 2004 2
e
2
(c) U / 2 k 2
t
2
s
10. A closed cylinder having a radius R and height H
eU / 8kj FGH DD  1IJK  D

is filled with oil of density . If the cylinder is 4
2 2
rotated about its axis at an angular velocity of , (d) 4 s
the thrust at the bottom of the cylinder is: t
(a) R 2 gH Year 1999

 2 R 2 13. Water flows through a vertical contraction from
(b) R 2
4 a pipe of diameter d to another of diameter d/2
2 2 2
(c) R  R  gHe j (see Fig.). The flow velocity at the inlet to the
contraction is 2 m/s and pressure 200 kN/m2. If
F  R2 2
I the height of the contraction measures 2 m, the
(d) R
2
GH 4  gH JK pressure at the exit of the contraction will be
very nearly
11. A centrifugal pump is required to pump water to d/2
an open water tank situated 4 km away from the
location of the pump through a pipe of diameter
0.2 m having Darcy’s friction factor of 0.01. The 2m
average speed of water in the pipe is 2 m/s. If it
is to maintain a constant head of 5 m in the tank,
neglecting other minor losses, then absolute
discharge pressure at the pump exit is d
(a) 0.449 bar (b) 5.503 bar
(c) 44.911 bar (d) 55.203 bar (a) 168 kN/m2 (b) 192 kN/m2
(c) 150 kN/m2 (d) 174 kN/m2
Year 2003
Year 1996
12. Air flows through a venturi and into atmosphere.
Air density is ; atmospheric pressure is Pa; throat
14. A venturimeter (throat diameter = 10.5 cm) is
diameter is Dt; exit diameter is D and exit velocity
is U. The throat is connected to a cylinder fitted to a water pipe line (internal diameter
containing a frictionless piston attached to a = 21.0 cm) in order to monitor flow rate. To
spring. The spring constant is k. The bottom improve accuracy of measurement, pressure
surface of the piston is exposed to atmosphere. difference across the venturimeter is measured
Due to the flow, the piston moves by distance x. with the help of an inclined tube manometer, the
Assuming incompressible frictionless flow, angle of inclination being 30º (Figure). For a
x is manometer reading of 9.5 cm of mercury, find
the flow rate. Discharge coefficient of venturi is
D U 0.984.
Dt
From
venturi
x Ds Pa
k
9.5 Water
cm
e
(a) U / 2 k
2
j  D 2s
y
j FGH DD  1IJK  D
2 30º Hg
(b) e U 2 / 8k 2
t
2
s

102
Chapter-6
Answers
1. Ans. (b) 2. Ans. (a) 3. Ans. (c) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (b)
6. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. (d) 9. Ans. (b) 10. Ans. (d)
11. Ans. (b) 12. Ans. (d) 13. Ans. (c) 14. Ans.
(0.0302
m3 /s)

103
Chapter-6
Q.1 Ans (b)
1 1
0.5m
2 2
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at section (1-1) & (2-2)

P1 V12 P V2
  Z1 = 2  2  Z2 ......(i)
g 2g g 2g
P 1 = P2 = Patm. (taking section 2-2 as datum)
22 V2
From equation (i)  0.5 = 2
2  9.81 2g
V 2 = 3.716 m/sec.
From Continuity equation, 1A1V1 = 2A1V2 (since flow is incompressible, i.e. 1 = 2)
A1V 1 = A2V 2
A1V1
A2 = V2
 2  d12  V1
d2 =
4 4 V2
d12  V1 V
Therefore, d2 = = d1 1
V2 V2
2
= 0.02 = 0.01467 m  15 mm
3.716
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-306, Ex.7.3.
Q.2 Ans (a)
Applying Bernoulli’s equation, just before the exit from the tank and just after entry in the atmosphere
P1 V12 P V2
  Z1 = 2  2  Z2 ......(i)
3 g 2g 3g 2g
104
h1 1
h2 2
h3 3
From the above figure, it is clear that

Z 1 = Z2, V1 = 0 and P2 = Atmospheric pressure = 0;
Then the Bernoulli’s equation reduces to :
P1 V2
= 2
3 2
2P1
V2 = 3 ......(ii)
From given figure we can find pressure P1

P 1 = 1 gh1 + 2 gh2 + 3 gh3
Substitute this value of P1 in eqution (ii), we get
2g
V2 = 1h1  2 h 2  3h 3 
3
 h  h 
2gh 3  1  1 1  2 2 
=
 3 h 3 3 h 3 
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-277, Eqn 7.24.
Q.3 Ans. (c)
Flow a
10 mm
w
Given that
Density of air,  a = 1.2 kg/m3,
Density of water,  w = 1000 kg/m3
x = 10 mm, g = 9.8 m/s2
v2
Now h =
2g
 v = 2gh
105
 w 
where, h = x  1
 a 
3  1000 
= 10  10   1  8.32 m
 1.2 
 Velocity of air, v = 2  9.81  8.32 = 12.8 m/s
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-294, 295.
Q.4 Ans. (c)
Given:
At section S1 : P 1 = 50 kPa At section S2: P2 = 20 kPa
Z1 = 10 m Z2 = 12 m
V1 = 2 m/s V2 = 2 m/s
S2
S1
P2 = 20 KPa
P1 = 50 KPa 12 m
10 m
Datum line
Since diameter of the pipe is constant hence velocity of the flow will be same through out the length of
the pipe. Therefore V1 = V2 = 2 m/s. Since velocity of flow is constant throughout the pipe, hence direction
of flow is decided by the piezometric head only.
P1
Total piezometric head at S1,H1 = g  Z1
50  103
=  10 = 15.096 m
1000  9.81
P2
Total piezometric head at S2 , H2 = g  Z2
20  103
=  12 = 14.038 m
1000  9.81
Since H1 > H2 therefore flow direction is from S1 to S2.
Therefore, head loss = H1 – H2
= 15.096 – 14.038 = 1.06 m
Q.5 Ans. (b) Given,
Inlet diameter, d1 = 0.2 m
Inlet pressure, P1 = 150 kPa
Exit diameter, d2 = 0.1 m
Specific weight, w (g) = 5 kN/m3
Vapour pressure, P2 = Pv = 50 kPa
(To avoid cavitation, pressure at exit should not be allowed to fall below the vapour pressure of the liquid)
106
1
2
2
1
From continuity equation
a1 V1 = a2 V2
 2 
d1 V1 = d 2 2 V2
4 4
d12 2
V2 = 2
V1 = 0.2 V1 = 4V
d2 0.12 1
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between at section (1-1) and (2-2)

P1 V2 P V2
 1  Z1 = 2  2  Z2
g 2g g 2 g
2
150 V1 50 V22
 = 
5 2g 5 2g
16 V12
= 10 
2g
Therefore, V1 = 5.114 m/s
Therefore, maximum discharge, Q =  r12  V1
=  × 0.12 × 5.114 = 0.161 m3/s
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-347, Ex. 8.7.
Q.6 Ans. (c)
In forced vortex flow when steady state is reached the liquid attains equilibrium condition in this position and
it rotates as a solid mass with the container at the same angular velocity. The liquid is then at rest with respect
to its container and therefore no shear stress will exist in the liquid mass.
In the forced vortex flow the stream lines are concentric circles and the velocity ‘v’ of any liquid particle at
a distance ‘r’ from the axis of rotation may be expressed as ‘v = r’.
Therefore, v  r. In forced votex flow, velocity is directly propotional to distance from the axis of rotation.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, Page-185, 5.5 (a), Page-301, 7.62.
Q.7 Ans. (c)
P vP
h1
1
h2
z1
2
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between section (1) and (2)
P1 V2 P V2
 1  Z1 = 2  2  Z2
g 2g g 2 g
Now P 1 = P2 = Patm and Z2 = 0, (taking point 2 as datum)
Z1 = (h2 – h1), V1 = 0
107
Thus from Bernoulli’s equation

Patm P V2
 0  (h2  h1 ) = atm  2  0
g g 2 g
V22
 h2 – h1 =
2g
 V2 = 2 g (h2  h1 )
As area of siphon is constant, therefore velocity of flow is same
Hence, VP = V2 = 2 g (h2  h1 )
Q.8 Ans. (d)
Given that
D1 = 40 mm
D2 = 20 mm
1
2
40 mm D1 D2 20 mm
2
1
From continuity equation, A1 V1 = A2 V2
A1
V2 = V1
A2
2
 D1  40
2
=   V1 =    V1 = 4V1
 D2   20 
Now applying Bernoulli’s equation in between the sections 1-1 and 2-2
P1 V12 P V2
  z1 = 2  2  z 2 ( Since pipe is horizontal, hence Z = Z
g 2g g 2g 2 1)
P1  P2 V22  V12
g =
2g
(4V1 ) 2  V12 15V12

