Ideas For Topics - Ielts Writng Task 2 - Ielts Fighter

IELTS Fighter - Trung Tâm Luyện Thi IELTS số 1 Việt Nam
Website: ielts-fighter.com | Hotline: 0903 411 666

Fanpage: www.facebook.com/ielts.fighter/
Group: www.facebook.com/groups/ieltsfighter.support/
Lời nói đầu: ............................................................................................................................................. 3

Các em thân mến,..................................................................................................................................... 3
Trong cuốn IELTS Writing task 2 do IELTS Fighter biên soạn các thầy cô đã dành thời gian nói khá rõ
trong việc lên ý tưởng cho một bài thi viết IELTS. Cô trích lại 3 đoạn sau để các em hiểu rõ hơn về tầm
quan trọng của Ideas nhé! ........................................................................................................................ 3
Một số “chia sẻ” hữu ích của IELTS FIGHTER ............................................................................................ 7
1. ADVERTISING.................................................................................................................................. 11
2. ANIMAL RIGHTS ................................................................................................................................ 16
3. CITIES.................................................................................................................................................... 23
4. CRIME ................................................................................................................................................... 27
5. EDUCATION ........................................................................................................................................ 36
6. ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................... 50
7. FAMILY.................................................................................................................................................. 58
8. GENDER................................................................................................................................................ 64
9. GENETIC ENGINEERING .................................................................................................................. 66
10. GLOBAL ISSUES ............................................................................................................................... 69
11. GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY ..................................................................................................... 75
12. GUNS AND WEAPONS .................................................................................................................. 84
13. HEALTH .............................................................................................................................................. 92
14. HOUSING AND ARCHITECTURE............................................................................................... 102
15. LANGUAGE..................................................................................................................................... 105
16. MONEY............................................................................................................................................. 108
17. PERSONALITY................................................................................................................................. 111
18. SPORT AND LEISURE .................................................................................................................... 118
19. TELEVISION, INTERNET, PHONES .............................................................................................. 124
20. TOURISM ......................................................................................................................................... 133
IDEAS FOR IELTS TOPIC – IELTS FIGHTER

21. TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN ...................................................................................................... 136
22. TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................... 139
23. WATER .............................................................................................................................................. 143
24. WORK............................................................................................................................................... 150

Lời nói đầu:
Các em thân mến,

Trong cuốn IELTS Writing task 2 do IELTS Fighter biên soạn các thầy cô đã dành
thời gian nói khá rõ trong việc lên ý tưởng cho một bài thi viết IELTS. Cô trích lại 3
đoạn sau để các em hiểu rõ hơn về tầm quan trọng của Ideas nhé!
Chính vì vậy mà các thầy cô tại IELTS Fighter đã chung tay cùng nhau biên soạn ra
cuốn sách Ideas for IELTS topics để giúp các em có thêm ý cho IELTS writing task
2.

Cuốn sách được tham khảo từ cuốn sách về Ideas for IELTS của tác giả Adam Smith
và Simon, tuy nhiên các thầy cô đã chỉnh sửa lại cho phù hợp với các học sinh Việt
Nam để giúp các em học tập tốt hơn.
Đặc biệt cuốn sách còn được các thầy cô dành rất nhiều tời gian và công sức để
giải thích các Ideas và ghi chú các từ vựng cùng các cụm từ liên quan để giúp các
em học tập tốt hơn.
Cuốn sách được bố trí như sau:

Trong đó:
 Phần 1: Các topic thường xuất hiện trong IELTS ( gồm 24 topics)
 Phần 2: Các đề thường gặp trong Topics
 Phần 3: Các ideas được nêu ra cho vấn đề trên.
 Phần 4: Giải thích các ideas và các từ vựng , ý... đi kèm với các ideas
Như vậy, với cách xây dựng tài liệu như trên cũng như các chủ đề xuyên suốt của
IELTS thì các cô tin rằng các em hoàn toàn có thể đủ ý chinh phục điểm cao IELTS
writing - task 2.
Đây sẽ là tài liệu không thể thiếu trong khi luyện viết IELTS mà trung tâm dành tặng
các em:


Một số “chia sẻ” hữu ích của IELTS FIGHTER
➤ Giải đáp 20 thắc mắc về IELTS: TẠI ĐÂY

➤ Cấu trúc đề thi IELTS 2019 cần chú ý: TẠI ĐÂY
➤Lộ trình tự học IELTS cho người mới bắt đầu tới 5.0 Online: TẠI ĐÂY
➤Hướng dẫn tự học IELTS Speaking từ 0-7.0: TẠI ĐÂY
➤ Tài liệu từ học lên 7.5 cho người mới bắt đầu: Download
➤ Tài liệu tự học từ 4.5 lên 7.5 chọn lọc: Download
➤ 570 từ vựng Academic hay - dễ học (có app): download
➤ IELTS Speaking Vocabulary band 7.5+: download
➤ Cuốn sách IELTS Writing từ A-Z: download
➤ TOP 7 trung tâm luyện thi IELTS tốt nhất Hà Nội: Xem chi tiết
Bạn tìm hiểu Lịch khai giảng IELTS Fighter: XEM NGAY
QUYỂN SÁCH NÀY DÀNH CHO AI?
IDEAS for IELTS Topics là quyển sách phù hợp cho các giáo viên và học viên có
ít thời gian cho việc luyện thi IELTS. Cuốn sách này cũng phù hợp với những học
viên bí ý tưởng hoặc ý kiến về các chủ đề thường gặp trong phần thi Viết của IELTS.
Lưu ý rằng, cho dù ngữ pháp của bạn có hoàn hảo đi chăng nữa thì bạn cũng sẽ
không đạt được điểm cao nếu bạn không biết viết về cái gì.
Quyển sách này nhằm giúp các bạn học viên tự tin rằng họ có những ý tưởng, ý kiến,
và từ vựng tuyệt vời về nhiều chủ đề trong kỳ thi IELTS writing.
LÀM THẾ NÀO ĐỂ ĐẠT 7.0 IELTS HOẶC CAO HƠN?
Bí quyết để đạt được điểm cao trong phần thi IELTS writing không chỉ là ngữ pháp,
không chỉ là việc dung các từ như “moreover”, “in addition”, không chỉ là việc dung
các cụm như “this is controversial issue nowadays”, mà còn là việc bạn cần phải sử
dụng các “topic language” một cách phù hợp.
“Topic language” ở đây được hiểu là các từ hoặc cụm từ có liên quan đến chủ đề
câu hỏi. Bạn cần những ý tưởng tốt để trả lời tốt một câu hỏi.
LÀM THẾ NÀO CHUẨN BỊ CHO IELTS WRITING TASK 2?
Có rất nhiều lời khuyên được đưa ra trong quyển sách này. Dưới đây tôi xin tóm tắt
lại những điều mà tôi đề xuất:
 Dành nhiều thời gian chuẩn bị hơn là làm bài kiểm tra
Khi chúng ta làm một bài test, chúng ta sẽ xác định được năng lực của mình
hiện đang ở mức nào. Tuy nhiên, chúng ta không học thêm được điều gì mới cả.
Bạn sẽ không thể cải thiện được nếu bạn chỉ viết các bài essays. Trước khi viết
một essay, chúng ta nên nghiên cứu chủ đề và chuẩn bị ý tưởng, ý kiến, và từ
vựng.
 Sao chép ý tưởng của tôi (giới thiệu trong cuốn sách này)
Nếu bạn chỉ sử dụng các từ vựng mà bạn đã biết, bạn sẽ không học thêm được
điều gì mới, và sẽ không thể nào cải thiện được năng lực của mình. Điều bạn
cần làm là thực hành kết nối các ý tưởng của tôi lại với nhau và viết một essay
hoàn hảo.
 Sử dụng quyển sách này cùng các tài liệu khác của ILETS Fighter
Cuốn sách này đi kèm với các bộ tài liệu do chính Trung tâm luyện thi IELTS
Fighter biên soạn – đặc biệt là bộ tài liệu IELTS Writing task 1+2. Các bạn có
thể dễ dàng tìm thấy và tải miễn phí các tài liệu này tại website và fanpage của
IELTS Fighter.
LÀM THẾ NÀO SỬ DỤNG NHỮNG Ý TƯỞNG NÀY?
Một trong những cách bạn có thể làm là luyện tập viết các đoạn văn sử dụng các ý
tưởng trong sách này

Sau đây là một vài ý tưởng về chủ đề The benefits of mobile phones:
 The mobile phone is the most popular gadget in today’s world.

 We can stay in touch with family, friends and colleagues wherever we are.
 Users can send text messages, surf the Internet, take photos and listen to
music.
 Mobiles have also become fashion accessories.
 Mobile phones have revolutionized the way we communicate.
Bằng cách kết nối những ý tưởng này và thêm thắt một vài thứ, chúng ta có
thể viết một đoạn văn như sau:
The mobile phone has become the most popular gadget in today’s world. The
reason for this is that it is portable and versatile. Mobile phones are now carried
at all times by most people, allowing us to stay in touch with family, friends and
colleagues wherever we are. Furthermore, they now have many more
functions than a standard telephone; mobile phone users can send text
messages, surf the Internet, take photos and listen to music, as well as making
calls. Mobiles have become fashion accessories, and they have revolutionized
the way we communicate.
(93 words)
TỪ Ý TƯỞNG ĐẾN ĐOẠN VĂN
Khi Viết IELTS, chúng ta nên dành thời gian lên ý tưởng cho những đoạn văn ở
phần thân bài trước khi bắt đầu vào viết (xem lại cuốn sách IELTS Writing target
7+ để tìm hiểu kĩ hơn). Bây giờ hãy cùng tìm hiểu cách kết nối những ý tưởng lại
với nhau để tạo thành một đoạn văn hoành chỉnh qua ví dụ dưới đây. Đây là
câu hỏi:

The main reason people go to work is to earn money.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Sau đây là các ý tưởng cho một đoạn văn:
 Agree that money is the main reason people work

 People look at salary first, they rarely take a salary cut
 Need to live, pay bills, food etc.
 Look after our families, save for the future
 Otherwise, most people would probably choose not to work
Kết nối những ý tưởng trên, chúng ta có đoạn như sau:
I agree that the majority of people work in order to earn money. Before taking
any other factors into account, it is normal to first consider the salary that a
particular post offers, and it is rare to hear of a person who happily takes a cut
in pay when beginning a new job. We all need money to pay for our basic
necessities, such as accommodation, bills and food. Many adults also have
families who depend on the wages they earn, and at the same time they are
conscious of the need to save for the future. If we no longer needed money, I
doubt most of us would choose to continue in our jobs. (116 words)
Contents
1. ADVERTISING ........................................................................................................................ 11
2. ANIMAL RIGHTS .................................................................................................................... 16
3. CITIES ..................................................................................................................................... 23
4. CRIME .................................................................................................................................... 27
5. EDUCATION .......................................................................................................................... 36
6. ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................................... 50

7. FAMILY................................................................................................................................... 58
8. GENDER ................................................................................................................................ 64
9. GENETIC ENGINEERING ....................................................................................................... 66
10. GLOBAL ISSUES ................................................................................................................. 69
11. GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY ......................................................................................... 75
12. GUNS AND WEAPONS ..................................................................................................... 84
13. HEALTH............................................................................................................................... 92
14. HOUSING AND ARCHITECTURE ..................................................................................... 102
15. LANGUAGE ..................................................................................................................... 105
16. MONEY ............................................................................................................................ 108
17. PERSONALITY .................................................................................................................. 111
18. SPORT AND LEISURE ....................................................................................................... 118
19. TELEVISION, INTERNET, PHONES .................................................................................... 124
20. TOURISM .......................................................................................................................... 133
21. TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN ........................................................................................... 136
22. TRANSPORT ..................................................................................................................... 139
23. WATER.............................................................................................................................. 143
24. WORK .............................................................................................................................. 150
1. ADVERTISING
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Positives of advertising
Advertising is a key part of modern To be a key part of sth: Là một phần

business quan trọng, một phần then chốt
= To play an important role in sth

To tell sb about sth: Nói cho ai đó biết về

Companies need to tell customers việc gì đó
about their products and services
Tuy nhiên, chúng ta cũng có các cách
dùng:
- To remind sb of sth
- To notify sb of sth
- To inform sb of/about sth
Advertisements inform us about the Choice (n): Sự lựa chọn

choices we have = Option (n)
A creative industry (n): Một ngành công

Advertising is a creative industry that nghiệp sáng tạo
employs many people Chúng ta dùng Industry (n) chỉ ngành
nghề, lĩnh vực. Ví dụ:
- Banking Industry
- Entertainment Industry
Without advertising we would have Without sth: Nếu không có sth

less choice
Higher unemployment (n): Tình trạng thất

nghiệp cao hơn
Employ sb (v): Thuê ai đó làm việc
Without advertising there would be Employment (n): Sự thuê lao động
higher unemployment Employer (n): Chủ thuê lao động
Employee (n): Nhân viên
Employed (adj): Đang được thuê

Unemployed (adj): Thất nghiệp
Advertising is a form of modern art To be a form of sth: Là một dạng của…
People enjoy adverts To enjoy sth (v): Thích, thưởng thức

= To be interested in sth
= To be keen on sth
= To be fond of sth
Negatives of Advertising
To manipulate sb (v): Kiểm soát hoặc ảnh

Advertising manipulates people hưởng người khác theo một cách không
trung thực
 To manipulate sb into sth/ doing sth
To aim to persuade people: Nhằm mục

It aims to persuade people that đích thuyết phục người ta
buying a product will make them  To aim to do sth
happier  To persuade people to do sth
= To convince people to sth do sth
Advertisers focus on selling a brand To focus on (v): Tập trung vào việc gì đó
image = To concentrate on sth/doing sth
They use glamorous, successful Glamorous (adj): Thu hút, phấn khích, nổi
people bật

A consumer culture (n): Nền văn hóa tiêu

dùng
We now live in a consumer culture Chúng ta cũng có một số cụm từ có liên

quan như:
A consumer society: Một xã hội mà việc
mua bán được xem như rất quan trọng
Consumer confidence: Niềm tin người
tiêu dùng
Consumer spending: Chi tiêu người tiêu
dùng
Be persuaded to do sth: Được thuyết

We are persuaded to follow the phục làm chuyện gì đó
latest trend  To persuade sb to do sth
To follow the latest trend: Đuổi theo xu
hướng mới nhất
To be encouraged to do sth: Được

We are encouraged to associate khuyến khích làm chuyện gì đó
certain brands with a higher status To associate certain brands with a
higher status: Gắn liền một số thương
hiệu với địa vị xã hội cao
 To associate sth/sb with sth/sb
Advertisers often aim their marketing To aim sth at sb: Nhằm cái gì vào ai đó
at children
Can easily influenced: Có thể dễ dàng bị

Children can easily be influenced by ảnh hưởng
advertisements = Can easily affected

 To influence sth/sb
 To affect sth/sb
Children put pressure on parents to To put pressure on sb: Làm áp lực lên ai
buy them things đó
= To pressure on sb to do sth
= To be under pressure to do sth
Opinions about Advertising
Should be regulated: Nên được kiểm soát

Advertising should be regulated  To regulate sth
= To control sth by means of rules
Advertising aimed at children should To aim at sb: Nhằm vào ai đó

be controlled or even banned = To target sb/sth
Unhealthy foods should not be To attract sb: Thu hút ai đó

marketed in a way that attracts = To appeal to sb
children
Products that can be risk to health To be risk to sth/sb: Có thể gây hại cho
should display warnings = To harm sb/sth
In some countries it is illegal to To be illegal: Phạm pháp

advertise cigarettes on television >< To be legal: Hợp pháp, pháp lý
Warnings must be displayed on To be displayed on sth: Hiển thị, thể hiện

cigarette packets trên cái gì đó

However, advertising is necessary in A free market economy (n): Một nền kinh
free market economies tế thị trường tự do
It creates demand for products To create demand for sth: Tạo ra nhu cầu
về cái gì đó
 To meet/ satisfy the demand: Đáp
ứng, thỏa mãn nhu cầu
Governments should only censor To censor sth: Loại bỏ phần không được
false information or products that kiểm duyệt
are harmful = To remove the parts of sth
2. ANIMAL RIGHTS
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Arguments for Animal Testing
Animals are used in important Scientific research (n): Nghiên

scientific research cứu khoa học
= Scientific study
To do medical tests on new

It is necessary to do medical tests drugs: Thực hiện kiểm tra trên các
on new drugs loại thuốc mới
 To do tests on sth
Bên cạnh đó, chúng ta còn học
được cụm
 It is necessary to do sth

To advance knowledge: Nâng

Animal testing helps to advance cao kiến thức
medical and scientific knowledge/ = To develop and improve
medical breakthroughs knowledge
Medical breakthroughs: Đột phá

về y học
 Make/ Achieve a
breakthrough
Many important medical A medical discovery (n): Một sự

discoveries involved khám phá về y học
experimentation on animals To involve sth: Bao gồm, liên quan
= To include sth
= To engage sth
Researchers aim to minimize the To minimize sth: Giảm thiểu cái gì

suffering that animals experience đó
= To reduce sth to the lowest
possible level
Testing for the cosmetics industry is To be banned: Bị cấm

now banned in many countries = To get banned
= To be forbidden
= To be prohibited
Some medical or scientific Scientific experiments (n): Thí

experiments simply cannot be nghiệm khoa học
done on humans

Arguments against Animal Testing
The benefits of research using To justify sth: Bào chữa, biện hộ,
animals do not justify the suffering giải thích cho sth
caused = To defend sth
To publish sth: Xuất bản

It is cruel if it is just done to publish = To publish a book
papers = To release a book
= To issue a book
An alternative method (n): Một

There are alternative methods of phương pháp thay thế
research Lưu ý alternative có thể là một
danh từ
 Take an alternative
= Take another option
Computer simulation can be used Simulation (n): Giả lập

in most cases
The lives of animals should be Life (n) Mạng sống (Singular noun)
respected  Plural noun: Lives (n)
Humans have no moral right to do To have no right to do sth: Không

experiments on animals có quyền làm chuyện gì đó
Arguments for Vegetarianism
Vegetarians do not eat foods that To produce sth: Sản xuất

are produced by killing animals

Many people choose a A vegetarian diet (n): Chế độ ăn

vegetarian diet for moral or health kiêng theo kiểu ăn chay, ăn chay
reasons Moral reasons (n) Lý do về đạo đức
 Morality (n)
A healthy diet is possible without A healthy diet (n): Chế độ ăn

eating meat kiêng lành mạnh
>< Unhealthy (adj)
It is unnecessary to kill animal for It is (un)necessary to do sth:

food Cần/ không cần làm chuyện gì đó
A vegetarian diet may reduce the To reduce the risk of disease:

risk of disease like cancer Giảm rủi ro bệnh tật
 To reduce the risk of sth
>< To pose the risk
Many people question the To question sth: Đặt câu hỏi, nghi
treatment of animals in factory ngờ về vấn đề gì đó
farms = To have doubts/ suspicions about
sth
= to doubt sth/ sb
Arguments against Vegetarianism
Vegetarians do not eat a A balanced diet (n): Chế độ ăn

balanced diet kiêng cân bằng, phù hợp
In many cultures, meat is the main The main ingredient in sth (n):

ingredient in traditional meals Nguyên liệu chính trong món/ thứ

gì đó
Meat-eaters argue that animals Meat – eaters (n): Người không ăn

are below humans in the food chay, người ăn mặn
chain Canivore (n): Động vật ăn thịt
The food chain (n): Chuỗi thức ăn
It is completely natural for us to kill Natural (adj): Tự nhiên, bản năng,

them for food bình thường
Our aim should be improve Farming methods (n): Các biện

farming methods pháp nông nghiệp
Farms should produce organic Organic food (n): Thực phẩm hữu
food cơ
Positives of Zoos
To play an important role: Đóng

Zoos play an important role in vai trò quan trọng
wildlife conservation = To be a key part in sth
Wildlife conservation (n): Bảo tồn
đời sống hoang dã
 To conserve sth
To protect sth/sb: Bảo vệ

Endangered species (n): Các loài
They can help to protect đang gặp nguy hiểm
endangered species Dangerous species (n): Các loài
động vật nguy hiểm

Zoos allow scientists to study To allow sb to do sth: Cho phép ai

animals and their behavior đó làm chuyện gì đó
Trong ngữ cảnh này,
= To enable sb to do sth
Zoos are educational, interesting Educational (adj): Mang tính giáo

and fun dục
Children, in particular, enjoy In particular: Nói riêng

learning about animals In general: Nói chung
To provide sth: Cung cấp cái gì

Zoos provide job opportunities. đó
Job opportuny (n): Cơ hội việc
làm
Chúng ta có một số cụm như
Job opening
Job vacancy
Negatives of Zoos
Artificial environment (n): Môi

trường nhân tạo
Zoo animals are kept in artificial Ngoài ra chúng ta có một số cụm
environments khác như
An artificial limb
An artificial sweetener
They are kept in cages or have Limited space (n): Không gian giới
limited space hạn

= Narrow/ Insufficient space
Zoo animals rely on humans To rely on sb/sth: Phụ thuộc

= To depend on sb/sth
They lose the freedom to hunt for To lose the freedom: Mất sự tự do
food = To give up his freedom
= To surrender his freedom
They best way to save Natural habitats (n): Môi trường

endangered species is by sống tự nhiên
protecting natural habitats
Some people believe that zoos To be unethical: Không đúng về

are unethical mặt đạo đức
= To be immoral
 Ethical = Moral
Zoos exhibits animals with the aim To exhibit sth: Trưng bày, triển lãm
of making money With the aim of sth: Với mục đích …
= With the purpose of …
We have no right to use animals To have right to do sth: Có quyền

for entertainment and profit làm chuyện gì đó

3. CITIES
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Reasons for Urbanization
People move to cities in search of In search of sth: Để tìm kiếm sth

job opportunities = To seek (for) sth
= To search for sth
Cities offer greater employment Employment possibility (n): Cơ hội

possibilities and a higher standard nghề nghiệp
of living = Job opportunity
Standard of living (n): Tiêu chuẩn
sống, mức sống
People migrate to cities from the To migrate (v): Di chuyển nơi ở

countryside To emigrate (v): Định cư ở quốc
gia khác
To immigrate (v): Nhập cư
Traditional activities like farming Farming (n): Nông nghiệp

need fewer workers nowadays
Negatives of City Life
Life in cities has its drawbacks Drawback (n): Một khuyết điểm,
nhược điểm
= A disadvantage of sth

The cost of living is higher than in The cost of living (n): Chi phí sinh
rural areas hoạt
= Living expenses (n)
Some people do not manage to To manage to do sth: Xoay sở làm

find work chuyện gì đó
 Do not manage to do sth
= To fail to do sth
= To be unable to do sth
Housing is usually much more Housing (n): Nơi ở

expensive = Accommodation
Homelessness and poverty are Homeless (adj): Vô gia cư

common on cities Poverty (n) Nghèo khổ
 Poor (adj)
To be common (adj): Phổ biến
= To be popular
There is a gap between rich and A gap (n): Khoảng cách

poor  Gap year
Life in cities can be extremely To be stressful (adj)

stressful = To be under pressure/ tension
There are problems like traffic Traffic congestion (n): Ách tắc
congestion or traffic jams and giao thông
= Traffic jam

crime
Cities lack a sense of community A sense of community (n): Tính

cộng đồng
People do not even know their Neighbor (n): Hàng xóm

neighbor(s)
Cities are sometimes described as To be described as sth: Được mô

“concrete jungles”. tả như là …
Pedestrian areas
Pedestrian (n): Người bộ hành

Pedestrian zones in city centre can Zone (n): Khu vực
improve the local environment Chúng ta có một số cụm dùng với
zone như
An industrial zone
A war zone
Banning cars encourages people To encourage sb to do sth:

to walk or cycle Khuyến khích ai đó làm chuyện gì
đó
Many European cities have built Bicycle lane (n): Làn đường dành
bicycle lanes cho xe đạp
Dependence on sth (n): Sự phụ

Dependence on cars is linked to thuộc
health problems like obesity >< Independence

To be linked to sth: Liên quan,

dẫn tới
Trong câu này
= To lead to sth
People who walk or cycle regularly Generally (adj): Nhìn chung

are generally healthier
Pedestrian areas are safer and Resident (n): Cư dân của một
more attractive for both residents vùng nào đó
and tourists  Residence (n)
 Residential (adj)

4. CRIME
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Police and Crime Prevention
The job of the polices is to catch To catch criminals: Bắt tội phạm
criminals
They must also prevent crime and To prevent crime: Ngăn chặn tội
make communities safer phạm
= To deter/ stop a crime
>< To carry out/ commit a crime
There should be an increase in the An increase (n): Tăng

number of police officers on the >< A decrease (n): Giảm
streets
Police officers should be seen as Should be seen as sb/sth: Nên

part of the community được nhìn nhận như là
They should be involved with Be involved with sth: Quan tâm

education and prevention đến sth
= Pay attention to sth
The police should be in close To be in close contact with sb:

contact with schools Liên hệ thường xuyên, gần gũi với
ai đó

They should focus on young To drop out of school: Nghỉ học,

people who have dropped out of bỏ học
school To focus on: Tập trung vào
= To concentrate on sth
These teenagers may become Be involved with sth: Liên quan,

involved with gangs dính líu
Gang (n): Nhóm tội phạm
Một số từ vựng có liên quan:
A street gang
A gang of pickpockets
Punishments/ Prisons
Fines are used as punishment for Fine (n): Tiền phạt

minor crimes = Penalty fee
If the crime is more serious, prison is Prison (n): Nhà tù

the most common punishment Một số cụm hay dùng như sau:
To send sb to prison
To be in prison
To pose a threat: Tạo ra mối nguy

Some criminals pose a threat to hiểm
society = To present a threat
Một số cụm hay dùng như sau:
To be under threat
The threat from sth
To face a threat

They are put in prison to ensure the To ensure the safety: Đảm bảo
safety of other citizens tính an toàn
Negatives of Prisons
Criminals are put together Criminal (n): Tội phạm

To be put = To be placed
They make friends with other Offender (n): Tội phạm

offenders = Criminal (n)
Many prisoners re-offend when To be released (v): Được thả ra

they are released (tù)
Offend (v) Tấn công, phạm tội
= To commit a crime
A criminal record makes finding a A criminal record (n): Hồ sơ tiền

job more difficult án
Rehabilitation
Another aim of prisons is Rehabilitation (n) (Trong chủ đề

rehabilitation này): Quy trình giúp đỡ một người
tái hòa nhập cộng đồng sau khi ra
tù
Prisoners receive education of Vocational training (n): Đào tạo

vocational training nghề
 Vocational school (n) Trường
dạy nghề

Prisoners should learn personal skills Personal skill (n): Kỹ năng giao
and specific job skills tiếp, kỹ năng cá nhân
Punishment could make prisoners’ Punishment (n): Hình phạt, sự trừng

behavior worse phạt
Rehabilitation aims to make them To aim to do sth: Nhằm mục đích

better citizens nào đó
= To aim at doing sth
Rehabilitated prisoners are less To rehabilitate sb: Tái hòa nhập

likely to re-offend cho người mới ra tù
Capital Punishment
Supporters say that capital Capital punishment (n): Tử hình

punishment deters crime = Death sentence (n)
= Death penalty (n)
Fear of the death penalty stops To stop sb from doing sth: Dừng/
people from committing offences ngăn chặn ai đó làm việc gì đó
= To prevent sb from doing sth
To commit offences = To commit

crimes
The death penalty shows that To tolerate sb/sth: Tha thứ

crime is not tolerated = To put up with sb/sth

It is a form of revenge Revenge (n/v): Trả thù

Một số cụm từ có liên quan
To take revenge on sth/sb
To seek revenge for sth/sb
The cost of imprisonment is To imprison sb: Bỏ tù ai đó

avoided = To put sb in a prison
= To jail sb
The offender cannot pose a threat To pose a threat: Gây ra mối nguy
to others hiểm
= To create a threat
Against Capital Punishment
Innocent people could be wrongly To convict sb of sth: Chính thức

convicted and executed định tội ai đó
>< To acquit sb of sth: Tuyên bố
trắng án
To execute sb: Tử hình ai đó
= Death sentence
= Capital punishment
Crime rates are not necessarily Crime rate (n): Tỷ lệ phạm tội
reduced
To catch a criminal: Bắt một tội

Many criminals do not think they phạm
will be caught

Capital punishment is not a good Deterrent (n): Một thứ gì đấy giúp
deterrent ngăn cản ai đó
 To deter sb
Executing prisoners creates a Violent culture (n): Văn hóa bạo

violent culture and encourages lực
revenge To encourage revenge: Khuyến
khích việc trả thù
To take revenge on sth
We have no right to take another To have no right to do sth: Không

human life có quyền làm chuyện gì đó
To take sb’s life: Lấy mạng, tước
đoạt mạng sống người khác
Community Service
Community service is a way to Community service (n): Phục vụ

reform offenders cộng đồng
To reform sb: Cải tạo ai đó
It could be a solution to prison Prison overcrowding (n): Quá tải

overcrowding trong nhà tù
A solution to sth: Giải pháp cho
việc gì đó
It avoids the cost of imprisonment

To imprison sb (v): Hành động bỏ
tù một ai đó
To avoid sth/sb (v): Tránh ai đó,
cái gì đó.