= 
2 2
Since, P1 – P2 = 30 kPa
30  103 15V12
 =
1000 2
60  103
V1 2 = 4
1000  15
Therefore, flow velocity V1 = 2 m/sec
Or
Theoretical discharge (Qth) through a venturimeter is given by
A1A 2
Q th =  2gh
A12  A 22
108
A1A 2 2gh
A1 V1 =
A12  A 2 2
2gh 2gh
V1 = =
2 4
 A1   d1 
  1   1
 A2   d2 
2  9.81  (30 / 9.81)

= = 2 m/sec.
4
 0.04 
  1
 0.01 
Q.9 Ans. (b)
60  103 300  103
Given, Vr = – m / sec and V = m / sec
2 r  2 r
Vr  60  1
Now  
V =  300  5
D vr
 V
A
C
B
r

r
V
Therefore, Vr = –
5
d dr
Also V = r. = r. and Vr =
dt dt
dr r.d
 = 
dt 5dt
r dr  d
  = 
120 r 0 5
1
 r
[ln r] 120 = (   0)
5
 r  
 ln   = 
 120  5
r
 = 0.5336
120
Therefore, r = 120 × 0.5336 = 64.03 m
109
Q.10 Ans. (d)

Given :
Radius of cylinder = R
Height of cylinder = H
Angular speed = 
Density of oil = 
As the cylinder is closed and completely filled with oil, the rise of oil level at the ends and depression of oil at
the centre due to rotation of the vessel, will be prevented. Thus the oil will exert force on the complete top of
the vessel. Also the pressure will be exerted at the bottom of the cylinder.
Thrust at the bottom of cylinder = Weight of oil in cylinder + total force on the top of the cylinder
Now Weight of water = V.g
= × R2 × H × g = gR2 H ......(i)
dr
R
r
Now lets consider an elementary ring of radius ‘r’ and thickness ‘dr’. Then pressure gradient in the elementary
ring in free as well as in forced vortex flow is given as
p V 2 (r)2
= =  r2
r r r
Integrating the above equation,
2
 p =    r  r
w 2  r 2
p = ......(ii)
2
Now Force on elementary ring is = pressure intensity × area of elementary circular ring
dF = p × 2rdr
R R w 2r2
Total force on the top of the cylinder, FT =  dF    .2rdr . (p from equation (ii)
0 0 2
R
 r4   2 4
2
F T =  w   =   R ......(iii)
4
 0 4
Now, total thrust at bottom of cylinder is given by adding the equation (iii) and (i)
2 R 4
= w  g  R2H
4
110
2 2
2  w R 
=  R    g H
 4 
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 180, 5.30.
Q.11 Ans. (b)
Pump
1 0.2 m 2 5m
1 4 km 2
Applying Bernoullis’s equation at the section (1-1) and section (2-2)

P1 V12 P V2
  Z1 = 2  2  Z2  h f ......(i)
g 2g g 2g
Since pipe is horizontal, therefore Z1 = Z2
From question, V2 = 0, V1 = 2 m/s
f LV 2
Head loss due to friction in the pipe is given as hf =
2g  d
where, f, V, L are the friction factor, mean velocity and length of the pipe respectively.
0.01  4000  22
= = 40.774 m
2  9.81  0.2
P1 P2 V12
from equation (i),  h 
g = g f
2g
22
= 5 + 40.774 – = 45.57 m
2  9.81
Therefore, P 1 = 45.57 × 1000 × 9.81 N/m2 = 447.04 kPa
Therefore, absolute discharge pressure at the pump exit = P1 + Patm.
= 447.04 + 101.325 = 548.365 kPa = 5.5 bar
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 420, Eqn. 11.1.
Q.12 Ans. (d)
D U
Dt
x Ds Pa
From continuity equation at the throat and at the exit of the venturimeter
A1 V1 = A2 V2
A1V1  D2 
V2 =   .V1
A 2 =  D 2t  ......(i)
Now applying Bernoullis’s equation at the throat and at the exit of the venturimeter
P1 V12 P V2
  Z1 = 2  2  Z2
g 2g g 2g
Since venturi is horizontal, therefore Z1 = Z2
111
P1  P2 V22  V12
g =
2g
 2 V12 
P1 – P2 = V2  1  2 
2  V2 
 2  D4 
P1 – Patm. = U 1  4 
2  Dt 
At throat velocity is greater than U, hance pressure will be less than atmospheric
 2  D4 
P1 = – U 1  4 
2  Dt 
 2  D4 
= U  4  1
2  Dt 
Now spring is elongated due to lower pressure at throat.
Therefore, in equilibrium,
Spring force = Pressure Force
 2
Hence, kx = Ds (P1)
4
 Ds2    U 2  D 4 
=  4  1
4 2  Dt 
U 2  D 4  2
Hence, x =  4  1  Ds
8k  D t 
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 242, 6.6.
Q.13 Ans. (c)
d/2
2 2
2m
1 1
d
From continuity equation, A1 V1 = A2 V2

2
 2 d
d .2 =   .V2
4 42
2d 2
V2 =  4  8 m / sec
d2
Now Applying Bernoulli’s theorem at section (1-1) & (2-2)
P1 V12 P V2
  z1 = 2  2  z 2 ......(i)
g 2g g 2g
112
From question, P 1 = 200 kN/m2 = 200×103 N/m2

Taking section (1-1) as datum surface
V1 = 200 m/sec, z1 = 0, V2 = 8 m/sec, z2 = 2 m
Putting all the above values in equation (i), we get
2
200  103

 2  0 = P2

88
2
1000  9.81 2  9.8 1000  9.81 2  9.81
P2
20.39 + 0.204 =  3.26  2
9810
P 2 = 9810 (20.594 – 5.26) = 150426.5 N/m2
Therefore, pressure at the exit of the contraction,
P 2 = 150.4 kN/m2
Q.14 Ans. (0.0302 m3/s)
Internal diameter, D1 = 21.0 cm = 0.2 m;

Area of inlet, A1 =  D 22
4

D1 2 =  (0.21) 2  0.0346 m 2
4
Throat diameter, D2 = 10.5 cm = 0.105 m
 
 Area at throat, A2 =  D 22 = × (0.105)2 = 0.0087 m2
4 4
Coefficient of discharge of venturi,
Cd = 0.984
 SHg 
Pressure head, h = y   1
 Swater 
13.6 
= (9.5 sin 30º)   1 = 59.85 cm = 0.5985 m
 1 
Discharge (Q) through a venturimeter is given by:
A1A 2
Q = Cd  2gh
A12  A 22
0.0346  0.0087
= 0.984 ×  2  9.81  0.5985
(0.0346)2  (0.0087)2
= 0.984 × 0.008945 × 3.427 = 0.0302 m3/s
Reference: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, B. R. Munson, Edition 2010, Page-441, 8.37.

113
7
Dimensional and Model Analysis
Year 2010 Year 2002

1. A phenomenon is modeled using ‘n’ dimensional 4. If there are ‘m’ physical quantities and ‘n’
variables with ‘k’ primary dimensions. The number fundamental dimensions in a particular process,
of non-dimensional variables is the number of non-dimensional parameters is
(a) k (b) n (a) m + n (b) m  n
(c) n – k (d) n + k (c) m – n (d) m/n
2. Match the following

Year 1997
P : Compressibleflow U : Re ynolds number
Q : Freesurfaceflow V : Nusselt number
5. The Reynolds number for flow of a certain fluid
R : Boundary layer flow W : Weber number
in a circular tube is specified as 2500. What will
S : Pipeflow X : Froude number
be the Reynolds number when the tube diameter
is increased by 20% and the fluid velocity is
T : Heat convection Y : Mach number
decreased by 40% keeping fluid the same?
Z : Skin friction coefficient
(a) 1200 (b) 1800
(a) P-U; Q-X; R-V; S-Z; T-W (c) 3600 (d) 200
(b) P-W; Q-X; R-Z; S-U; T-V
(c) P-Y; Q-W; R-Z; S-U; T-X Year 1994
(d) P-Y; Q-W; R-Z; S-U; T-V
6. The ratio of inertia forces to gravity forces may
Year 2007 be expressed as square of non-dimensional group
known as.........
3. Consider steady laminar incompressible axi-sym-
metric developed viscous flow through a straight
circular pipe of constant cross-sectional area at
a Reynolds number of 5. The ratio of inertia force
to viscous force on a fluid particle is
1
(a) 5 (b)
5
(c) 0 (d)  
Chapter-7
Answers
1. Ans. (c) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (a) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (b)
Ans. (Froude Number)