It makes offenders useful in their To make sb + adj: Làm cho ai đó

local communities trở nên thế nào đấy
Local community (n): Cộng đồng
địa phương.
They are required to clean streets To clean streets (v): Dọn dẹp
or talk to school groups đường phố
Offenders repay their community Offender (n): Tội phạm

= Criminal (n)
To repay sb/sth: Trả tiền, đền bù
Một số cụm từ đi chung repay:
To repay a debt/ loan/ mortgage
They avoid the negative influence Negative influence (n): Ảnh

that prison can have hưởng tiêu cực, ảnh hướng xấu.
Influence (n/v)
= Effect (n), Affect (v)
= Consequence (n)
Against Community Service
Community service is not a A sufficient punishment (n): Một

sufficient punishment hình phạt đủ mạnh
Một số cụm từ đi chung
punishment (n):
Cruel punishment (n) Hình phạt
độc ác
Heavy/ harsh/ severe punishment
(n): Hình phạt nặng

Corporal/ physical punishment (n):

Hình phạt về thể chất
Criminals should be locked up, To lock up sb/ lock sb up: Nhốt

away from their victims một ai đó.
Crime in the Media
Crime is one of the main subjects Subject (n): Chủ đề

of most news programs. = Topic (n)
The mass media focus on violent Sensational (adj) : Gây cảm giác
and sensational crimes bất ngờ, thú vị, kích thích
= Thrilling
Sensational news (n): Những tin
tức shock hoặc tồi tệ hơn nhằm
thu hút sự chú ý.
This leads to fear of crime among To lead to sth: Dẫn đến một cái gì
the public đó.
= To cause sth
= To result in sth
Sensational stories attract more Sensational story (n): Những câu

viewers or readers chuyện gây ra cảm giác thú vị, bất
ngờ; làm quá lên để thu hút sự chú
ý.
The media report crime stories in To increase their audience: Tăng

order to increase their audience số lượng khán giả.

= To grab the attention of

audience

5. EDUCATION
IDEAS EXPLATIONS
Benefits of Education
Education gives people To give sb sth: Cho ai đó cái gì đó

knowledge and skills = To provide sb with sth
People with qualification are more Qualification (n): Bằng cấp, chứng
likely to find work chỉ.
They can earn a higher salary To earn a higher salary: Nhận mức
lương cao hơn.
To earn a higher salary
= To be offered a higher salary
They can contribute positively to To contribute to sth: Đóng góp cho

society cái gì đó.
Hoặc có thể dùng là: To contribute
sth to sth/sb
Schools aim to teach young Moral value (n) Giá trịđạo đức
people moral values such as = Ethical value (n)
tolerance and sharing
Schools prepare children to be To prepare sth/sb to do sth: Chuẩn
members of a society bị cho ai đó, cái gì đó để làm
chuyện gì đó
Benefits of Studying Abroad
Foreign institutions may offer better Foreign institution (n) Tổ chức giáo
courses dục nước ngoài, định chế giáo dục
nước ngoài
Financial institution (n) Định chế tài
chính
Many students want to attend a A prestigious university (n) Đại học

prestigious university danh giá
Prestigious (adj) còn được dùng
trong các cụm sau:
A prestigious award (n) Giải thưởng
danh giá
The best universities employ To employ sb: Thuê, sử dụng ai đó
teachers who are experts in their = Hire sb
fields Expert (n) Chuyên gia
= Professional (n)
Qualifications gained abroad can To open the door to sth: Mở cánh
open the door to better job cửa cho việc gi đó
opportunities = To pave the way for sth
Living abroad can broaden To broaden sb’s horizon: Mở rộng
students’ horizons kiến thức, tầm hiểu biết
= To improve/ develop sb’s
knowledge
Overseas students are exposed to To be exposed to sth: Được tiếp xúc
different cultures and customs. với
Overseas student: Du học sinh
= Foreign student
Customs (n) Phong tục tập quán
They become more independent Independent (adj) Không phụ
thuốc, tự do
>< Dependent (adj)
They are responsible for cooking, To be responsible for: Chịu trách
cleaning and paying bills nhiệm
= To be accountable for sth
They will learn a foreign language To learn a foreign language: Học
một ngôn ngữ nước ngoài
= To learn another language
Drawback of Studying Abroad
Living and studying abroad can To be difficult (adj) Khó khăn,
be difficult không dễ dàng
= To be tough

Students have problems with Paperwork (adj) Giấy tờ

paperwork such as visa To have problemswith sth: Có vấn
applications đề với cái gì đó
The language barrier can be a The language barrier (n) Rào cản
problem ngôn ngữ
Students have to find Accommodation (n) Nơi ở
accommodation and pay bills = Housing
Studying in a foreign language is To be challenging (adj) Nhiều thử
challenging thách
= To be difficult
Living alone in an unfamiliar Homesickness (n) Bệnh nhớ nhà
culture can cause homesickness  Homesick (adj) Nhớ nhà
 Lovesick (adj) Tương tư
Technology in Education: Advantages
Technology is a powerful tool to A powerful tool: Một công cụ hữu
engage students ích, mạnh mẽ
Technology can make lessons To make +sth +Adj: Làm cho cái
much more interesting gìđó trở nên như thế nào đó
Students can do research using To do research: Thực hiện nghiên
online resources cứu
= To conduct research
Ngoài ra chúng ta còn một vài
cụm khác dùng chung với
conduct như sau
To conduct a survey
To conduct an interview
Students can study at their own Theirown place: Nơi riêng của họ
place  Theirown house: Nhà riêng
của họ
Adults can take distance learning Distance learning courses: Các
courses khóa học theo hệ từ xa
To take a course
= To enroll in a course
= To register a course

Students can study whenever and Whenever (adv) Bất kể khi nào
wherever they want Wherever (adv) Bất kể nơi đâu
However (adv) Bất kể như thế nào
Students also learn skills which are To be useful (adj) Hữu ích
useful for their future jobs = To be helpful
For example, they learn to write Word processor (n) Một máy tính
reports using a word processor chạy chương trình xử lý từ vựng,
được dùng cho mục đích viết thư,
báo cáo
Technology in Education: Disadvantages
People rely too much on To rely on sth: Dựa dẫm, phụ thuộc
computers vào
= To depend on sth
Young learners do not become To be proficient (adj) Thành thạo
proficient in some basic skills  Proficiency (n)
They use word processors and Word processor (n) Một máy tính
spelling may suffer chạy chương trình xử lý từ vựng,
được dùng cho mục đích viết thư,
báo cáo
Spelling(n) Đánh vần
 A spelling mistake
People should be able to write a To be able to do sth: Có khả năng
letter by hand làm chuyện gìđó
To write sth by hand: Viết bằng tay
Technology is no substitute for a A substitute for sth (n) Một sự thay
real teacher thế cho cái gìđó
= Replacement (n)
= Alternative (n)
Learners need a structured course A structured course (n) Một khóa
học được lên kế hoạch bài bản
An experienced teacher knows Material (n) Tài liệu
what materials to choose Experienced (adj) Có kinh nghiệm
>< Inexperienced (adj) Thiếu kinh
nghiệm

Computers are expensive to To be unreliable (adj) Không thể

maintain and can be unreliable dựa dẫm vào được
>< To be reliable/ dependable
(adj)
Technology in Education: Opinion
Institutions should supplement To supplement sth with sth: Bổ sung
traditional teaching with the use of = To add sth to sth
technology
Technology is part of everyday life Everyday life (n) Đời sống hằng
ngày
Everyday activity (n) Hoạt động
hằng ngày
Everyday routine (n) Công việc lặp
đi lặp lại hàng ngày
It can enhance a teacher’s lessons To enhance sth (v) Cải thiện cái gì
đó
= To improve sth
Students can use online resources Online resources (n) Các nguồn tài
to help with homework liệu online
To help with homework (v) Giúp đỡ
làm bài tập về nhà
Students must still learn to write by To write by hand: Viết bằng tay
hand
They should still use traditional Traditional sources (n) Nguồn tài
sources of information such as liệu truyền thống
books >< Online resources (n)
Education in Developing Countries: Problems
Children often have to work from To work from an early age: Làm
an early age việc từ độ tuổi còn nhỏ
 Child labor (n)
= To go into labor from an early
age
There are no schools in many
areas

Families do not have access to Access to sth (n) Truy cập vào cái
books or computers gì đó
Lưuý
To access sth (v)
To be accessible to sb (adj)
Literacy rates are often low Literacy rate (n) Tỷ lệ biết chữ
><Illiteracy rate (n) Tỷ lệ mù chữ
Literate (adj) >< Illiterate (adj)
People in developing countries Developing country (n) Quốc gia
need knowledge and skills đang phát triển
Developed country (n) Quốc gia
phát triển
Underdeveloped country (n) Quốc
gia kém phát triển
Education is the key to improving To be the key to sth/ doing sth: Là
the economy of these countries chìa khóa cho vấn đề nào đó
= To be a solution to sth
Education in Developing Countries: Solutions
Developed countries could help Developing country (n) Quốc gia
developing nations by providing đang phát triển
money Developed country (n) Quốc gia
phát triển
Underdeveloped country (n) Quốc
gia kém phát triển
They could invest in schools and To invest in sth: Đầu tư vào cái gì đó
technology  Investment in sth (n)
 Investor (n)
They could supply the funds to To supply sth to sb/ sb with sth
build schools and pay for teachers = To provide sth to sb/ sb with sth
Children need to have access to To have/ get access to sth: Có
free schooling quyền chạm tới, truy cập, sử dụng
Computer equipment could be To donate sth (v) Quyên góp
donated Donation (n) Hành động quyên
góp, đồ quyên góp được
Donor (n) Nhà quyên góp

The Internet can expose students To expose sb to sth: Cho ai đó cơ

to a world of knowledge and hội tiếp xúc với cái gìđó
information  Exposure (n)
Governments should make Compulsory (adj) Bắt buộc vì quan
education compulsory for all trọng
children = Mandatory (adj)
= Imperative (adj)
They should encourage parents to To encourage sb to do sth: Khuyến
send their children to school khích ai đó làm chuyện gìđó
Governments of developed and To work together: Làm việc cùng
developing countries must work nhau
together = To collaborate (with sb)
Higher Education: Advantages (also see ‘Benefits of Education’)
There are many benefits to going A benefit to sth: Lợi ích cho việc gì
to university đó
A degree can open the door to Degree (n) Bằng đại học, thạc sĩ …
better employment prospects Certificate (n) Chứng chỉ
To open the door to sth: Mở cánh

cửa cho cái gìđó
= To pave the way for sth
Economies are becoming To be knowledge-based: Phụ
increasingly knowledge-based thuộc vào kiến thức
To be technology-based: Phụ
thuộc vào kỹ thuật công nghệ
= To depend/rely on sth
= To be dependent/ reliant on sth
Most jobs require specific Specific knowledge (n) Kiến thức
knowledge and skills cụ thể, chi tiết
= Certain knowledge (n)
Skilled workers are needed for Sector (n) Một lĩnh vực
sectorssuch as information = Field (n)
technology and engineering Such as sth: Như là sth
= Like sth (Không trang trọng)
= namely

Repetitive manual jobs are now Repetitive manual job (n) Công
done by machine việc được thực hiện bằng tay lặp đi
lặp lại
Many factories have moved to Factory (n) Nhà máy
developing countries = Plant (n)
Higher Education: Disadvantages
A healthy economy needs a wide A healthy economy (n) Một nền
range of workers kinh tế khỏe mạnh
= A sound/ stable/ strong economy
>< A fragile/ stagnant/ weak
economy
A rangeof/ a variety of + plural
nouns
Some manual workers will always Manual (adj) Thực hiện thủ công
be needed >< Non-manual (adj)
A university degree is not Service profession(n) Nghề trong
necessary for many service lĩnh vực dịch vụ
professions = Service job
Practical training is more important Practical training (n) Đào tạo thực
in some industries tế, gắn với công việc sẽ làm, không
chú trọng lý thuyết
In the UK, for example, there is A shortage of (n) Thiếu hụt
currently a shortage of plumbers = A lack of sb/sth
Their services are therefore Expensive (adj) Đắt đỏ
becoming more and more = Costly (adj)
expensive
Advantage of Home-schooling
Some parents decide to educate To educate sb (v) Giáo dục ai đó
their children at home
Some families live in isolated areas Isolatedarea (n) Khu vực xa xôi, xa
with poor transport cách
= Remotearea (n)
Other parents are not satisfied with To be satisfiedwith (adj) Hài lòng
local schools với
= To be pleasedwith

Parents can respond to what their To respond to sth (v) Phản ứng,
children need and how they learn phản hồi lại
best
One-to-one lessons allow much One-to-one lesson (n) Hình thức
faster progress học một kèm một, một thầy một trò
To allow sth (v) Cho phép cái gì đó
Trong ngữ cảnh này
= To enable sth (v)
The child can work at his or her Pace (n) Tốc độ
own pace
Discipline problems are avoided Discipline (n) Kỷ luật
by home-schooling  Self-discipline (n) Sựtựgiác
của cá nhân
Disadvantages of home-schooling
Most parents do not have the time To educate sb: Giáo dục ai đó
to educate their children at home
One parent would need to give To give up sth/ give sth up: Từ bỏ
up work
School subjects are normally Up to: Lên đến
taught by up to ten different
teachers
Most parents do not have the Necessary knowledge (n) Kiến thức
necessary knowledge or resources cần thiết
Ngoài ra chúng ta cũng có một số
cụm dùng chung với knowledge
như sau
Extensive knowledge
Expansive knowledge
Private tutors are expensive Tutor (n) Gia sư
Expensive (adj) = Costly (adi)
Children will miss out on the social Miss sth out: Bỏ lỡ
experience that school offers  Miss the point: Không hiểu
đượcđiều quan trọng nhất
At school, children learn how to To get on with sb: Giao tiếp, hòa
get on with each other đồng với người khác

 Lưuý: To get it on with sb= To

have sexwith sb
Home-schooled children may lack To lack sth: thiếu cái gì đó
social skills  Lưuý: a lack of sth
= a shortage of sth
Schools offer a better overall To offer sb sth: Đề xuất, cung cấp
educational experience
Bad Behavior in Schools: Causes
Bad behavior is due to a lack of Due to sth: Bởi vì cái gì đó
structure and discipline = Because of
= As a result of sth
= Owing to sth
There are too many children in Too many + plural nouns
some classes Too much + uncountable nouns
Large classes are difficult to To be difficult to do sth: Khó khăn
manage để làm chuyện gì đó
 Lưuý: To have a difficult/hard
time + doing sth
 Have difficulty + doing sth
May disruptive students come from Disruptive student (n) Học sinh cá
an unstable family background biệt
Unstable family background (n)
Hoàn cảnh gia đình bất ốn
 Unstable >< Stable -> Stability
(n)
Other parents are too lenient and To be lenient (adj): Dễ tính, không
spoil their children nghiêm khắc
To spoil sb/sth: Làm hư ai đó, cái gì
đó
= To ruin sth
= To overindulge sb
Some children are used to getting To be used to doing sth: Quen với
whatever they want việc gìđó
= To be accustomed to doing sth

Schools can do very little if they To support sb/sth: Hỗ trợ

are not supported by parents
Bad Behavior in Schools: Solutions
Schools need a clear code of Code of conduct (n) Bộ quy tắc
conduct ứng xử
Conduct (n) Ứng xử
Conduct (v) Thực hiện
 To conduct a survey
 To conduct a research
 To conduct an interview
Schools need a clear set of rules Set of rules about behavior (n)
about behavior = Code of conduct (n)
They need to create a positive A positive working atmosphere (n)
working atmosphere Bầu không khí làm việc tích cực
Teachers must have the power to To punish sb: Phạt ai đó
punish disruptive students  Tp punish sb for doing sth
 Punishment (n) Hình phạt
Schools should remove difficult Difficult (adj) khi nói về người thì
children from lessons mang nghĩa là khó tính, khó chịu,
và không hữu ích
A difficult child (n) Đứa trẻ không
ngoan
Trong bài này có thể hiểu
= A disruptive child
Schools need to work closely with To work closely with sb: Làm việc
parents chặt chẽ với nhau
= To collaborate with sb
Discipline could be lacking at Discipline (n) Kỷ luật
home  Self-discipline (n) Tự giác, tự
kỷ luật
Parents must support the school To support sb: Hỗ trợ ai đó
rules
They should take responsibility for To take responsibility for sth: Chịu
their children’s behavior trách nhiệm về việc gì đó
= To be responsible for sth

= To be accountable for sth

Corporal Punishment: Opinion
Corporal Punishment is not a good Corporal punishment (n) Hình phạt
idea về thể chất (Đánh đòn)
Physical punishment is a way of Physical punishment (n)
controlling children using fear = Corporal punishment (n)
To be a way of doing sth: Là một

cách để làm điều gì đó
This does not promote trust To promote sth: Làm tăng, khuyến
between adults and children khích cái gì đó
To promote trust (v)
= To develop trust
= To build up trust
Children who are punished Resentful (adj) Tức giận vì không
physically may become shy or công bằng, cay đắng
resentful
Corporal punishment creates an Anger (n) Sự tức giận
atmosphere of fear and anger  Angry (adj)
Single Sex Education: Advantages
Some people believe that male Separate (adj) Riêng biệt
and female students should go to
separate schools
This is often for religious or cultural Religious (adj) Liên quan đến tôn
reasons giáo
 Religion (n) Tôn giáo
Cultural (adj) Liên quan đến văn
hóa
 Culture (n) Văn hóa
Reason (n) Lý do
= Cause (n)
Discipline problems might be To be avoided: Có thể tránh được
avoided by separating boys and Trong ngữ cảnh này
girls = To be prevented

Boys and girls may learn in Different need (n) Nhu cầu khác
different ways and have different nhau
needs = Different demand (n)
Student at single-sex schools often Single-sex school (n) Trường nam
get better exam grades. sinh/ nữ sinh
Single-sex Education: Disadvantages
Separating boys and girls is Unnecessary (adj) Không cần thiết
unnecessary
It is unhealthy in terms of children’s In termsof sth: về khía cạnh nào
social development đấy
Children’s social development (n)
Sự phát triển về mặt xã hội của trẻ
nhỏ
Many coeducational schools are Coeducational school (n)
extremely successful = Mixed-sex school (n)
>< Single-sex school(n)
A mixed-sex environment is more To be representative of sth: Đại
representative of real life diện cho cái gìđó
 Lưuý representative (n) Đại
diện
Coeducational schools provide Coeducational school (n)
children with better social skills for = Mixed-sex school (n)
adult life To provide sb with sth: Cung cấp
cho ai đó cái gì đó
Advantages of Streaming (Grouping Children According to Ability)
Some schools separate students To separate students according to
according to their academic theiracademic ability
ability = To streaming: Chia học viên theo
năng lực
Academic ability (n) Năng lực học
thuật
Teachers can work at the right Speed (n/v) Tốc độ
speed for their students
Teachers can plan more suitable To plan sth: Lên kế hoạch bài giảng
lessons

High-level groups may progress High-level (adj) Cao cấp

faster Trong ngữ cảnh này
= Advanced
Lower level groups can benefits To benefit from sth: Kiếm được lợi
from a slower pace ích từ cái gì đó
To benefit sb: Kiếm/ mang lại được
lợi ích cho ai đó
Disadvantages of Streaming
Grouping by ability may have a To group by ability
negative impact on students = To stream: Phân chia theo năng
lực
Negative impact (n) Ảnh hưởng
tiêu cực
= Negative effect
= Negative consequence
= Negative influence
Children do not want to be seen To be seen (v) Được xem như
as less intelligent than others To be seen (v) Được trông đợi
Streaming could damage Self-esteem (n) Lòng tự trọng
students’ self esteem = Self-worth
 To build your self-esteem
They may lose motivation To lose motivation: Mất động lực
>< To improve/ increase/
strengthen motivation
Students from wealthier families To tend to do sth: Có xu hướng làm
tend to be better prepared chuyện gì đó
Wealthy (adj) Giàu có
= Rich (adj)
Children from poorer families may To receive support: Nhận được sự
receive less support from parents hỗ trợ
Mixed ability classes encourage Mixed ability: Năng lực trộn lẫn
everyone to achieve their >< Streaming
potential. To achieve their potential: Đạt
được tiềm năng
= To reach/ develop their potential

6. ENVIRONMENT
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Global Warming
Gases such as carbon dioxide To trap heat: Giữ lại nhiệt độ
trap heat from the sun = To retain heat
This causes global temperatures Global temperature: Nhiệt độ toàn
to rise cầu
To rise: Tăng
= To increase
= To go up
= To soar/ To rocket
This process is known as the Greenhouse effect (n) Hiệu ứng nhà
greenhouse effect kính
Tương tự như Global warming (n)
Human activity is a major factor in A major factor (n) Một yếu tố quan
the rise of the greenhouse gases trọng
= A key factor (n)
Greenhouse gas (n) Khí thải nhà
kính
Factories and vehicles produce Emission (n) Khí thải
emissions and exhaust fumes Exhaust fumes (n) Khí thải các
phương tiện giao thông
Many developing countries are Industrialize (v) Công nghiệp hóa
becoming industrialized Modernize (v) Hiện đại hóa
The number of cars on our streets To grow (v) Tăng trưởng
is growing = To rise (v)

Cheap air travel is allowing more To allow sb to do sth: Cho phép ai

people to fly đó làm chuyên gì đó
= To enable sb to do sth
Effects of Global Warming
Global warming will have a Global warming (n) Hiện tượng
significant impact on our planet nóng lên toàn cầu
Tương tự Greenhouse effect (n)
A significant impact on sth (n) Ảnh
hưởng đáng kể
Significant (adj) = Considerable
(adj)
= Substantial (adj)
Rising temperature will cause To melt (v) Tan chảy
melting of the polar ice caps Polar (adj) Ở cực
Ice caps (n) Các lớp băng vĩnh cửu
Sea levels will rise Sea level (n) Mực nước biển
We can expect more extreme Extremeweather condition (n) Điều
weather conditions kiện thời tiết khắc nghiệt
To expect (v) Kỳ vọng, dự đoán
Flooding and droughts may Flooding (n) Lũ lụt
become more common Drought (n) Hạn hán
To be common (adj) Phổ biến
= To be frequent
Impacts of Humans on the Environment
The increasing world population is World population (n) Dân số thế giới
putting pressure on natural To put pressure on sth: Gây ra áp
resources lực cho cái gì đó
= To put sth under pressure
Fossil fuels like oil and gas are Fossil fuel (n) Nhiên liệu hóa thạch
running out
We are destroying wildlife habitats Wildlife habitat (n) Môi trường sống
tự nhiên

We have cut down enormous To cut down sth (v) Giảm, đốn hạ
areas of rainforest Rainforest (n) Rừng mưa nhiệt đới
This has led to the extinction of To lead to sth: Dẫn đến hậu quả gì
many species of animals and đó
plants = To cause sth
= To result in sth
Solutions to Environment Problems
Governments could introduce To introduce laws: Ban hành điều
laws to limit emissions from luật mới
factories = To enact/pass/adopt new laws
They should invest in renewable To invest in sth: Đầu tư vào cái gìđó
energy from solar, wind or water  Investment (n)
power  Investor (n)
Renewable energy (n) Năng lượng
có thể tái tạo
They could impose ‘green taxes’ To impose a tax on: Đánh thuế lên
on drivers and airlines companies ai đó
= To introduce/ levy/ put a tax on
sb/sth
Government campaigns should Recycling (n) Tái chế
promote recycling To promote sth: Khuyến khích, đẩy
mạnh
= To boost sth
Natural areas and wild animals To protect sb/sth against sb/sth:
should be protected Bảo vệ ai đó khỏi cái gì đó
Individuals should also try to be To try to be green: Cố gắng sống
greener “xanh”- Thân thiện với môi trường
= Eco-friendly
We should take fewer flights To take a flight: Bắt một chuyến bay
abroad for holidays = To catch a flight
We should take public transport To take public transportation: Sử
rather than driving dụng phương tiện giao thông công
cộng
Rather than: Thay vì
= Insteadof (trong ngữ cảnh này)

We should choose products with Packaging (n) Bao bìđóng gói

less packaging
We should recycle as much as Recycle (v) Tái chế
possible  Recycling (n)
Waste/Rubbish
The amount of waste that we Waste (n/v) Rác thải
produce has increased
This problem is a result of our To be a result of sth : Là kết quả của
consumer culture việc gìđó
= To be a consequence of sth
Consumer culture (n) Văn hóa tiêu
thụ/ tiêu dùng
 Consumer society (n)
Products are not made to last To last : Kéo dài, tồn tại lâu dài
If something breaks, we throw it To break: Bị hỏng, vỡ, hư hại
away and buy a new one
Advertisers encourage to buy the To encourage (sb) to do sth: Khuyến
newest fashions khích ai đó làm điều gì đó
= To urge sb to do sth
Packaging is an important part of An important part (n) Một phần
selling quan trọng
= A key point/ factor
Most foods are sold in non- Non-biodegradable plastics
biodegradable plastics packaging (n) Bao bì nhựa không
packaging phân hủy
>< Biodegradable (adj)
The amount of household waste is Household waste (n) Rác thải hộ
growing gia đình
This waste ends up in landfill sites To end up +in/ doing sth: Kết
thúc/kết cục với trạng thái nào đó
Landfill (n) Vùng đất có nhiều rác
thải chôn bên dưới
Litter

People do not think about the To drop rubbish (v) Xả rác
consequences of dropping = To litter
rubbish
They assume that somebody is To assume that (v) Giảđịnh rằng
paid to clean the street = To work on/accept/make the
assumption that ……
Plastic packaging does not break Plastic packaging (n) Bao bì nhựa
down easily
Most of the litter seen on streets is
Fast food (n) Thức ăn nhanh
fast food packaging >< Slow food (n)
Recycling and other Solutions
Companies should make goods To make goods: Sản xuất ra các
that last longer sản phẩm
= To produce goods/ products
To last longer = To be more durable
They should not use so much Packaging (n) Bao bì
packaging
Governments should be stricter, Strict (adj) Nghiêm khắc
about waste produced by Nằm trong các cụm từ như sau
companies Strict rules/ regulations/ discipline
They should put legal limits on To put legal limits: Đưa ra giới hạn
packaging pháp lý
= To impose/ place/ set a limit
Consumers should avoid buying To avoid doing sth: Tránh làm
over-packaged products chuyện gìđó
= To refrain from doing sth
We should recycle and reuse Recycle (v) Tái chế
useful materials. Reuse (v) Tái sử dụng
There are collection banks for Collection bank (n) Các nơi thu
glass, paper and plastic bottles thập
Households can use several Household (n) Hộ gia đình
rubbish bins to separate waste Rubbish bin (n) Thùng rác
= Dustbin/ Waste bin
Recycling saves energy and raw To save energy: Tiết kiệm năng
materials. lượng

= To conserve energy
Nuclear Power: Positives
There are several benefits to build Nuclear power station (n) Nhà máy
more nuclear power stations điện nguyên tử
Fossil fuel like oil and gas are Fossil fuel (n) Nhiên liệu hóa thạch
running out
Nuclear power is a sustainable A sustainable energy source (n) Một
energy source nguồn năng lượng bền vững
Chúng ta cũng có các cụm sau:
 A sustainable economy
 A sustainable growth
It can be used to produce To produce electricity: Sản xuất điện
electricity without wasting natural Natural resource (n) Tài nguyên
resources thiên nhiên
It could replace the use of natural To replace sth with sth: Thay thế cái
resources like coal, oil or gas này bằng cái kia
Nuclear power stations are Fossil fuel power station (n) Nhà
cleaner than fossil fuel power máy điện nguyên liệu hóa thạch
stations (Than đá)
They could help to reduce To reduce emission: Giảm lượng khí
carbon emissions that cause thải
global warming = To limit/cut emission
The risks of accidents are being To reduce a risk: Giảm rủi ro
reduced = To minimize a risk
Nuclear Power: Negatives
Opponents of nuclear power Opponent (n) Người ở phe đối lập
worry about the safety of power = Adversary (n)
stations
The building of new nuclear Unpopular (adj) Không phổ biến
power stations is unpopular = Uncommon (adj)
Nobody wants to live near one
Nuclear waste disposal is a Disposal (n) Việc vứt bỏ
significant problem Significant (adj) Đáng quan tâm,
đáng kể
= Considerable