115
Chapter-7
Q.1 Ans. (c)
Buckingham’s -theorem states that if there are n total dimensional variables (dependent as well as independent
variables) involved in a phenomenon which can be completely described by m fundamental dimensions (such
as mass, length, time etc.), and are related by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, then the relationship
among the n quantities can be expressed in terms of exactly (n – m) dimensionless and independent terms.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-757, 17.4 (b).
Q.2 Ans. (d)
P. Compressible flow – Mach Number
Q. Free surface flow – Weber Number
R. Boundary layer flow – Skin friction coefficient
S. Pipe flow – Reynolds Number
T. Heat convection – Nusselt Number
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, 769 & 455, , 17.11e &
11.2.
Q.3 Ans. (a)
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force and viscous force.
Inertia force
Re = 5
Viscous force
Q.4 Ans. (c)
Buckingham’s -theorem states that if there are n total dimensional variables involved in a phenomenon
which can be completely described by m fundamental dimensions (such as mass, length, time etc.), and are
related by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, then the relationship among the n quantities can be expressed
in terms of exactly (n – m) dimensionless and independent terms.
Q.5 Ans. (b)
vd
Exp. Reynold’s number, Re =

vd
2500 = ......(i)

when new diameter = 1.2 d then new velocity = 0.6v
  1.2d  0.6v
Reynold’s number, Renew =

= 0.72× Re
= 0.72 × 2500 = 1800
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-325, Equation 7.15.
Q.6 Ans. (Froude Number)
Inertia force VL Vd
Reynolds number, Re = = or
Viscous force  
Inertia force V
Froude number, Fr = =
Gravity force Lg
116
Inertia force V
Euler number, Eu = =
Pressure force p/
Inertia force V
Weber number, We = =
Surface tension force  / L
Inertia force V
Mach number, M = =
Elastic force K /

117
8
Boundary Layer Theory
Year 2012 The velocity profile is uniform with a value of u0

at the inlet section A. The velocity profile at
1. An incompressible fluid flows over a flat plate section B downstream is
with zero pressure gradient. The boundary layer
 y
thickness is 1mm at a location where the Reynolds  Vm , 0 y

number is 1000. If the velocity of the fluid alone 
u Vm ,   y  H  
is increased by a factor of 4, then the boundary 
layer thickness at the same location, in mm will Hy
Vm , H yH
be  
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.25
Vm
3. The ratio is
u0
Year 2007
1
2. Consider an incompressible laminar boundary (a) (b) 1

layer flow over a flat plate of length L, aligned 1  2 
H
with the direction of an oncoming uniform free
stream. If F is the ratio of the drag force on the 1 1
front half of the plate to the drag force on the (c) (d)
 
1  1  
rear half, then H H
(a) F  1/ 2 (b) F = 1/2
(c) F = 1 (d) F > 1
4. The ratio p A  p B (where pA and pB are the
1 2
Linked Answer Questions : Q. 3 - Q. 4 u 0
2
Consider a steady incompressible flow through a
channel as shown below. pressures at section A and B, respectively, and 
is the density of the fluid) is
y
A B 1 1
(a) 2
1 (b) 2
        
1    1   H  
 H    
u0
Vm H
1 1
(c) 2
1 (d)
  2   
1  
 1   H   H
  
uo x
Year 2006 Year 2002
8. If x is the distance measured from the leading
Linked Questions 5 and 6 edge of a flat plate, the laminar boundary layer
A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge is thickness varies as
placed along a gas stream flowing at U = 10 m/s. (a) 1/x (b) x4/5
The thickness of the boundarylayer at section (c) x 2
(d) x1/2
r-s is 10 mm, the breadth of the plate is 1 m (into
the paper) and the density of the gas  = 1.0 9. Flow separation in flow past a solid object is caused
kg/m3. Assume that the boundary layer is thin, by
two-dimensional, and follows a linear velocity (a) a reduction of pressure to vapour pressure
 y
(b) a negative pressure gradient
distribution, u = U   , at the section r-s, where (c) a positive pressure gradient

(d) the boundary layer thickness reducing to zero
y is the height from plate.
U q r U Year 1994
u  10. For air near atmosphere conditions flowing over
p s a flat plate, the laminar thermal boundary layer is
thicker than the hydrodynamic boundary layer.
flat plate
(True/false)
5. The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the section
q-r is Year 1993
(a) zero (b) 0.05
(c) 0.10 (d) 0.15 11. The predominant forces acting on an element of
fluid in the boundary layer over a flat plate in a
6. The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate, uniform parallel stream are :
between p-s, is (a) Viscous and pressure forces
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.33 (b) Viscous and inertia forces
(c) 0.17 (d) zero (c) Viscous and body forces
(d) Inertia and pressure forces
Year 2004
Year 1991
7. For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) and
boundary layer thickenss () can be expressed 12. A streamlined body is defined as a body about
respectively, as which
(a) The flow is laminar
3
U 3 y 1 y 4.64x (b) The flow is along the sreamlines
    ; 
U 2  2    Re x (c) The flow separation is suppressed
(d) The drag is zero
If the free stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has
kinetmatic viscosity of 1.5 × 10–5 m2/s and density
of 1.23 kg/m3, the wall stress at x = 1m, is
(a) 2.36 × 102 N/m2 (b) 43.6 × 10–3 N/m2
–3 2

(c) 4.36 × 10 N/m (d) 2.18 × 10–3 N/m2
119
Chapter-8
Answers
1. Ans. (c) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (c) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (b)
6. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. (d) 9. Ans. (c) 10. Ans. (False)
11. Ans. (b) 12. Ans. (c)

120
Chapter-8
Q.1 Ans. (c)
5x
As per Blasius result thickness of laminar boundary layer is given as  
Re x
5x
Hence,  =
vx

1  1 1
Therefore,  
v 4 2
Therefore, if the velocity of fluid is increase by four times then boundary layer thickness reduces by
1/2.
Q.2 Ans. (d)
V
L/2 L/2
As we know that local drag coefficient is given by

o 0.664
Cf = 2

V Re x
2
or  o = 0.332 V2(Rex)–1/2
Now drag force on the front half is given by
L
2
F1 = 
0
o B dx (B = width of Plate)
L
2 1
2
=  0.332  V (Re x ) 2 dx
0
V x
Reynolds number is given as, Rex =

L
1
1
 V  2 2
= 0.332. V 2    x 2 dx
   0
L
1
0.332  V 2 2
=
V
 x 2 dx
0

121
L
 12  2 1
 x   L 2
= K    2K  ......(i)
1 2
 
 2 0
0.332  V 2
where, K =
V

Similarly, drag force on the rear half,
L
F2 = 
L
o B dx
2
1
L 1  1 
 L  2
= K x 2
dx = 2K  (L)    
2
L   2  
2
1
 L 2
2K 
F1 2
Now required ratio, F =  1
1
F2  1 
L 2
2 K  L2    
  2  
Q.3 Ans. (c)
Given:
y
A B

u0
Vm H

uo x
 y
 Vm , 0 y 


u =  Vm ,   y  H  
 H y
 Vm  , H    y  H
   
Assuming width of channel as unity
Applying mass conservation at section A and B. Taking density of liquid constant, the conservation of mass
principle becomes volume flow equation.
Volume flow rate incoming at section A = Volume flow rate outgoing from section B
Therefore, total volume flow rate inlet
122

Qentry = u × H × B = u H
o o
Total volume flow rate leaving,

Qexit = Volume flow rate from boundary layer + Volume flow rate from mid section
y
dy u
Volume flow rate from mid section = Vm(H – 2)

For boundary layer 0y 

d QB = u . dy
 y
d QB = Vm dy

Integrating the above equation

 Vm  Vm  y 2  Vm . 
QB = 
 0
y dy =   =
  2 0 2
Vm . 
By symmetry for H –  y  H, Volume flow rate =
2

Therefore, Qentry = Q
exit
Vm .
uo H = Vm (H  2)  2 
2
 uo H = Vm(H – )
Vm H 1
 = 
uo H   1 
H
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Bansal, 4th Edition, Page-655, 13.3.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
y
A B

u0
Vm H

uo x
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at section A and B

p A vA2 p ν2
+ = B + B (Since 
ρg 2g ρg 2g
p A - pB ν2 - ν2
= B A
ρ 2
123
p A - pB Vm2 - u o2
 ρ =
2
2
p A - pB  Vm 
 =  1
1 2  uo 
ρ uo
2
p A - pB 1
 = 2
1
1 2  
ρ uo
2 1  H 
7.29.
Q.5 Ans. (b)
Given:Free stream velocity,
U = 10 m/s
Boundry layer thickness,  = 10 mm
Breadth of plate, B = 1m
Density of air, = 1.0 kg/m3
 y
velocity distribution, u = U  
 