There is currently no way to To decontaminate sth: Loại bỏ hóa

decontaminate radioactive chất độc hại ra khỏi cái gì đó
material >< To contaminate sth
Radioactive material (n) Nguyên
liệu phóng xạ
People worry that terrorists could Terrorist (n) Phần tử khủng bố
steal radioactive materials  Terrorism (n)
It is safer to produce energy from To produce sth: Sản xuất
solar, wind or water power.  Product (n)
 Production (n)
 Producer (n)


7. FAMILY
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Family size
Families in many countries are not As + adj+ as: So sánh bằng
as large as they used to be As large as they used to be: Không
lớn bằng trước kia
We tend to live in small nuclear To tend to do sth: Có xu hướng làm
families rather than large chuyện gì đấy
extended families  Tendency (n)
Nuclear family (n) Gia đình chỉ bao
gồm cha mẹ và con cái
Extended family (n) Gia đình bao
gồm nhiều thế hệ, cả cô chú…
Parents tend to have fewer To tend to do sth: Có xu hướng làm
children chuyện gì đấy
 Tendency (n)
Young children are no longer To expect sb to do sth: Kỳ vọng ai
expected to work đó làm chuyện gì đó
No longer: Không còn nữa
Eg: I no longer love you
= I don’t love you anymore/ any
longer
Nowadays both parents often Nowadays: Ngày nay
work = At the present
It costs so much to bring children To bring sb up: Nuôi dạy ai đó
up = To raise / grow sb up
It is more difficult to raise a large To raise a family: Nuôi sống/ chăm
family lo cho một gia đình
= To support a family
Working Parents (also see ‘Gender’ Topic)
Children and their parents seem To be close to sb: Thân thiết, gần gũi
to be less close nowadays với ai đó
Parents spend less time with their To spend timewith sb: Dành thời
children gian cho ai đó

 To spend time in doing sth

 To spend money on doing sth
Women traditionally stayed at To look after sb: Chăm sóc ai đó
home to cook, clean and look = To take care of sb
after children
Nowadays both parents often To work full time: : Làm toàn thời
work full time gian
>< To work part time: Làm bán thời
gian
Children may be left alone, or To leave sb alone: Để ai đó một
with nannies or babysitters mình
Nanny (n) Bảo mẫu hoặc bà của
đứa trẻ
Busy parents have less contact To have contact with sb: Có liên hệ
with their children vớiđó
 To keep in touch with sb: Giữa
liên hệ với ai đó
Many families no longer eat No longer: Không còn nữa
meals together  We no longer talk
= We don’t talk anymore
= We don’t talk any longer
Children spend more time with To spend time (in) doing sth
friends or surfing the Internet To spend money (on) doing sth
Tuy nhiên,
To take time to do sth
Negative Effects on Children
The lack of closeness in families The lack of sth: Sự thiết hụt
can have a negative effect on = The shortage of sth
children Closeness (n) Sự thân thiết gần gũi
Negative effect (n) Ảnh hưởng tiêu
cực
= Negative impact (n)
= Badinfluence (n)
Many parents have no idea how To have no idea about sth
their children spend their time = To not know about sth

Friends, television and the Internet The main influence (n) Ảnh hưởng
become the main influence on quan trọng nhất
children’s behavior = The chief/ dominant/
majorinfluence
Teenagers are influenced by peer Peer (n) Bạn cùng trang lứa
pressure
Some of them join gangs Gang (n) Tổ chức tội phạm
A gang of pickpockets (n) Tổ chức
móc túi
Juvenile delinquency is on the Juvenile (n) Trẻ vị thành niên
increase = Teenager (n)
Delinquency (n) Hành vi xấu hoặc
phạm tội
= Bad behavior, crime
Parents should be more involved To be involvedwith sth/sb: Tham gia
with their children’s upbringing vào cái gì, với ai đó
= To be engaged in sth
Young people need positive role Model (n) Hình mẫu, tấm gương
models
Divorce
In the past, divorce was Unacceptable (adj) Không chấp
unacceptable nhận được
It was considered to be To embarrass sb: Làm cho ai đó xấu
embarrassing for a family hổ
 Embarrassing (adj)
 It is considered to be + Adj
People stayed together for Religious (adj) Có liên quan đến tôn
religious or family reasons giáo
 Religion (n)
Divorce is more socially Nowaday: Ngày nay
acceptable nowadays At this time
It has become much more Common (adj) = Popular (adj)
common
Divorce can be extremely stressful To be stressful (adj) Rất căng thẳng
và mệt mỏi

Lone parents may face financial Lone parent (n) Ba mẹ đơn thân
difficulties = Single mom/ dad
To face financial difficulties: Đối mặt
với khó khăn tài chính
= To encounter sth
Many single parents have to Single parent (n) = Lone parent (n)
relyon benefits paid by the state To rely on sth: Phụ thuộc
= To depend on sth
Divorce can have a negative Negative effect (n) on sb/ sth: Ảnh
effect on children hưởng tiêu cực
= Negative impact (n)
= Badinfluence (n)
Children from single-parent To be likely to do sth: Có khả năng
families are more likely to get sẽ làm chuyện gìđó
lower grades or drop out of To drop out of school: Bỏ học
school.
The rise in divorce rates may be To be connected to sth: Có liên
connected to some social quan đến cái gìđó
problems = To be related to sth
Care for Old people
Caring for elderly people was Responsibility (n) Trách nhiệm
traditionally the responsibility of = Duty (n)
families  To take responsibility for sth
Adults had to look after their To look after sb: Chăm sóc ai đó
elderly parents = To take care of sb
A woman’s job was to stay at Job (n) Công việc
home taking care of her family Trong ngữ cảnh này
= Responsibility/ Duty
Nowadays, fewer elderly people Relative (n) Họ hàng
are looked after by their relatives
Residential homes provide care Residential (adj) Nơi ở
for large number of elderly  Resident (n) Cư dân
people  Residence (n)
Nursing homes can provide Nursing home (n) Bệnh viện tư nhân
professional medical care nhỏ, Trung tâm dưỡng lão

Medical care (n) Chăm sóc y tế

Some families are unable to look To be unable to do sth: Không thể
after elderly relatives làm chuyện gìđó
= Can’t do sth
= To fail to do sth
Families tend to be smaller these To tend to do sth: Có xu hướng làm
days, and women often have full- chuyện gì đó
time jobs
Cares homes provide a Cares home (n) = Nursing home (n)
professional service for senior Senior citizen (n) Công dân lớn tuổi
citizens = Elderly person (n)
Nurses are better trained than To be trained: Đượcđào tạo
family members
Care for Old People: Opinion
The best form of care for the To depend on sth: Phụ thuộc vào
elderly depends on the family cái gìđó
situation = To rely on sth
Family situation (n) Tình trạng gia
đình, trong ngữ cảnh này:
= Family background (n)
It depends on whether family To depend on whether…: Phụ thuộc
members have the time resources vào việc liệu rằng ….
We all have a responsibility To have responsibility: Có nghĩa vụ
towards the older people in our = To be responsible for sb/sth
society  Nhận trách nhiệm: To take
responsibility
Governments should invest To invest (sth) in sth: Đầu tư vào vấn
money in facilities and training for đề gìđó
care workers or social service
workers


8. GENDER
IDEAS EXPLNATIONS
Gender and Education
Men and women should have To have/ get access to sth: Có
access to the same educational quyền truy cập, đạt được, tiếp cận
opportunities cái gì đó
 To access sth
Males and females should be Should be accepted onto courses:
accepted onto courses according Nên được cho vào các khóa học
to their abilities …
= Should be admitted
It is wrong to discriminate against To discriminate against sb: Phân biệt
students because of their gender đối xử với ai đó
 Sexual discrimination: Phân
biệt giới tính
 Racial discrimination: Phân
biệt chủng tộc
Gender should be irrelevant in Gender (n) Giới tính
education = Sex (n)
To be irrelevant: Không liên quan
= To not be connectedwith sth
Student’s achievements should Individual merit (n) Phẩm chất cá
depend on hard work and nhân
individual merit
In the UK, there are similar numbers Higher education (n) Giáo dục đào
of male and female students in tạo tại bậc đại học cao đẳng
higher education  Further education (n) Giáo
dục cho những người sau khi
rời school, nhưng không phải
tạiđại học cao đẳng
Gender and Work
Men and women should have To have/ get access to sth: Có
access to the same professional quyền tiếp cận cái gì đó
opportunities  To access sth

Both man and women should be To be able to do sth: Có thể làm
able to pursue a career điều gì đó
To pursue a career: Theo đuổi một
sự nghiệp
= To build/ make, carve out a
career
They should earn equal salaries To earn equal salaries: Hưởng mức
lương bằng nhau
= To receive equal salaries
They should be employed To employ sb: Thuê ai đó
according to their abilities, = To hire sb
qualifications and experience
Traditionally women have been To restrict sb to sth: Hạn chế ai đó
restricted to certain roles với thứ gì đó
 Restricted (adj)
 Restriction (n)
They were often employed as Secretary (n) Thư ký
secretaries or receptionists Receptionist (n) Tiếp tân
Nowadays, a range of A rangeof +plural nouns: Hàng loạt
occupations is available to both = A variety of + plural nouns: Đa
sexes dạng
To be available to sb: Dành cho ai
đó
Career success depends on Individual merit (n) Phẩm chất cá
individual merit nhân
Women’s and Men’s Roles in the Family
Some people argue that a mother To argue: Tranh luận rằng
should not work
She should stay at home and bring To bring up a child: Nuôi dạy đứa
up her children trẻ
= To raise a child up
= To grow a child up
The father should be the Breadwinner (n) Người trụ cột trong
breadwinner of the family gia đình

Others believe that both parents To share the responsibility: Chia sẻ
should share these responsibilities trách nhiệm
Working women can take To take maternity leave: Nghỉ thai
maternity leave during and after sản, hậu sản
pregnancy
Many mothers continue to work To continue to do sth: Tiếp tục làm
after this period điều gì đó
Many fathers and mothers share Domestic responsibility (n) Trách
their parenting and domestic nhiệm gia đình
responsibilities
They contribute equally to To contribute to sth: Đóng góp cho
childcare, cooking and cleaning cái gìđó
= To make contribution to sth
Some women may have better Prospect (n) Triển vọng
career prospects than their = Potential (n)
husbands
Paternity leave and Paternity leave: Nghỉ dành cho
‘househusbands’ are becoming chồng để chăm sóc vợđi sinh
more common To be common= To be popular
Traditional gender roles are Traditional role (n) Vai trò truyền
gradually changing thống
Families can divide roles and To divide the roles and
responsibilities in the most responsibilities: Phân chia nhiệm vụ
convenient way = To share the roles and
responsibilities
9. GENETIC ENGINEERING
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Positives of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering is the Genetic engineering (n) Công nghệ

practice of manipulating the gen
genes of an organism To manipulate sth: Kiểm soát, thao
túng
= To control sth
It is used to produce crops that are To be resistant to sth: Có khả năng
more resistant to insects and chống/ kháng lại cái gìđó
diseases  To resist sth: Kháng lại
 Resistance (n)
Some genetically modified crops Genetically Modified Crops: Cây
grow more quickly trồng biến đổi gen
Some drugs and vaccines are Drug (n) Thuốc = Medicine (n)
produced by genetic engineering Drug còn mang nghĩa là thuốc
phiện
It may become possible to To be possible to do sth: Có khả
change human’s genetic năng, khả thi làm điều gì đó
characteristics
Scientists may use genetic To cure sth: Chữa trị
engineering to cure diseases. = To treat sth
Inherited illnesses would no longer Inherited illness (n) Bệnh di truyền
exist Would no longer exist: Không tồn tại
nữa
= Would not exist anymore
Genes could be changed before To bear a baby: Sinh em bé
a baby is born  The baby is born
It could also be possible to clone To clone human organs: Nhân bản
human organs các bộ phận cơ thể người
We could all have replacement To replace A with B: Thay thế A
body part bằng B
Humans could live longer, To live longer, healthier lives: Sống
healthier lives cuộc sống lâu hơn, khỏe mạnh hơn
Negatives of Genetic Engineering
There are ethical concerns about Ethical concern (n) Mối quan ngại
human genetic engineering vềđạo đức

Parents might want to choose their Characteristic (n) Tính cách

children’s characteristics = Personality trait (n)
This would be unnatural Unnatural (adj) Không tự nhiên
>< Natual (adj) Tự nhiên
It would be unacceptable in most Unacceptable (adj) Không chấp
religions nhận đượcr
>< Acceptable (adj)
Soldiers could be cloned from the To clone sb: Nhân bản vô tínhr một
genes of the strongest people ai đó
Clones might be used like robots Clone (n) Người được nhân bản
to do certain jobs
Clones might even be developed Organ replacement (n) Thay thế bộ
just for organ replacements phận cơ thể
Society and human evolution Evolution (n) Sự tiến hóa
would change completely
Currently, human genetic To be prohibited: Bị cấm
engineering is prohibited = To be banned
Genetically-Modified (GM) Foods: Advantages
Farmers can produce crops that To grow crops: Trồng những loại cây
grow bigger and faster = To grow plants
Some GM crops are more resistant Genetically- Modified (GM) Biến đổi
to disease or insects gen
To be resistant to sth: Kháng lại cái
gì đó
This could be important for food Important (adj) = Vital (adj) =
production in developing Crucial (adj) = Essential (adj)
countries
Faster growing cereals, fruit and Cereal (n) Ngũ cốc
vegetables will mean more profit
GM foods can be modified to look To look + Adj
perfect  Linking Verb + Adj
They may be more attractive to To be attractive to sb: Thu hút ai đó
customers = To be appealing to sb
Genetically-Modified (GM) Foods: Disadvantages