U q r U
u 
p s
flat plate
Applying mass conservation:

Mass rate entering section q – p = Mass leaving section q – r + mass leaving section r – s
Mass rate entering q – p = Density × Volume flow rate
= ×B××U
= 1.0 × 1 × 10 × 10–3 × 10 = 0.1 kg/s
Mass flow rate through the element dy at section r – s
dm =  u B dy
 y
dm = BU   dy

Integrating the above equation gives,

 BU y
m = 
0 
dy
BU  2 BU
=  =
 2 2
1  1  10  10  103
= = 0.05 kg/s
2
Thus mass flow rate leaving across the section, q – r = 0.1 – 0.05 = 0.05 kg/s
Q.6 Ans. (c)
Drag froce on the plate will be the rate of change of momentum of control volume qprs
124

Thus, momentum rate entering section q – p = mU
= 0.1 × 10 = 1N
Momentum rate leaving through section r–s
  2
y 2
=   u B dy × u =   BU   dy
0 0 
 BU 2 3  BU 2 
=  =
2 3 3
1.0  1.0  102  10  103
= = 0.33 N
3
Momentum rate leaving through section q – r = 0.05 × 10 = 0.5 N
 Drag force, F = Change in momentum rate
= 1 – 0.33 – 0.5 = 0.17 N
Reference: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, R.K. Bansal, 4th Edition, Page-655, 13.3.
Q.7 Ans (c)

Reynold’s number at x,
Ux 2 1
Rex = = = 1.33 × 105
υ 1.5  10-5
4.64x 4.64  1
Boundry layer thickness,  =  = 0.0127
Re x 1.33  105
Since the velocity profile is given as,
3
U 3 y 1 y
=   
U 2  2  
dU  3 1 1 3y 2 
Velocity gradient, =  .   3 
U
dy 2  2  
dU 3 1
Therefore, at y  0 = . .U 
dy 2 
From Newton’s law of viscosity,
dU
o =  at y  0
dy
3U  5 3 2
=  = 1.5  10  1.23 
2 2  0.0127
= 435.82 ×10–5 N/m2 = 4.36 × 10–3 N/m2
Q.8 Ans. (d)
5x
As per Blasius result thickness of laminar boundary layer is given as  
Re x
5x
Hence,  =
vx

1
1
2
Therefore,   x
1

x2
Q.9 Ans. (c)
P
In direction of flow usually pressure gradient is negative i.e. = -ve, supports the fluid flow. But in case of
x
P P
flow separation, pressure gradient is positive i.e. = +ve, supports the fluid separation & = 0, it means
x x
that the fluid is on the verge of separation.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-662, Equation-13.7.
Q.10 Ans. (False)
Q.11 Ans. (b)
In a fluid flow over a flat plate, the dominant forces are inertia force and viscous force. Therefore Reynold’s
number decides the nature of the flow.
Q.12 Ans. (c)
A body where flow separation is suppresed is called streamlined body. For a well stream lined body the
separation occurs only at the down stream end.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition , Page-805, 18.2.

126
9
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Year 2013 The average velocity of fluid in the pipe is

R 2  dp  R 2  dp 
1. For steady, fully developed flow inside a straight (a)    (b)   
pipe of diameter D, neglecting gravity effects, 8  dx  4  dx 
the pressure drop p over a length L and the wall
shear stress w are related by R 2  dp  R 2  dp 
(c)    (d)   
pD p D 2 2  dx    dx 
(a) w  (b) w 
4L 4L2
p D 4p L Year 2007
(c) w  (d) w 
2L D
4. Consider steady laminar incompressible axi-sym-
Year 2010 metric developed viscous flow through a straight
circular pipe of constant cross-sectional area at
2. The maximum velocity of a one-dimensional a Reynold’s number of 5. The ratio of inertia force
incompressible fully developed viscous flow, to viscous force on a fluid particle is
between two fixed parallel plates, is 6 ms–1. The
1
mean velocity (in ms–1) of the flow is (a) 5 (b)
(a) 2 (b) 3 5
(c) 4 (d) 5 (c) 0 (d) 
Year 2009 Year 2006

3. The velocity profile of a fully developed laminar 5. The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow
flow in a straight circular pipe, as shown in the
in a pipe of diameter D is given by
figure, is given by the expression
R 2  dp   r2 
 4r 2 
u(r) =  1  u = u 0 1  2  , where r is the radial distance
    D 
4  dx   R 2 
from the center. If the viscosity of the fluid is ,
dp the pressure drop across a length L of the pipe is
where is a constant
dx
 u0 L 4 u 0 L
(a) (b)
r R D2 D2
x u(r)
8 u 0 L 16 u 0 L
(c) (d)
D2 D2
127
Year 1996
6. In flow through a pipe, the transition from laminar
to turbulent flow does not depend on
(a) velocity of the fluid
(b) density of the fluid
(c) diameter of the pipe
(d) length of the pipe
7. For laminar flow through a long pipe, the pressure

drop per unit length increases
(a) in linear proportion to the cross-sectional area
(b) in proportion to the diameter of the pipe
(c) in inverse proportion to the cross-sectional
area
(d) in inverse proportion to the square of cross-
sectional area
Year 1995
8. In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe,
the head loss due to friction is directly proportional
to........
(mean velocity/square of the mean velocity)
Year 1994
9. For a fully developed viscous flow through a pipe,
the ratio of the maximum velocity to the average
velocity is.......
10. Prandtl’s mixing length in turbulent flow signifies

(a) the average distance perpendicular to the
mean flow covered by the mixing particles
(b) the ratio of mean free path to characteristic
length of the flow field
(c) the wavelength corresponding to the lowest
frequency present in the flow field
(d) the magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy

128
Chapter-9
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (c) 3. Ans. (a) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (d)
6. Ans. (d) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. 9. Ans. (two) 10. Ans. (a)
(mean
velocity)

129
Chapter-9
Q.1 Ans. (a)
 dp  r  dp  d
In a pipe flow,  =    = – 
 dx  2  dx  4
 dp  D
Therefore, shear stress at wall, w =  – 
 dx  4
pD
Above equation can be written as, w =
4L
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-547, Eqn.-13.3.
Q.2 Ans. (c)
For the flow of fully developed between two fixed parallel plates
y
B
Vmax
x
The velocity distribution for laminar flow between fixed parallel plates is given as,
1  p 
V =    (By – y2)
2  x 
B
Flow velocity is maximum when y =
2
B 2  p 
Therefore, V max =  
8  x 
Average flow velocity is obtained by dividing the total discharge with cross sectional area.
B2  p 
Hence, Vavg. =  
12  x 
Vmax 3
Therefore, Vavg =
2
2 2
So mean velocity,  Vmax. =  6  4 m/s
Vavg =
3 3
13.389.
Q.3 Ans. (a)
r R dr
u(r) r
x
Consider an element ring of thickness dr at a radius of r.

Therefore, element discharge from this ring, dQ = (2r).dr. u(r)
130
R
R2   P   r2 
Therefore, total discharge Q =  d Q =  (2r ) .
0
   1  2  .dr
4  x   R 
R
R2   P   r3 
= 2     r  2  dr
4  x  0  R 
R
R 2   P   r2 r4  R2   P  R2 R4 
= 2     = 2       
4  x   2 4 R 2  0 4  x   2 4 R 2 
R4   P 
Total discharge, Q =  
8  x 
Now, Q = Area × Average velocity
R4   P 
Area × Vavg. =  
8  x 
R4   P 
R2 × Vavg =  
8  x 
R2   P  R2   P 

Therefore,Vavg =  =   
8  x  8  x 
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-550, Eqn-13.14.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
Inertia force vd
Reynold’s number, Re = 
Viscous force 
Q.5 Ans. (d)
Given:
Fully developed laminar flow velocity profile in a circular pipe is given by
 4r 2 
u = u o 1  2  ......(i)
 D 
From Hagen-Poiseuille equation the pressure loss in fully developed laminar flow across the length of the
pipe is given as
32μu L
p1 – p 2 = ......(ii)
d2
The ratio of maximum velocity and average velocity in case of fully developed laminar flow through a circular
uo
pipe is 2 i.e. =2
u
uo
32μ L 16μu o L
Therefore, from equation (ii), p1 – p2 = 2 =
d2 d2
Or
Fully developed laminar flow velocity profile in a circular pipe is given by
 4r 2 
u = o 1  2 
u ......(i)
 D 
131
R
r
 P  r
Now  =   ......(ii)
 x  2
du
From Newtons law viscosity,  = 
dy
Here y = R–r
Therefore, dy = – dr
Putting the value of dy in equation (i), we get
 u 
 =    ......(iii)
 r 
u P r
From equation (ii) and (iii),  =  .
r x 2
u 1P r
 =  
r   x  2
   4r 2   1  P  r
From equation (i) ,  u o 1  2   =  
r   D    x  2
8u o 1  P  r
  2
r =  
D   x  2
P 16 u o
 = 
x D2
16u o
 P =  x
D2
P2 L
16 u o
Integrating over a length of L,  dp =  
P1 o D2
dx
16 u o L
p2 – p 1 = 
D2
16 u o L
Therefore, p2 – p1 =
D2
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17 Edition, Page-548. Equation-13.3,
13.6, 13.7.
Q.6 Ans. (d)
In flow through pipe the transition from laminar to turbulent depends upon Reynolds number which is given as
vd
Re =
where, d is the characteristic dimension of the pipe.