There may be risks involved in the Risk (n/v): Rủi ro

genetic engineering of foods.  Risky (adj)
GM crops might change whole Ecosystem (n) Hệ sinh thái
ecosystems Trong trường hợp này
To change = To affect = To
influence
Food chains could be broken if Food chain (n) Chuỗi thức ăn
crops are resistant to predators Tro be resistant to sth: Kháng lại cái
gì đó
Organic foods are produced Organic food (n) Thực phẩm hữu
without chemicals or genetic cơ
modification Chemical (n) Chất hóa học
Organic farming may be slower To be expensive (adj) Đắt tiền
and more expensive = To be costly (adj)
However, the environment is not To damage the environment: Phá
damaged by fertilizers or hoại môi trưrờng tự nhiên
pesticides. = To harm sth
= To destroy sth
10. GLOBAL ISSUES

IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Problems in Developing Countries
Developing countries face a Developing country (n) Quốc gia
range of problems đang phát triển
To face sth: Đối mặt với cái gì đó
= To encounter sth

Standards of healthcare and Standard (n) Tiêu chuẩn

education are low
Life expectancy in these countries Lifeexpectancy (n) Tuổi thọ
is usually lower than developed Developed country (n) Quốc gia
countries phát triển
There is a lack of infrastructure, A lack of sth: Thiếu hụt cái gì đó
employment and good quality = A shortage of sth
housing Infrastructure (n) Cơ sở hạ tầng
Housing (n) Nơi ở =
Accommodation (n)
Many people are forced to live in To force sb to do sth: Ép ai đó làm
poverty chuyện gì đó
= To make sb do sth
To live in poverty = To live in poor
condition
Food, drinking water and basic To be in short supply: Bị thiếu hụt
medicines are in short supply = To be not enough
= To be in shortage
How to Help Developing Countries
The best form of help for Aid (n) Gói trợ giúp
developing countries is
development aid
Richer nations can help by To invest in sth: Đầu tư vào cái gì đó
investing in long-term projects  To put money into sth
Long-term (adj) Dài hạn
Governments and charities can House (n) = Accommodation (n)
help by building new houses and
schools
Globalization may also help Globalization (n) Toàn cầu hóa
developing countries
Multi-national companies can Multi-national company (n) Công ty
create jobs in developing đa quốc gia
countries

On the other hand, many people To emigrate: Chuyển đến quốc gia
emigrate to find work in richer khác sinh sống
countries To find job: Tìm việc
= To look for job opportunities
They often send money back To send sth to sb
home to their families = To send sb sth
This money helps to improve the To improve: Cải thiện
standard of living in developing = To enhance
countries The standard of living = Living
standard (n) Tiêu chuẩn sống
Immigration
Some people move to other In search of sth: Để tìm kiếm cái gì
countries in search of a better life đó
= To search for sth
Many immigrants come from less Immigrant (n) Người dân nhập cư
developed countries
Richer, industrialized countries may To offer sth to sb
offer opportunities for employment = To offer sb sth
To industrialize: Công nghiệp hóa
Free healthcare and schooling are To be available to/for sb: Có sẵn
available in some developed
countries
Other people migrate to a foreign A foreign country = Another country
country to improve their
academic qualifications
Positives of Immigration and Multi-cultural Societies
From an economic perspective, Perspective (n) Quand điểm
immigration can be extremely = Viewpoint (n)
positive
Many immigrants have skills that Skill (n) Kỹ năng
are needed in the country they
move to
Immigrants who find work To contribute (sth) to sth: Đóng góp
contribute to the economy of their
new country

Many immigrants send money To help their family = To support

home to help family members their family
Immigration also creates cultural Cultural diversity (n) Đa dạng văn
diversity hóa
 Biodiversity (n) Đa dạng sinh
học
People of many different Nationality (n) Quốc tịch
nationalities learn to live together
This can help people to become Open-minded: Tư duy mở
more open-minded and tolerant = Willing to listen
>< Narrow-minded
Negatives of Immigration
Some people believe that Trong ngữ cảnh này
immigrants take jobs that should To go to local people = To belong
go to local people to local people
Some immigrant workers work Câu bên có thể được paraphrased
longer hours for less money lại như sau:
Their wages per hour are lower in
comparison with those of local
workers
Companies might pay lower To pay salary: Trả lương
salaries to immigrant workers
Unemployment rates could rise if Unemployment rate (n) Tỷ lệ thất
there are too many immigrants nghiệp
= Jobless rate (n)
Opinions about Immigration
Immigration can help the To help the economy: Giúp đỡ cho
economy of a country nền kinh tế
= To boost up the economy
= To develop the economy
It can create multi-cultural Multi-cultural society (n) Xã hội đa
societies văn hóa
= Cultural diversity society (n)
However, immigration needs to be To control: Kiểm soát
controlled = To regulate

In many countries, immigrants Work permit (n) Giấy phép làm việc
need visas or work permit
Governments should stop To stop sb from doing sth: Ngăn ai
companies from exploiting đó làm việc gì đó
immigrant workers To exploit: Bóc lột, khai thác
Foreign and local workers should To have the right to sth/ to do sth:
have the right to equal pay and Có quyền được hưởng/ được làm
conditions điều gì đó
= To be eligible for sth/ to do sth
Positives of Globalization
Business is becoming increasingly International (adj) Có tính quốc tế
international
Multi-national companies do Across the world: Trên khắp thế giới
business across the world = Throughout the world
Companies like MacDonald’s can Like sth: Như là
be seen on high streets in most = Such as
cities
Goods are produced in one To produce goods: Sản xuất hàng
country and sold in many others hóa
= To produce products
A global economy means free Global economy (n) Nền kinh tế
trade between countries toàn cầu
Free trade (n) Giao dịch tự do
This can strengthen political To strengthen sth: Làm cho cái gì
relationships đó mạnh hơn
= To develop sth
Globalization can also create Opportunity for employment (n) Cơ
opportunities for employment hội việc làm
= Job opportunity
It encourages investment in less To encourage sth: Khuyến khích,
developed countries thúc đẩy cái gì đó
= To promote sth
It could reduce poverty in the Developing world: Các quốc gia
developing world đang phát triển
Negatives of Globalization

Globalization is not always To be beneficial to sb: Có lợi cho ai

beneficial to everyone đó
= To benefit sb
Companies can move to countries Labor (n) Lao động
where labor is cheap Labor force (n) Lực lượng lao động
This creates redundancies, or job Redundancy (n) Sự dư thừa
losses
Employees cannot be confident Stable (adj) Ổn định
that they have stable jobs >< Unstable (adj)
Companies sometimes exploit their To exploit sb/sth: Bóc lộc, tận dụng,
employees in developing countries khai thác
Global trade creates more waste Global trade (n) Thương mại quốc
and pollution tế
Pollution (n) Ô nhiễm
= Contamination (n)
The Future of Globalization
There should be global regulations Global regulation (n) Luật quốc tế
for salaries and working conditions = International law (n)
Governments should impose laws To impose laws: Đặt luật
to protect the environment = To enact laws

11. GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY

IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
What Governments can do
- Governments provide public - provide (v): cung cấp
services like healthcare and  to provide sth to sb: cung cấp
education. cái gì cho ai đó
= to supply sth to sb
 provision (n): sự cung cấp
- They support people who are - to live in poverty: sống trong cảnh
living in poverty or unable to work. nghèo khổ
= to experience poverty
- to be unable to do sth: không thể
làm điều gì đó
>< to ba able to do sth
- Governments raise money by - raise money: gây quỹ
taxing working people. = raise funds
fundraising (n): việc gây quỹ
- They can spend money on - to spend money on sth: chi tiền
resources and campaigns. vào việc gì đó
 to spend time doing sth: dành
thời gian làm điều gì đó
- They can introduce new laws. - introduce (v): giới thiệu
= present
= suggest
 to introduce A to B: giới thiệu A
cho B biết
 introduction (n): sự giới thiệu,
việc giới thiệu
- They can impose taxes. -impose taxes on/upon sth: đánh
thuế vào cái gì đó
- They can raise people’s - to raise sb’s awareness of sth:
awareness of issues. nâng cao nhận thức của ai về vấn
đề gì đó
 to be aware of sth: có nhận thức
về cái gì đó

- They can influence people’s - to influence (v): ảnh hưởng, tác

habits and opinions. động
= to have an influence on sth
= to have an impact on sth
= to have an effect on sth
- They can create jobs/more job - opportunity (n): cơ hội
opportunities.  to seize an opportunity: nắm bắt
cơ hội
 to miss an opportunity: bỏ lỡ cơ
hội
- They can regulate the activities of - regulate (v): điều chỉnh
companies such as banks. = adjust
 regulation (n): sự điều chỉnh, quy
định
- They can provide resources for - to provide sth to/for sb: cung cấp
schools. cái gì cho ai đó
- to provide sb with sth: cung cấp
cho ai cái gì đó
- They are also responsible for the - to be responsible for sth: chịu
security and well-being of their trách nhiệm cho điều gì đó
citizens. = to be in charge of sth
= to be accountable for sth
- They control armed forces and - control (v): điều khiển
police forces.  control (n): sự điều khiển
 to be under control: bị kiểm soát,
bị điều khiển
 to be out of control: không điều
khiển được, không làm chủ được
 to take control: nắm quyền điều
khiển, chỉ huy
Public Services
- Governments pay the salaries of - pay (v): chi trả, thanh toán
public sector workers like police  to pay for sth: thanh toán cho
officers and teachers. cái gì đó
 to pay sb a visit: đến thăm ai đó

 to pay sb a call: gọi điện cho ai

đó
 to pay attention to sb/sth: chú ý
vào ai/cái gì đó
- The necessary money is raised by - raise (v): giơ lên
taxing people’s income.  raise money: gây quỹ
= raise funds
- income (n): thu nhập
- Free education and healthcare - healthcare (n): việc chăm sóc sức
may be provided by the state. khỏe
 childcare (n): việc chăm sóc trẻ
em
- Some governments control public - public (a): công cộng
transport systems and even TV  public opinion: dư luận
channels.  public utilities: những ngành
phục vụ công cộng (điện, nước…)
 in public: một cách công khai,
giữa công chúng
- In other countries, these services - private (a): cá nhân, riêng tư
are provided by private = personal
companies. = individual
 private life: đời tư
 in private: một cách riêng tư, kín
đáo
- Some people believe that - competition (n): cuộc thi đua, sự
competition between private cạnh tranh
companies is good.  competitor (n): đối thủ cạnh
tranh
 compete (v): cạnh tranh, thi đua
 competitive (a): cạnh tranh
 competent (a): có đủ khả năng
để cạnh tranh
- It helps to improve quality while - to bring sth down: làm giảm
bringing prices down. xuống
= reduce

 to bring sb down: làm cho ai đó

buồn / thất vọng
- Other people think that essential - essential (a): cần thiết
services should be free. = necessary
= crucial
= vital
= indispensable
- Governments should pay for - to pay for sth: thanh toán cho cái
them. gì đó
 to pay sb a call: gọi điện cho ai
đó
 to pay sb a visit: đến thăm ai đó
Censorship: Opinion
- Governments can censor what - censor (v): kiểm duyệt
public sees or reads in the media. = selectively remove
= restrict
= suppress
 censorship (n): việc kiểm duyệt,
sự kiểm duyệt
- To a certain extent censorship is - to an extent: tới một mức độ nào
necessary. đó
= to a degree
- We should use censorship to - to protect sb from sth: bảo vệ ai
protect children from violent khỏi điều gì đó
images. = to give sb protection from sth
- Some computer games involve - to commit a crime: phạm tội
killing people or committing = to break the law
crimes. = to be against the law
- The Internet also needs to be - to be controlled: được kiểm soát,
controlled. bị kiểm soát
= to be under control
- Many websites show - violence (n): bạo lực
pornography and violence.  violent (a): bạo lực
- There should be age limits for - limit (n): giới hạn
websites and computers games. = greatest extent
= restriction
 limit (v): giới hạn, hạn chế

- Parents need to take - to take responsibility for sth: chịu
responsibility for checking what trách nhiệm về điều gì đó
their children watch. = to hold responsibility for sth
- It is impossible for governments to - impossible (a): bất khả thi
control everything we see. = unimaginable
= hopeless
= inconceivable
Video Cameras in Public Places
- The use of CCTV is becoming - widespread (a): lan rộng, phổ
widespread. biến
= popular
= extensive
- Video cameras have been - install (v): cài đặt, thiết lập
installed in many public places. = set up
= establish
 installation (n): sự cài đặt
- They are supposed to protect us - to be supposed to do sth: có
and deter criminals. nhiệm vụ làm gì, phải làm gì đó
 suppose (v): cho là, tin là
- Many people think that this - surveillance (n) sự giám sát
surveillance violates our privacy.  to be under surveillance: bị giám
sát
= to be under supervison
- violate (v): vi phạm
= disobeysth
= defysth
= infringe upon sth
- The authorities could build - identity (n): danh tính, đặc điểm
databases with our pictures and nhận dạng
identities.  identification (n): sự nhận dạng
= recognition
 identify (v): nhận dạng, xác
nhận
- We should not be treated like - treat (v): xử lý, đối xử
criminals.  treatment (n): việc xử lý, đối xử
- criminal (n): tội phạm

 crime (n): tội ác
 to commit a crime: phạm tội
Smart Cards: Positives
- Governments will probably - probably (adv): có khả năng xảy
introduce a digital identification ra, có khuynh hướng
card system. = possibly
= seemingly
- Smart cards will have benefits - drawback (n): điểm bất lợi, điểm
and drawbacks. hạn chế
= disadvantage
= impediment
= deficiency
- They could help to reduce crime. - reduce (v): giảm
= diminish
= lessen
- They could hold personal - personal (a): mang tính cá nhân
information, such as DNA. = private
 person (n): người, con người
 personality (n): tính cách
 personnel (n): nhân sự
- Digital bank cards could contain - contain (v): chứa, bao gồm
fingerprint information. = include
= hold
= consist of
= enclose
- It would be very difficult for - difficult (a): khó khăn
criminals to use a stolen card.  difficulty (n): sự khó khăn
 to overcome a difficulty: vượt
qua khó khăn
 to be in difficulties: gặp phải khó
khăn, đang gặp khó khan
- It would be easier for police to - to catch criminals: bắt tội phạm
identify people and catch = to arrest criminals
criminals.
Smart Cards: Negatives
- Many people are worried about - to be worried about sth: lo lắng về

losing their privacy. điều gì đó
= to be concerned about sth
= to be distressed about sth
- Governments could store all our - store (v): lưu trữ, cất giữ
personal and medical information. = keep
- medical (a): liên quan đến y tế,
thuộc về y tế
 medicine (n): thuốc
 medication (n): sự bốc thuốc,
ngành y tế
- This information could be used by - insurance (n): bảo hiểm
insurance companies.  insurance policy: chính sách bảo
hiểm
 insurance coverage: phần bồi
thường của bảo hiểm
- Employers could check our - record (n): sự ghi chép
health records.  health record: hồ sơ y tế, bệnh
án
 attendance record: sổ điểm
danh
People with Disabilities
- People with disabilities should be - disability (n): sự tàn tật, khuyết tật
treated the same as everybody  disabled (a): tàn tật, khuyết tật
else. = handicapped
- They should have the same rights - right (n): quyền, quyền lợi
as other people. = authority
- They should have access to the - to have access to sth: tiếp cận với
same jobs as other citizens. cái gì đó
= to get admission to sth
- Discriminations against disabled - illegal (a): bất hợp pháp
people is illegal in many countries. = not allowed
= not permitted
= banned
= prohibited
= outlawed
- Ramps and lifts for wheelchairs - lift (n): sự nâng lên

should be installed in public  to give sb a lift: cho ai đó đi nhờ
buildings. xe
= to give sb a ride
- Support teacher can be - employ (v): tuyển dụng
employed to help children with = hire
learning difficulties. = recruit
 employment (n): việc tuyển
dụng
 unemployed (a): thất nghiệp
 employee (n): nhân viên
 employer (n): chủ, sếp