132
Q.7 Ans (c)

From Hagen-Poiseuille equation the pressure loss in fully developed laminar flow across the length of the
pipe is given as
32μu L
p1 – p 2 =
d2
p1  p 2 32μu
=
L d2
Therefore, for laminar flow through a pipe, the pressure drop per unit length increases in inverse proportion
to the cross-sectional area.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-442, Equation-10.11.
Q.8 Ans. (mean velocity)
The head loss due to friction in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe is given as
P1  P2
hf =
g
32 u avg.L
=
 g d2
Head loss in laminar flow over a length L of circular pipe varies as the first power of the mean velocity of the
flow.
13.18.
Q.9 Ans. (two)
In fully developed laminar flow through circular pipe of radius R mean velocity and maximum velocity are
given as
1  p  2
Vmean =  R
8  x 
1  p  2
Vmax. =   R
4  x 
Vmax
Therefore, Vmean = 2
13.15.
Q.10 Ans (a)
From Prandtl’s hypothesis
Prandtl mixing length, l = y where  = a constant of proportionality known as ‘Karman universal
constant’ and y is the distance from the wall.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-507, Equation-11.5.

133
10
Flow Through Pipes
Year 2012
Year 2004
1. Oil flows through a 200 mm diameter horizontal
cast iron pipe (friction factor, f = 0.0225) of length 4. For a fluid flow through a divergent pipe of length
500 m. The volumetric flow rate is 0.2 m3/s. The
L having inlet and outlet radii of R 1 and R 2
head loss (in m) due to friction is (assume
g = 9.81 m/s2) respectively and a constant flow rate of Q,
(a) 116.18 (b) 0.116 assuming the velocity to be axial and uniform at
(c) 18.22 (d) 232.36 any cross-section, the acceleration at the exit is:
Year 2009 (a)

b
2Q R1  R 2 g (b)
b
2Q 2 R1  R 2 g
LR 32 LR 32
2. Water at 25°C is flowing through a 1.0 km long
G.I. pipe of 200 mm diameter at the rate of 0.07 (c)
b
2Q 2 R1  R 2 g (d)
b
2 Q 2 R 2  R1 g
2
m3/s. If value of Darcy friction factor for this  LR 52  2
LR 52
pipe is 0.02 and density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
The pumping power ( in kW) required to maintain 5. The following data about the flow of liquid was
the flow is observed in a continuous chemical process plant
(a) 1.8 (b) 17.4
(c) 20.5 (d) 41.0 Flow rate 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5
(litres / sec.) to to to to to to
Year 2007 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7
3. In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow velocity Frequency 1 5 35 17 12 10
3x
on the nozzle axis is given by v  u 0 1   i, Mean flow rate of the liquid is
 L (a) 8.00 litres/sec (b) 8.06 litres/sec
where x is the distance along the axis of the nozzle (c) 8.16 litres/sec (d) 8.26 litres/sec
from its inlet plane and L is the length of the nozzle.
The time required for a fluid particle on the axis Year 2003
to travel from the inlet to the exit plane of the
nozzle is
Linked Data Question 6 and 7
L L A syringe with a frictionless plunger contains
(a) (b) In (4)
u0 3u 0 water and has its end a 100 mm long needle of 1
mm diameter. The internal diameter of syringe is
L L 10 mm. Water density is 1000 kg/m3. The plunger
(c) (d)
4u 0 2. 5u 0
is pushed in at 10 mm/sec and the water comes
out as jet
10 mm
10 mm/sec needle
F 1 mm water jet
Syringe 100 mm
6. Assuming ideal flow, the force F in newtons

required on the plunger to push out the water is
(a) 0 (b) 0.04
(c) 0.13 (d) 1.15
7. Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume fully

developed laminar viscous flow throughout the
needle; the Darcy friction factor is 64/Re, where
Re is the Reynolds number. Given that the
viscosity of water is 1.0  10–3 kg/s m, the force
F is newtons required on the plunger is
(a) 0.13 (b) 0.16
(c) 0.3 (d) 4.4
Year 1998
8. The dicharge velocity at the pipe exit in figure is:
(a) 2 gH (b) 2 gh
(c) b
g Hh g (d) 0
Year 1994
9. Fluid is flowing with an average velocity of V
through a pipe of diameter d. Over a length of L,
fLV 2
the “head” loss is given by . The friction
2gd
factor ‘ f ’ for laminar flow in terms of Reynolds
number (Re) is.......

135
Chapter-10
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (b) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (b) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. (b) 64
9. Ans.( )
Re

136
Chapter-10
Q.1 Ans. (a)
fLV 2
Head loss due to friction in flow through pipe is given as, head loss hL =
2gd
where, L = Length of the pipe
d = Diameter of the pipe
V = Mean velocity of flow
f = Friction factor
hL = Head Loss due to friction
2
 0.2 
0.0225  500   2 
   0.2 / 4 
Therefore, hL = = 116.18 m
2  9.81 0.4
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-536, Equation-12.3.1.
Q.2 Ans. (b)
Given: Pipe length, L = 1.0 km = 1000 m
Pipe diameter, D = 200 mm = 0.2 m
Flow rate, Q = 0.07 m3/s
Friction factor, f = 0.02
Density of water,  = 1000 kg/m3
From Darcy Weisbach equation, head loss due to friction in pipe is given by
2
 Q 
f L
 2
2  D 
f LV 4 
hf = 
2g D 2g D
8 f Q2L 8  0.02  0.07 2  1000

= = = 25.304 m
2 g D5 2  9.81  0.25
Therefore, pumping power to overcome this loss, P = w.Q.hf
= g.Q.hf
= 1000 × 9.81 × 0.07 × 25.304
= 17376.26 W = 17.4 kW
11.2
Q.3 Ans. (b) Given :
x
t=0
t=T
x=0
x=L
 3x 
Equation of motion, v = u 0 1  
 L
137
dx  3x 
or = u 0 1  
dt  L
dx
dt =
 3x 
u 0 1  
 L
T L
dx
Integrating both side,  dt =   3x 
0 0 u 0 1  
 L
L
T L   3x  
 t 0 =
3u 0  ln  1  L  
 0
L
T = ln (4)
3u 0
Q.4 Ans. (c)
R2
R1 Flow direction
Q
Inlet velocity, V1 =
 R12
Q
Outlet velocity, V2 =
 R 22
dv dv dx vdv
Acceleration = = × =
dt dx dt dx
dv V2 -V1 Q  1 1 
Since, = =  - 
dx L π L  R 22 R12 
dv Q Q  R12 -R 22 
= 
Acceleration at exit = V2 dx π R 2 L π L  R 2 R 2 
2  1 2
Q2  (R1 -R 2 )(R1 + R 2 ) 
= π2 R 2 L  R12 R 22

2  
Assuming velocity axial and uniform at any cross section i.e. V1 = V2
Therefore, R1 = R2
2Q 2 (R 1 – R 2 )
Hence acceleration at the exit =
π 2 L R 52
138
Q.5 Ans (c)
Mean value frequency

Flow rate fx
of flow rate (x) (f )
7.5  7.7 7.6 1 7.6
7.7  7.9 7.8 5 39
7.9  8.1 8.0 35 280
8.1  8.3 8.2 17 139.4
8.3  8.5 8.4 12 100.8
8.5  8.7 8.6 10 86
f  80 fx  652.8
fx 652.8
 Mean flow rate = =  8.16 litres/sec.
f 80
Q.6 Ans. (b)
1
2
10 mm/sec
2
1
At section 1–1 & 2–2 from continuity equation for incompressible flow
A1V 1 = A2V 2
A1 d12
V2 = .V1  .V1
A2 d 22
2
 0.01  0.01  1m / sec
V2 = 2
 0.001
Now applying Bernoulli’s theorem at sections (1-1) and (2-2)
P1 V12 P V2
  z1 = 2  2  z 2
g 2g g 2g
 2
P1 = (V2  V12 ) (Also P2 = 0, atmospheric pressure)
2
1000 2
P1 =
2
 