12. GUNS AND WEAPONS

IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Why Guns should be Legal
-In some countries, people are - to be allowed to do sth: được cho
allowed to own firearms. phép làm điều gì đó
= to be permitted to do sth
- Individuals have the right to - protect (v): bảo vệ
protect themselves.  protection (n): sự bảo vệ
 to protect sb from sth: bảo vệ ai
khỏi điều gì đó
= to give sb protection from sth
- People can use guns in self- - self-defense (n): tự vệ
defense.  in self-defense: để tự vệ, phòng
thân
 defense (n): sự bảo vệ, phòng
thủ
- This deters criminals. - deter (v): ngăn chặn
 to deter sb from doing sth: ngăn
chặn ai không làm việc gì đó
= to dissuade sb from doing sth
Why Gun Ownership should be illegal
- There is a risk of accidents with - accident (n): tai nạn
guns.  accidental (a): tình cờ, ngẫu
nhiên
 accidentally (adv): một cách
tình cờ, ngẫu nhiên
- The number of violence crimes - to increase (v): tăng
increases when guns are = to rise / grow / climb up
available. = to be on the increase
- Criminals may be armed. - arm (v): trang bị vũ khí
 to be armed: được trang bị vũ
khí
= to be equipped with weapons
- The police then need to use guns. - to need to do sth: cần phải làm
điều gì đó
= to have to do sth
= must do sth
= ought to do sth
- Suicide rates have been shown to - suicide (n): tự vẫn, tự sát
rise when guns are available.  suicide (v): tự sát
= to commit suicide
 suicidal (a): tự sát
- available (a): sẵn có
 availability (n): sự có sẵn
- Guns create violent societies with - murder (n): việc giết người, ám sát
high murder rates.  to commit murder: phạm tội giết
người
 murderer (n): kẻ giết người
 murder rate: tỉ lệ tàn sát, giết
chóc
Why the Police should Use Guns
- Many criminals use weapons. - weapon (n): vũ khí
 to be armed with weapons:
được trang bị vũ khí
= to be equipped with weapons
- The threat of a gun can deter - threat (n): sự đe dọa
criminals.  threaten (v): đe dọa
 threatening (a): mang tính đe
dọa
 life-threatening (a): gây lo lắng,
sợ hãi, đe dọa cuộc sống
- Police officers can force a - to force sb to do sth: ép buộc ai
criminal to surrender. phải làm điều gì đó
= to compel sth
= to make sb do sth
- surrender (v): đầu hàng, từ bỏ
 to surrender to sb: đầu hàng
trước ai đó
- It is easier to arrest someone and - avoid (v): tránh
avoid physical violence.  to avoid doing sth / sth: tránh
làm điều gì / tránh điều gì đó
= to refrain from sth: kiềm chế

không làm điều gì đó
- The police may shoot violent - shoot (v): bắn, bắn súng
criminals in self defence.  to shoot a line: bịa chuyện, nói
xạo
 to shoot the cat: nôn mửa
- They can protect the public. - public (a): công cộng
 publicity (n): sự công khai,
quảng cáo
 publicize (v): công khai, khiến
nhiều người biết đến, quảng cáo
- They can shoot an escaping - to pose a danger to sb: có thể
criminal who poses a serious gây sự nguy hiểm cho ai đó
danger to the public.  to pose a threat / risk to sb
Why the Police should not Carry Guns
- There is a risk of accidents and - mistake (n): lỗi lầm, sai sót
mistakes.  to make a mistake: gây ra lỗi
lầm, sai sót
 to mistake A for B: nhầm cái A
với cái B
 mistaken (v): hiểu sai, hiểu lầm
 mistakenness (n): sự hiểu lầm
 mistakenly (adv): một cách sai
lầm, nhầm lẫn
- The police might shoot an - innocent (a): ngây thơ, vô tội
unarmed criminal or an innocent = blameless
person. = naive
= innocuous
- Accidents can happen in public - happen (v): xảy ra
places. = occur
= take place
- There are several alternatives to - alternative (n): sự thay thế, lựa
guns (e.g. tear gas, sprays and chọn (một trong hai)
electric shock weapons). = substitute
 alternate (v): xen kẽ lẫn nhau

 to alternate between A and B:

xen kẽ giữa cái A và cái B
- Only special police units should - special (a): đặc biệt
use guns.  to specialize in sth: chuyên về
cái gì đó
 especially (adv): một cách đặc
biệt, đặc biệt là
Arm Trade: Positives
- The export of arms, or weapons, is - export (v): xuất khẩu
an extremely controversial issue.  exportation (n): sự xuất khẩu
>< import (v): nhập khẩu
 importation (n): sự nhập khẩu,
hàng nhập khẩu
- Governments of rich, - industrialize (v): công nghiệp hóa
industrialized countries sell arms to  industry (n): ngành công nghiệp
each other. - arm (n): vũ khí, binh khí
 to bear arms: mang theo vũ khí /
phục vụ trong quân đội
 to take up arms: cầm vũ khí
chiến đấu
 to be under arms: sẵn sang
chiến đấu
- This industry creates jobs and - create (v): tạo ra
wealth. = generate
= form
= make
= produce
 creation (n): sự tạo thành
 creative (a): sáng tạo
 creativity (n): sự sáng tạo
- The trade of weapons may - trade (n): thương mại
improve relationships between  to engage trade with sb: trao đổi
governments. buôn bán với ai đó
 foreign trade: ngoại thương
 wholesale trade: bán sĩ, bán
buôn
 retail trade: bán lẻ

 to be in trade: hoạt đông trong
lĩnh vực thương mại, buôn bán
Arms Trade: Negatives

- Weapons may be used in - war (n): chiến tranh
conflicts and wars. = warfare (n)
 nuclear war / warfare: chiến
tranh hạt nhân
 chemical war / warfare: chiến
tranh hóa học
- The supply of arms could be - death (n): sự chết chóc, cái chết
responsible for deaths.  death penalty: án tử hình
 to be bored to death: rất chán,
cực kì chán nản
- Governments are promoting war - in order to do sth: để làm điều gì
in order to make a profit. đó
= so as to do sth
= to do sth
-Rich countries can influence the - to influence (v): ảnh hưởng, tác
politics of other nations. động
= to have an influence on sth
Nuclear Weapons
- Nuclear weapons are capable of - to be capable of doing sth: có
destroying whole cities. khả năng làm điều gì đó
= to be able to do sth
- A nuclear war between two -destroy (v): phá hoại, tàn phá
countries would destroy both = damage
countries. = ruin
= impair
= sabotage
= spoil
- Nuclear weapons are used as a - deterrent (n): sự ngăn cản, ngăn
deterrent. chặn
 deter (v): ngăn chặn
 to deter sb from doing sth: ngăn

chặn ai không làm việc gì đó
- They prevent wars from starting. - to prevent sb/sth from doing sth:
ngăn chặn ai/cái gì không làm
điều gì
 to hinder sb/sth from doing sth
Nuclear Weapons: Opinion
- Nuclear weapons should be - prohibit (v): cấm
prohibited. = ban
= forbid
= impede
= outlaw
- Governments should limit the - limit (v): giới hạn, hạn chế
production of nuclear weapons. = confine
= restrict
= inhibit
-There is a danger of nuclear - obtain (v): đạt được, thu được
weapons being obtained by = acquire
terrorists. = achieve
= attain
= gain
= earn
- Nuclear weapons cannot be - terrorist (a): mang tính khủng bố,
used against terrorist organizations. liên quan đến khủng bố
 terrorist (n): kẻ khủng bố
Armed Forces: Positives
- Armed forces provide security - force (n): sức mạnh, lực lượng
and protection. quân đội
 armed forces: lực lượng vũ trang
- security (n): sự an ninh, an toàn
 secure (a): bảo đảm, an toàn
>< insecure (a): không an toàn,
không đảm bảo
- They deter military attack by - military (n/a): quân đội, quân sự
another country. = army
= soldiery
= force
= troops
- They can also be sued to - sue (v): kiện
maintain peace within countries. = accuse
= prosecute
 to sue sb for sth: kiện ai vì lí do gì
đó
 to be sued: bị kiện, bị khởi tố
- They can be sued to give the - support (n/v): hỗ trợ, ủng hộ
police extra support.  to give support to sb: ủng hộ / hỗ
trợ ai đó
 to support a family: nuôi cả gia
đình
- Soldiers are also used to help in - disaster (n): thảm họa
emergency situations, such as  to invite disaster: tự chuốc lấy
after a natural disaster. thảm họa
 disastrous (a): thảm họa, thảm
khốc
Armed Forces: Negatives
- Armies require a lot of funding - funding (n): việc thu tiền vào
from governments. công quỹ Nhà Nước
 to be in funds: có tiền, có nhiều
tiền
- Too much money is spent on - to spend money on sth: tiêu tiền
weapons and military technology. vào việc gì đó
 to spend time doing sth: dành
thời gian ra để làm việc gì đó
- This money could be spent on - service (n): dịch vụ
schools, hospitals and other public  to be in service: đang phục vụ
services.  to be at sb’s service: sẵn sàng
giúp đỡ ai đó
 to ask sb’s service: nhờ ai giúp
đỡ


13. HEALTH
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Diet
- The human body requires a - require (v): yêu cầu
balanced diet. = demand
= order
= ask
= request
 to require sb to do sth: yêu cầu
ai làm điều gì đó
= to ask sb to do sth
 requirement (n): sự yêu cầu
 to fulfill a requirement: đáp ứng
được một yêu cầu
-An unhealthy diet can cause - cause (v): gây ra, dẫn đến
various health problems. = lead to
= account for
= induce
- Obesity, diabetes and heart - disease (n): bệnh tật
disease are on the increase. = ailment
= sickness
= illness
- Many people nowadays rely on - to rely on sth: dựa dẫm, trông cậy
fast food or pre-prepared meals. vào điều gì
= to depend on
= to count on
- These foods often contain too - contain (v): chứa đựng, bao gồm
much fat, salt and sugar. = include
= hold
= consist of
= enclose
= encompass
= involve
- They are cheap to buy and very - cheap (a): rẻ
easy to prepare. = inexpensive

= low-cost
= low-priced
= competitive price
- Many young people have grown - diet (n): chế độ ăn uống, chế độ
up on a diet of convenience ăn kiêng
foods.  to be on a diet: ăn uống theo
chế độ
= to go on a diet
 to put sb on a diet: ép ai ăn
uống theo chế độ
- Populations in developed - population (n): dân số
countries are increasingly  population explosion: sự tăng
overweight. dân số ồ ạt và nhanh chóng
Exercise
-Regular exercise is essential in - essential (a): cần thiết
maintaining a healthy body. = necessary
= crucial
= vital
= indispensable
- Exercise burns calories and helps - muscle (n): cơ bắp
to build healthy bones and  not to move a muscle: ở yên,
muscles. không động đậy
 muscular (a): cơ bắp, lực lưỡng
 muscularity (n): sự lực lưỡng, vạm
vỡ
- Doctors advise exercising at least - advise (v): khuyên
three times a week for 20 minutes.  to advise sb to do sth: khuyên ai
 to advise sb of sth: cho ai biết về
điều gì đó
 to advise with sb: hỏi ý kiến ai đó
 advice (n): lời khuyên
-Most people nowadays lead a - sedentary (a): thụ động, ít di
sedentary lifestyle. chuyển
= inactive
= passive
-We tend to walk less and do desk - desk jobs: việc bàn giấy, công
jobs. việc văn phòng
- Most adults relax by watching - relax (v): nghỉ ngơi, thư giãn
television. = loosen up
= rest
= to feel at ease
- Children play video games rather - outdoor (a): ngoài trời
than doing outdoor sports.  outdoors (adv): ngoài trời
>< indoor (a): trong nhà
 indoors (adv): trong nhà
- In the past, people were more - active (a): năng động
active in their jobs and at home. = energetic
= dynamic
 inactive (a): thụ động, không
hoạt động
Government’s Role
- Governments have a significant - to have a role to play in sth: đóng
role to play in reducing obesity. vai trò quan trọng trong việc gì đó
= to play a role in sth
= to play a part in sth
- More and more people, including - seriously (adv): nghiêm trọng,
young children are seriously nghiêm túc
overweight.  serious (a): nghiêm trọng
 serious illness: bệnh nặng
 serious matter: vấn đề nghiêm
trọng
 serious attempt: sự cố gắng
nghiêm túc
-They are at risk of heart disease - to be at risk of sth: có nguy cơ gì
and diabetes. đó
= to run the risk of sth
= to be put at risk
- This situation will increase the - situation (n): tình huống, hoàn
burden on hospitals and cảnh
taxpayers.  to find a situation: tìm được việc
làm
- Hospitals rely on the government - to rely on sb for sth: dựa

for money and resources. dẫm/trông cậy vào ai vì điều gì đó
= to be reliant on sb for sth
= to depend on/upon sth
= to count on/upon sth
- Governments should promote a - promote (v): kích thích, thúc đẩy
healthy diet and regular exercise = further
= advance
= expedite
= boost
= hasten
- There should be more time for - timetable (n): lịch trình
sports on school timetables. = schedule
= agenda
= plan
- Unhealthy junk food should be - junk (n): đồ tạp nham, bỏ đi
banned from school menus.  junk food: thức ăn không tốt cho
sức khỏe
- People need information about - information (n): thông tin
what foods contain.  inform (v): thông báo, cho biết
 to inform sb of sth: cho ai biết về
điều gì đó
= to notify sb of sth
= to advise sb of sth
- Food packaging must show the - show (v): cho thấy
food’s nutritional content. = demonstrate
= present
= reveal
= display
- The government should - recommend (v): đề nghị
recommend eating five portions of = suggest
fruit and vegetables per day. = adise
= propose
 to highly recommend sth: đề
nghị điều gì đó một cách tha thiết
 recommendation (n): lời đề nghị
State Health System: Advantages