1  0.012  499.95 N / m 2
Force on plunger required = P 1 .A 1

(0.01) 2 = 0.04 N
= 499.95 ×
4
Q.7 Ans. (c)
Viscosity, µ = 1 × 10–3 kg/s.m

139
 m  s2 1
–3
= 1 × 10  kg. . .
 s 2  m s.m
= 1 × 10–3 Ns/m2
V2 d 2 1000  1  0.001
We know, Reynold’s number Re = =  1000
 1  103
64 64
Darcy friction factor, f =   0.064
Re 1000
f .L.V22 0.064  0.1  12
Head loss in needle, hf = =
2gd 2  9.81  0.001
= 0.326 m of water
1
2
10 mm/sec
2
1
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at sections (1-1) and (2-2)
P1 V12 P2 V22
=     hf
g 2g g 2g
 2
P1 =
2
 
V2  V12  g.h f
1000 2
= (1  0.012 )  1000  9.81 0.326
2
= 3702.9 N/m2
Now Force required = P1 × A1

(0.01)2 = 0.3 N
= 3702.9 ×
4
Q.8 Ans. (b)
Applying Bernoulli’s equation just before the entry into the pipe and just after exit from the pipe
P1 V12 P V2
  z1 = 2  2  z 2
g 2g g 2g
Here, V 1 = 0, P2 = Patm. = 0, z1 = 0, z2 = H – h (taking 1-1 as datum)
Therefore, the above equation reduces to
V22
H = Hh
2g
140
V2 = 2gh
Or
At exit, figure shows that height of liquid level above the centre of pipe is h.
Total potential energy = Total kinetic energy
1 2
m.g.h = mv
2
V = 2gh
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-234, Section-6.6.3.
64
Q.9 Ans.
Re
64
In laminar flow friction factor, f =
Re
Head loss in laminar flow through a circular pipe is given by
f Lv 2
(a) Darcy weisbach equation =
2gd
32v L
(b) Hagen - Poisullie equation =
gd
By equating the above two equations, we get,
64
f =
Re
whereas, in turbulent flow friction factor,
0.3164
f = (Re)1/4
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-536, Equation-12.3.1.

141
11
Hydraulic Turbines
Year 2013 Deflected jet
1. In order to have maximum power from a Pelton

120°
turbine, the bucket speed must be Incoming jet
(a) equal to the jet speed
(b) equal to half of the jet speed
120°
(c) equal to twice the jet speed
(d) independent of the jet speed
Deflected jet
Year 2010 (a) 0 (N.m)/(Kg/s) (b) 1.25 (N.m)/(Kg/s)

(c) 2.5 (N.m)/(Kg/s) (d) 3.75 (N.m)/(Kg/s)
2. A hydraulic turbine develops 1000 kW power for
Year 2007
a head of 40 m. If the head is reduced to 20 m,
the power developed (in kW) is 4. The inlet angle of runner blade of a Francis turbine
(a) 177 (b) 354 is 90°. The blades are so shaped that the
(c) 500 (d) 707 tangential component of velocity at blade outlet
is zero. The flow velocity remains constant
throughout the blade passage and is equal to half
Year 2008 of the blade velocity at runner inlet. The blade
efficiency of the runner is
3. Water having a density of 1000 Kg/m3, issues (a) 25 % (b) 50 %
(c) 80 % (d) 89 %
from a nozzle with a velocity of 10 m/s and the
5. A model of a hydraulic turbine is tested at a head
jet strikes a bucket mounted on a Pelton wheel. 1
of th of that under which the full scale turbine
The wheel rotates at 10 rad/s. The mean diameter 4
of the wheel is 1m. The jet is split into two equal works. The diameter of the model is half of that
of the full scale turbine. If N is the RPM of the
streams by the bucket, such that each stream is
full scale turbine, then the RPM of the model will
deflected by 120° as shown in the figure. Friction be
in the bucket may be neglected. Magnitude of
N N
the torque exerted by the water on the wheel, (a) (b)
4 2
per unit mass flow rate of the incoming jet, is (c) N (d) 2N
Year 2006 Year 1997
6. In a Pelton wheel, the bucket peripheral speed is 10. Kaplan turbine is

10 m/s, the water jet velocity is 25 m/s and (a) a high head, mixed flow turbine
volumetric flow rate of the jet is 0.1 m3/s. If the (b) a low head, axial flow turbine
jet deflection angle is 120º and the flow is ideal, (c) an outward flow reaction turbine
the power developed is (d) an impulse inward flow turbine
(a) 7.5 kW (b) 15.0 kW
(c) 22.5 kW (d) 37.5 kW
7. A large hydraulic turbine is to generate 300 kW

at 1000 rpm under a head of 40 m. For initial 
testing, a 1 : 4 scale model of the turbine operates
under a head of 10 m. The power generated by
the model (in kW) will be
(a) 2.34 (b) 4.68
(c) 9.38 (d) 18.75
Year 2004
8. At a hydroelectric power plant site, available head

and flow rate are 24.5 m and 10.1m 3 /s
respectively. If the turbine to be installed is
required to run at 4.0 revolution per second (rps)
with an overall efficiency of 90%, the suitable
type of turbine for this site is
(a) Francis (b) Kaplan
(c) Pelton (d) Propeller
9. Match the following

P. Reciprocating pump
Q. Axial flow pump
R. Microhydel plant
S. Backward curved vanes
1. Plant with power output below 100 kW
2. Plant with power output between 100 kW to
1 MW
3. Positive displacement
4. Draft tube
5. High flow rate, low pressure ratio
6. Centrifugal pump impeller
(a) P-3, Q-5, R-6, S-2 (b) P-3, Q-5, R-2, S-6
(c) P-3, Q-5, R-1, S-6 (d) P-4, Q-5, R-1, S-6
143
Chapter-11
Answers
1. Ans. (b) 2. Ans. (b) 3. Ans. (d) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (a) 8. Ans. (a) 9. Ans.(c) 10. Ans. (b)

144
Chapter-11
Q.1 Ans. (b)
Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. It was invented by Lester A. Pelton, an American engineer
in 1870. It is preferably used in case of high head and low volume flow rate.
V1 = Vw1
u1 Vr1
u
Vr2 V2
Vf2
 
u2 Vw2
wQ
Power developed =  Vw1  Vw 2   u ......(i)
g 
From exit velocity triangle, Vw2 = Vr2 × cos  – u2 = Vr1 × cos  – u2
(If friction in the runner bucket is neglelected, then Vr2 = Vr1 )
= (V1 – u1) cos  – u2 (since in Pelton turbine u1 = u2 = u )
wQ
From equation (i), Power developed =  V1  (V1  u)cos   u   u
g
wQ wQ
=  (V1  u)(1  cos )  u = (V1 .u  u 2 )(1  cos ) 
g g 
2 wQ
= K.(V1 .u  u ) where K = (1  cos ) ......(ii)
g
d (Power developed)
For maximum power, =0
du
From equation (ii),


d K(V1u  u 2 )  =0
du
V1–2u = 0
V1
Therefore, u =
2
For maximum power from a Pelton turbine the bucket speed ‘u’ must be equal to half of the jet speed, V1 .
21.13.
Q.2 Ans. (b)
Given : P 1 = 1000 kW, H1 = 40 m, H2 = 20 m
The power developed by a turbine, working under a head of one meter is called unit power of the turbine.
145
P
Unit power is defined as, Pu = 3 ......(i)
H2
3
P  H1  2
Therefore from equation (i), 1 =  
P2  H2 
3 3
 H2  2  20  2
P2 =    P1 =    1000 = 353.55 W
 H1   40 
Hence, power developed, P2 = 354 kW.
Reference: Hydraulic Machines, Dr. Jagdish Lal, Edition 2004, Page-69, Equation 3.3.
Q.3 Ans. (d)
Given:
Water jet velocity, V1 = 10 m/s
Diameter of wheel, D = 1m
Radius of wheel, R = 0.5 m
Angular speed,  = 10 rad/s
Density,  = 1000 kg/m3
Clearance angle180o - 120o = 60o
Tangential velocity, u1 = u2 =  × R = 10 × 0.5 = 5 m/s
V1 = Vw1
u1 Vr1
60 = 
u
120°

Vr2 V2
Vf2
 
u2 Vw2
Power developed by Pelton wheel means the shaft power. Since there is no mechanical loss, hence shaft
power is equal to the runner power. Runner power is equal to the work done per second by water on runner.
Power developed = Q  Vw1  Vw 2   u = Q  Vw1  Vw 2     R ......(i)
   
It can be written as power developed = torque ×  ......(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), torque = Q  Vw1  Vw 2   R
Q  Vw1  Vw 2   R
Therefore, torque exerted by water per unit mass flow rate = Q
=  Vw1  Vw 2   R ......(iii)
From exit velocity triangle, Vw2 = Vr2 × cos  – u2 = Vr1 × cos  – u2
= (V1 – u1) cos  – u2 (since in Pelton turbine u1 = u2 = u )
= (10 – 5) × cos 60º – 5 = –2.5 m/s
146
From equation (iii), torque developed = 10  2.5 0.5 = 3.75 (N.m)/(kg/s)
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-924, Eq. 21.10.
Q.4 Ans. (c)
Given: Inlet and outlet velocity triangle of Francis turbine is shown in the figure below:
Vw1 = u1


V Vf1 = Vr1
1
Vr2 V2 = Vf2


u2
V12 V22

actual conversion of kinetic head 2g 2g
Blade efficiency = =
kinetic head available at inlet of the turbine V12
2g
V12  V22
= ......(i)
V12
From question it is given that Vf1 = Vf2 = u1

2
2
2 2 2 u1  5 2
From inlet velocity triangle V1 = Vw1 + Vf1 = u1 +   =  u1
 2 4
2
V 
From equation (i) blade efficiency, = 1   2 
 V1 
2
 u1 
 
2
= 1 –   = 0.8 = 80%
5 2
 u1
4
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, Page-895, Equation-20.45, Fig. 20.9
Q.5 Ans. (c)
For complete similarity to exist between the model and prototype turbines, the following conditions must be
satisfied.
 gH   gH 
 2 2 =  2 2
 N D m  N D P
Hm
g g HP
 4 =
2  Dm 
2
N 2P D 2P
Nm  
 2 
147
Therefore, NP = Nm
Q.6 Ans. (c)
Given: Peripheral or tangential speed, u1 = u2 = 10 m/s
Water jet velocity, V1 = 25 m/s
Flow rate, Q = 0.1 m3/s
Density,  = 1000 kg/m3
V1 = Vw1
u1 Vr1
60 = 
u
120°

Vr2 V2
Vf2
 
u2 Vw2
Power developed by Pelton wheel means the shaft power. Since there is no mechanical loss, hence shaft
power is equal to the runner power. Runner power is equal to the work done per second by water on runner.
wQ
Therefore, power developed =  Vw1  Vw 2   u ......(i)
g 
From exit velocity triangle, Vw2 = Vr2 × cos  – u2 (Vr2 = Vr1, since there is no friction)
= Vr1 × cos  – u2 = (V1 – u1) cos  – u2
= (25 – 10) × cos 60º – 10 = –2.5 m/s
9.81  0.1
from equation (i), power developed =  25  2.510 = 22.5 kW
9.81
Q.7 Ans. (a)
Given: Power generated, Pp = 300 kW
N p = 1000 rpm
H p = 40 m
Model testing head, Hm = 10 m, Scale is 1 : 4
Specific power is same for similar turbines
 P   P 
 Specific Power =  3   3 
 D2 H 2   D2 H 2 
 P  m
3
2 3/ 2 2
D  H   1   10  2
P m = PP   m    m  = 300    
 DP   HP   4   40 
P m = 2.34 kW
Q.8 Ans. (a)

Given, Available head, H =
24.5 m
Discharge, Q 10.1 m3/s
=
Rotation, N =
4 rps = 4 × 60 rpm = 240 rpm
Overall effeiciency,090%=
Shaft power
Overall effeiciency,0 = Water power
Shaft power = 0 × Water power
148
= 0 × (W × Q × H)
= 0.9 × 9.81 × 10.1 × 24.5 = 2184.74 kW
Specific speed plays an important role for selecting the type of the turbine. Also the performance of a turbine
can be predicted by knowing the specific speed of the turbine. Specific speed is defined as the speed of the
turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensions etc. with actual turbine but of such size that it will
developed unit power working under unit head.
N P
Therefore, specific speed Ns = ......(i)
H5/ 4
240  2184.74
= = 205.80  206.
(24.5)5 / 4
In equation (i), if P is taken in horse power (1 HP = 746 Watt) the specific speed is obtained in M.K.S. units.
But if P is taken in kilowatts, the specific speed is obtained in S.I. unit.
The type of turbine for different specific speed is given in following Table
S.No. Specific Speed
Type of Turbine
(M.K.S.) (S.I.)
1. 10 to 35 8.5 to 30 Pelton wheel with single jet
2. 35 to 60 30 to 51 Pelton wheel with two or more jets
3. 60 to 300 51 to 255 Francis turbine
4. 300 to 1000 255 to 860 Kaplan or Propeller turbine
Since the specific speed of the turbine is 206, therefore suitbale turbine is Francis turbine.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page-832, 18.1.
Q.9 Ans. (c)
Reciprocating pump - It is most common positive displacement pump. The positive displacement pumps
are those pumps in which the liquid is sucked and pushed due to the thrust exerted on it by a moving member,
which results in lifting the liquid to the required height.
Mycro-hydel Plant - The hydro plant producing up to 100 kW of power using natural flow of water. More
frequently Pelton wheel is used in micro hydel power plant.
Axial flow pump - An axial-flow pump consists of a propeller (an axial impeller) in a pipe. The main
advantage of an AFP is that it has a relatively high discharge at a relative low head. For example, it can pump
up to 3 times more water and other fluids at lifts of less than 4 meters as compared to the more common
centrifugal pump. These pumps have the smallest of the dimensions among many of the conventional pumps
and are more suited for low heads and higher discharges. In India, millions of smaller horsepower (6-15 HP)
mobile units powered mostly by single cylinder Diesel and Petrol engines are used by smaller farmers for
crop irrigation, drainage and fisheries.
Backward curved vanes - A series of backward curved vanes/blades is mounted on the impeller of the
centrifugal pump.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-1016, 1061,
Section-23.1, 24.3.
Q.10 Ans. (b)
It is an axial flow reaction turbine, which is suitable for relatively low head and hence requires a large quantity
of water. It was developed by Austrian professor Victor Kaplan in 1913. The head ranges from 10 to 70
meters and used where power developed ranges from 5 to 120 MW.
The difference of pressure or pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet of the runner is called reaction
pressure, and hence thses turbines are known as reaction turbines. Thomson, Francis, Propeller and Kaplan
are some important reaction turbines.
Section-22.18.

149
12
Centrifugal Pump
Year 2007 (a) 24 (b) 26

(c) 28 (d) 30
1. Match the items in columns I and II
Column I Column II Year 2003
P : Centrifugal 1 : Axial flow
compressor 3. A centrifugal pump running at 500 rpm and at its
Q : Centrifugal pump 2 : Surging maximum efficiency is delivering a head of 30 m
R : Pelton wheel 3 : Priming
at a flow rate of 60 litres per minute. If the rpm is
S : Kaplan turbine 4 : Pure impulse
changed to 1000, then the head H in metres and
(a) P – 2, Q – 3, R – 4, S – 1
(b) P – 2, Q – 3, R – 1, S – 4 flow rate Q in litres per minute at maximum
(c) P – 3, Q – 4, R – 1, S – 2 efficinecy are estimated to be
(d) P – 1, Q – 2, R – 3, S – 4 (a) H = 60, Q = 120 (b) H = 120, Q = 120
(c) H = 60, Q = 480 (d) H = 120, Q = 30
Year 2006
Year 2002
2. A horizontal-shaft centrifugal pump lifts water at
65ºC. The suction nozzle is one meter below pump Common Data Question No. 4 & 5
centerline. The pressure at this point equals 200 A centrifugal pump has an efficiency of 80%.
kPa gauge and velocity is 3 m/s. Steam tables The specifications of the pump are : Discharge =
show saturation pressure at 65ºC is 25 kPa and 70 m3/hr, head = 7 m, speed = 1450 rpm and
specific volume of the saturated liquid is 0.001020 diameter = 2000 mm. If the speed of this pump is
m3 /kg. The pump Net Positive Suction Head increased to 1750 rpm.
(NPSH) in meters is
4. Discharge and head developed are given
respectively:
(a) 84.48 m3/hr and 10.2 m
(b) 48.8 m3/hr and 20 m
(c) 48.8 m3/hr and 10.2 m
(d) 58.4 m3/hr and 12 m
1m 5. Power input required is given by

(a) 1.066 kW (b) 1.96 kW
(c) 2.12 kW (d) 20 kW
Year 2000
6. When the speed of a centrifugal pump is doubled,

the power required to drive the pump will
(a) increase 8 times (b) increase 4 times
(c) double (d) remain the same
Year 1994
7. In terms of speed of rotation of the impeller (N),

discharge (Q) and change in total head through
the machine, the specific speed for a pump
is.........

151
Chapter-12
Answer
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (c) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (a) N Q
7. Ans .( 3 / 4 )
Hm

152
Chapter-12
Q.1 Ans. (a)
Column I Column II
P. Centrifugal compressor 2. Surging
Q. Centrifugal pump 3. Priming
R. Pelton wheel 4. Pure impulse
S. Kaplan turbine 1. Axial flow
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-919 & 1061, 21.4
& 24.4.
Q.2 Ans. (c)
1m
1
NPSH: Net positive suction head is defined as the absolute pressure head at the inlet to the pump minus the
vapour pressure head (in absolute units) corresponding to the temperature of the liquid pumped, plus the
velocity head at this point
Or
NPSH may be defined as the head required to make the liquid to flow through the suction pipe to the impeller.
2
 P2 Pa  PV VS
Thus, NPSH =      ...................... (i)
 g g  g 2 g
where,
P2 = Gauge pressure at the inlet of pump
Pv = Vapour pressure of the liquid in absolute unit
Pa = Atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa)
Vs = Velocity of flow in suction pipe = 3 m/s
At 65º C,
Vapour pressure, P v = 25 kPa
Specific volume, w = 0.001020 m3/kg
Therefore, mass density of water at 65ºC
1 1
 =  = 980.39 kg/m3
w 0.001020
Now given that at suction nozzle (at point 1)
P 1 = 200 kPa (Gauge pressure)
V s = 3 m/s
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at section (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2
  Z1 = 2  2  Z2
g 2 g g 2 g
But V1 = V2 = VS and Z1 = 0 (Taking (1) as datum)
153
Z2 = 1 m
200  103 VS2 P2 VS2

 0 =  1
g 2g g 2 g
P2 200  103
 = 1
g g
200  103 P P V2
So from equation (i) NPSH = 1 a  V  S
g g g 2 g
(200  101.325  25)  103 32

NPSH =  1 
980.39  9.81 2  9.81
= 28.73 – 1 + 0.4587 = 28.1 m
Q.3 Ans. (b)
In a centrifugal pump for model testing there are following two conditions,
 Hm   Hm 
  =   ......(i)
 DN   
 1  DN  2
Q1 Q
3
 32 ......(ii)
D1 N1 D 2 N 2
For given pump, D1 = D2, from equation (i)

2 2
 N2   1000 
H2 =    H 1 =    30 =120 m
 N1   500 
Q1 Q
From equation (ii) 3
 32
D1 N1 D 2 N 2
N2 1000
Therefore, Q2 = N  Q 2 =  60 = 120 lit/minute
1 500
Q.4 Ans. (a)
Given, Efficiency,  = 80%
Discharge, Q1 = 70 m3/hr = 0.0194 m3/s
Monometric head, Hm1 = 7 m
Diameter, D1 = 2000 mm
Speed, N1 = 1450 rPm
Increased speed, N2 = 1750 rpm
Q1 Q2
For Discharge from model analysis, 3 = 3 ......(i)
D1 N1 D 2 N3
From question, diameter is constant, i.e. D1 = D2
Q1 Q2
From equation (i), N1 = N2
70 Q2
=
1450 1750
154
Therefore, discharge Q2 = 84.48 m3/hr = 0.0235 m3/s

For head from model analysis of pump
N1 Q1 N 2 Q2
3/ 4 = ......(ii)
(Hm1 ) (Hm2 )3/ 4
1450 0.0194 1750 0.0235

3/ 4 = (H m2 )3/ 4
(7)
Therefore, head H m2 = 10.2 m
Q.5 Ans. (a)
WQ H m
Overall effeiciecy of pump,  =
Shaft Power
WQ H m
Shaft Power =

9.81  0.0235  10.2
=
0.8
Shaft or Input Power = 2.94 kW
Q.6 Ans. (a)
 P   P 
In a centrifugal pump for model testing,  5 3  =  5 3 
 D N m  D N m
 P1   P 
From question,  5 3 =  5 2 3 
D N   D  2N  
 
Therefore, P2 = 8P1
N Q
Q.7 Ans.
H m 3/ 4
Speed at which a geometrically similar centrifugal pump runs discharging 1 m3 of volume running under a
head of one meter is called specific speed of the pump.
N Q
Specific speed, Ns =
H m 3/ 4
where, N = Speed of pump in rpm
Q = Discharge from the pump in m3/s
Hm= Manometric head of the pump in ‘m’

155
13
Compressible Flow
Year 2000
1. For a compressible fluid, sonic velocity is

(a) a property of the fluid
(b) always given by (RT)1/2 where , R and T
are respectively the ratio of specific heats,
gas constant and temperature in K
b
(c) always given by p /  g1/ 2
s
where p,  and s
are respectively pressure, density and entropy
(d) always greater than the velocity of fluid at
any location
Year 1999
2. An aeroplane is cruising at a speed of 800 km/hr
at an altitude, where the air temperature is 0oC.
The flight Mach number at this speed is nearly
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.254
(c) 0.67 (d) 2.04

Chapter-13
Q.1 Ans. (c)

Exp. In case of compressible fluid,
 p 
Sonic velocity is denoted by ‘C’ which is given by  
  s
where, p = pressure intensity
 = desntiy of the liquid
Reference: Fluid Mechanis, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-723, Equation 15.29.
Q.2 Ans. (c)

Speed of aeroplane, V = 800 km/hr
800  1000
= m/s
60  60
= 222.22 m/s.
Temperature = 0º C = 273 K.
Sonic speed, C = RT (assuming process as Adiabatic process)
= 1.4  287  273

= 331.196 m/s.
V 222.22

Mach number = = 0.67
C 331.196
Equation-19.7.


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Mechanical Engineering

TOPICWISE GATE SOLUTION

DRONACHARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS

S.No. Chapter Name 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

Pressure and its

Laminar and Turbulent

10 Flow Through Pipes 4 4 1 2 1

13. Compressible Flow

Year 2008 Year 2001

Space for Rough work

Shear stress given by Newton’s law of viscosity

From Newton’s law of viscosity

Now, from Newton’s law of viscosity

Q.5 Ans. (c)

(a) Flow direction is A to B and pA – pB = 20 kPa

Year 2004 4. If ‘p’ is the gauge pressure within a spherical

(a) 771.2 mm Hg (b) 752.65 mm Hg

(a) 1236 Pa (b) 1333 Pa

Space for Rough work

Writing the pressure balance equation,

Applying pressure balancing equation at free surface

Therefore, area defined by the shape of the control volume.

Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces

2. A water container is kept on a weighing balance. 1.8m Gasoline (S = 0.7)

1. Ans. (d) 2. Ans. (a) 3. Ans. (d) 4. Ans. (144.5 kN)

Space for Rough work

Q.4 Ans. (144.5 kN)

Negative pressure (8250 N/m2)

1.8m Gasoline (S = 0.7)

(a) ghA (b) (s – ) ghA

Free body diagram of the cylindrical body will be

Year 2011 Statement for linked answer questions

for their suitability in a given labortory application.

xy plane are made available

Year 2006 Year 2003

6. In a two-dimensional velocity field with velocities     

u 13. If the velocity vector in 2-D flow field is given by

15. The force F needed to support the liquid of density

(a) gd[ha – (h – H) A] (b) gdHA

17. In a flow field, the streamlines and equipotential

18. For a fluid element in a two dimensional flow field

20. Circulation is defined as line integral of tangential

Space for Rough work

For Q, Given u = 3xy and v = 0

So volume displaced by moving plate

Q.8 Ans. (d)

The equation of stream line

= stream lines

(a) 6.4 (b) 9.0

4. A smooth pipe of diameter 200 mm carries water.

5. Consider steady, incompressible and irrotational

eU / 8kj FGH DD  1IJK  D

(a) R 2 gH Year 1999

Space for Rough work

Applying Bernoulli’s equation at section (1-1) & (2-2)

From the above figure, it is clear that

From given figure we can find pressure P1

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between at section (1-1) and (2-2)

Thus from Bernoulli’s equation

(4V1 ) 2  V12 15V12

2  9.81  (30 / 9.81)

Q.10 Ans. (d)

Applying Bernoullis’s equation at the section (1-1) and section (2-2)