- Good healthcare should be - for free: một cách miễn phí
available to everyone for free. = free of charge
= at no cost
- State healthcare is paid by the - tax (n): thuế
government using money from  tax (v): đánh thuế
taxes.
- Everyone has access to the same - to have access to sth: tiếp cận với
quality of care and treatment. cái gì đó
= to get admission to sth
- Private healthcare is unfair - unfair (a): bất công, không công
because only wealthy people can bằng
afford it.  unfair price: giá quá đắt
>< fair (a): công bằng
 fair (n): sự công bằng, hội chợ
 career fair: hội chợ việc làm
= job fair
- The National Health Service in the - resident (n): cư dân
UK provides free healthcare for = citizen
every resident. = inhabitant
= habitant
Private Healthcare: Advantages
- State hospitals are often very - run (v): vận hành, hoạt động
large and difficult to run.  to run a business: hoạt động kinh
doanh
 to run a company: vận hành một
công ty
 to run for sth: ứng cử cho vị trí
nào đó
- Private hospitals have shorter - appointment (n): cuộc hẹn
waiting lists for operations and  to have an appointment: có một
appointments. cuộc hẹn
 to make an appointment: lên
lịch hẹn
 to reschedule an appointment:
hẹn lại, thay đổi giờ hẹn
- Patients can benefit from faster - patient (n): bệnh nhân

treatment.  patient (a): kiên nhẫn
 patience (n): sự kiên nhẫn
- Many people prefer to pay for a - prefer (v): thích hơn, ưu tiên hơn
personal service. = favor
 to prefer A to B: thích cái A hơn
cái B
 to prefer to do sth: thích làm điều
gì hơn
- Patients have their own room and - comfortable (a): thoải mái
more comfortable facilities. >< uncomfortable (a): không thoải
mái, khó chịu
 comfort (n): sự thoải mái
 to live in comfort: sống thoải mái,
sung túc
 words of comfort: lời an ủi
Alternative Medicine: Positives
- People are increasingly using - illness (n): bệnh tật
alternative medicines to treat = ailment
illnesses. = sickness
= disease
- For example, acupuncture can - acupuncture (n): thuật châm cứu
be used to treat backache. - backache (n): bệnh đau lưng
 toothache (n): đau răng
 headache (n): đau đầu
 stomachache (n): đau bao tử
- Herbal medicines can be used to - allergy (n): bệnh dị ứng
treat allergies or viruses.  to have an allergy to sth: bị dị
ứng với cái gì đó
 allergic (a): dị ứng
- Many patients report positive - experience (n): kinh nghiệm, trải
experiences with these treatments nghiệm
 to learn by experience: rút kinh
nghiệm
 experience (v): trải nghiệm

 to experience sth: trải qua điều

gì
- Some traditional cures have - cure (n): cách chữa trị, điều trị,
been used for hundreds of years. phương thuốc
 cure (v): chữa bệnh, điều trị
= heal
= ameliorate
= better
= improve
 to cure a patient: điều trị cho
bệnh nhân
Alternative Medicine: Negatives
- Many alternative medicines have - test (v): kiểm tra, thử thách
not been tested scientifically. = examine
= check
= verify
- They may have no beneficial - beneficial (a): có ích, có lợi
effect at all. = profitable
= advantageous
- They may cause unknown side - side effects: tác dụng phụ
effects.
- People should trust the opinions - qualified (a): đủ khả năng, đủ tư
of qualified doctors. cách
 to be qualified for sth: đủ điều
kiện cho việc gì đó
= to be eligible for sth
- An illness could get worse without - to get worse: trở nên tồi tệ hơn
treatment from a doctor. = to worsen
= to aggravate
= to deteriorate
= to impair
= to depress
Stress
- Modern lifestyles are increasingly - stressful (a): căng thẳng
stressful. = distressing
 stress (n): sự căng thẳng
- People work long hours with strict - deadline (n): hạn chót
deadlines.  to miss a deadline: trễ hạn
 to meet a deadline: đáp ứng
được hạn chót, nộp đúng hạn
- Our busy lifestyles mean we have - busy (a): bận rộn
less time to relax. = restless
 to be busy with sb’s work: bận
rộn với công việc của mình
 to be busy doing sth: bận rộn
- Unemployment is a major cause - a cause of sth: là nguyên nhân
of stress. của điều gì đó
 to cause sth: gây ra điều gì đó
= to lead to sth
= to account for sth
-Children may be affected by their - affect (v): gây ảnh hưởng, tác
parents’ relationship problems. động
= alter
= influence
= disturb (tiêu cực)
= upset (tiêu cực)
- Tests and exams can also cause - exam (n): bài kiểm tra
stress.  examine (v): kiểm tra
= check
= test
= verify
How to Reduce Stress
-Stress can be reduced by taking - reduce (v): giảm
regular exercise and eating a = diminish
healthy diet. = lessen
-It is also important to get sufficient - sufficient (a): đủ
sleep and make leisure time a = enough
priority. = adequate
- to make sth a priority: ưu tiên cái
gì đó

- People should work less overtime - to take a holiday: đi nghỉ, đi du

and take regular holidays. lịch
= to go on holiday
= to go on vacation
- Schools have started to employ - employ (v): tuyển dụng
psychologists. = hire
= engage (thuê người ở)
= enlist (tòng quân)
= retain (thuê luật sư)
- They can offer emotional support - emotional (a): nhạy cảm, cảm
to students. động
= sensitive
= moving
= affecting
-They can help students to cope - to cope with sth: đương đầu với,
with exam stress. đối phó với điều gì đó
= to contend with sth
= to face sth
= to be faced with sth


14. HOUSING AND ARCHITECTURE

IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
State or Council Housing
- In some countries, the - council (n): hội đồng
government provides state or  city council: hội đồng thành phố
council housing.
- This helps people who cannot - to afford to do sth: có đủ khả năng,
afford to buy their own house. đủ điều kiện tài chính để làm điều gì
- It can be argued that state - dependence (n): sự phụ thuộc
housing creates dependence  dependence on sth: sự phụ thuộc
on the government. vào cái gì đó
 to depend on sth: phụ thuộc vào
điều gì
= to be dependent on sth
 independent (a): tự do, độc lập
-People should rely on the - to look after sth: chăm sóc, coi ngó
government to look after them. cái gì đó
= to attend to sth
- People have no incentive to - incentive (n): sự khuyến khích, khích
earn money and buy their own lệ, thúc đẩy
home. = inducement
= encouragement
= motivation
= stimulus
- Council properties are often - property (n): quyền sở hữu, tài sản,
made with cheap, poor-quality nhà đất
materials.  a man of property: người giàu có,
nhiều của cải
 property tax: thuế đánh vào tài sản
Old Buildings
- Historic buildings are part of a - heritage (n): di sản
country’s heritage.  cultural heritage: di sản văn hóa
- They should be protected. - protect (v): bảo vệ
 to protect sb from sth: bảo vệ ai khỏi
điều gì đó
= to give sb protection from sth

 protection (n): sự bảo vệ
- Old buildings are often - work of art: tác phẩm nghệ thuật
considered to be works of art. = masterpiece
- They give character to cities - attract (v): thu hút
and attract tourists.  to attract attention: thu hút sự chú ý
= to draw sb’s attention
 attraction (n): sự thu hút
 attractive (a): thu hút, quyến rũ
- They show us how people lived - show (v): cho thấy
in the past. = demonstrate
= present
= reveal
- We identify countries by - symbol (n): biểu tượng
architectural symbols like the  symbolic (a): tượng trưng
pyramids in Egypt.
- Governments should spend - to look after sth: chăm sóc, coi ngó
money on looking after historic cái gì đó
buildings. = to pay attention to sth
= to take care of sth
= to attend to sth
- They need regular repairs and - repair (n): sự sửa chữa
maintenance. = fixing
= restoration
= adjustment
= improvement
= overhaul
- New buildings should be - complement (v): bổ sung, bù thêm
designed to complement them. cho đủ
= complete
= integrate
Modern or Green Buildings
- Modern buildings should be - environmentally (adv): liên quan đến
designed to be environmentally môi trường
friendly.  environmental (a): thuộc về môi
trường, liên quan đến môi trường
 environment (n): môi trường

 working environment: môi trường
làm việc
- They should use less energy - energy (n): năng lượng, sức lực
and produce less waste. = power
= spirit
= strength
= vitality
-Modern insulation i.e. water, - energy-efficient (a): tiết kiệm năng
sound and heat covering can lượng
make houses more energy-  cost-efficient = cost-effective (a):
efficient. tiết kiệm chi phí
time-efficient = time-effective (a): tiết
kiệm thời gian
-Solar and wind power can be - generate (v): phát ra, tạo ra
used to generate electricity. = produce
= create
= bring about
= provoke
- Rainwater and waste water - recycle (v): tái chế
can be recycled and used to  recycling procedure: quy trình tái
flush toilets. chế
- Modern glass buildings take - to take advantage of sth: lợi dụng,
advantage of natural light. tận dụng điều gì đó

15. LANGUAGE
IDEAS EXPLANATONS
English as an International Language
- English is widely used around - widely (adv): một cách phổ biến,
the world. rộng rãi
= broadly
= extensively
= commonly
= generally
- It is becoming a global second - global (a): toàn cầu
language. = worldwide
= international
= universal
- It is the dominant language of - dominant (a): thống trị, có ưu thế
technology, science and = main
international business. = primary
= controlling
= predominant
- International business meetings - to be held: được tổ chức
are regularly held in English. = to be organized
= to be set up
- The most important textbooks - important (a): quan trọng
and journals are published in = crucial
English. = essential
= vital
= necessary
 importance (n): sự quan trọng, tầm
quan trọng
>< unimportance (n): sự không quan
trọng, không đáng kể
- The ability to speak English is a - ability (n): khả năng, năng lực
necessary skill in the modern = capability
world. = qualification
= strength

 a man of abilities: một người có

năng lực, tài năng
Negative of English as an International Language
-It would have no nationality or - to attach to sth: gắn liền với cái gì đó
culture attached to it. = to join sth
= to connect with/tosth
= to adhere to sth
- The dominant language brings - dominant (a): thống trị , có ưu thế, lấn
its own culture. át
= commanding
= leading
= predominant
- American culture has become - culture (n): văn hóa
popular around the world.  cultural (a): thuộc về văn hóa
 cultural exchange: trao đổi văn hóa
 cultural standard: trình độ văn hóa
- Other cultures may be - damage (v): thiệt hại, làm hư hỏng
damaged. = impair
= mangle
= ravage
= ruin
= smash
= wreck
- As an alternative to English, a - invent (v): phát minh, sáng chế
new global language could be  invention (n): sự phát minh, sáng
invented. chế
 inventor (n): nhà phát minh
- It would have no nationality or - attach (v): gắn bó, gắn liền
culture attached to it. = add
= connect
= link
= tie
- This could help to promote - peace (n): hòa bình
international peace and  to be at peace with sb: hòa bình,
understanding. hòa thuận với ai đó
 to make peace: làm hòa
 peace of mind: sự bình yên trong

tâm hồn
-Esperanto is an example of a - aim (n): mục tiêu
language that was invented = objective
with this aim. = intention

16. MONEY
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Money and Society
- Society has become - society (n): xã hội
increasingly materialistic.  social (a): liên quan đến xã hội
- materialistic (a): thiên về vật chất
 material (n): vật chất
- People aspire to earn more - to aspire to do sth: mong mỏi, khao
money. khát làm điều gì đó
= to hope to do sth
= to crave for sth
- They want a bigger house or a - want (v): muốn
better car. = desire
= crave
= need
= prefer
- We connect wealth and - possession (n): quyền sở hữu
material possessions with = ownership
happiness and success.  to be in possession of sth: có quyền
sở hữu cái gì đó
 to be in the possession of sb: thuộc
quyền sở hữu của ai đó
 to take possession of sth: chiếm hữu,
chiếm lấy cái gì đó
- Brands like Armani or - brand (n): nhãn hiệu
Mercedes are status symbols. = trademark
 brand new: mới toanh, mới tinh
- Advertising creates new - advertising (n): việc quảng cáo
desires and needs.  adverting company: công ty quảng
cáo
 advertise (v): quảng cáo
 advertisement (n): quảng cáo
- It persuades us to buy the - to persuade sb to do sth: thuyết phục
latest styles. ai làm điều gì đó
= to convince sb to do sth

= to advise sb to do sth
Positives of Consumerism
- Consumerism creates - consumerism (n): chủ nghĩa tiêu dùng
employment.  consumer (n): người tiêu dùng
= buyer
= shopper
= customer
= purchaser
= user
 consume (v): tiêu dùng, tiêu thụ
- It helps to reduce poverty. - poverty (n): sự nghèo nàn, thấp kém
= impoverishment
= poorness
- It encourages innovation and - innovation (n): sáng kiến, sự đổi mới
creativity in business. = change
= novelty
= modernization
 innovate (v): đưa ra cái mới, tiến
hành đổi mới
 innovative (a): có tính đổi mới, sáng
kiến
- We live in a global economy. - economy (n): nền kinh tế
 economic (a): thuộc về kinh tế, liên
quan đến kinh tế
 economical (a): tiết kiệm
 economize (v): tiết kiệm, giảm chi
tiêu
 economics (n): ngành kinh tế học,
môn kinh tế
- We have a better quality of - quality (n): chất lượng
life.  to have quality: ưu tú, hảo hạng
 people of quality: những người
thuộc tầng lớp trên, thượng lưu
Negatives of Consumerism
- Consumerist societies create - create (v): tạo ra
more waste. = generate
= form
= make
= produce
- They use more natural - natural (a): tự nhiên, thuộc về thiên
resources. nhiên
 natural resources: tài nguyên thiên
nhiên
 natural selection: chọn lọc tự nhiên
- They cause damage to the - damage (n): thiệt hại, làm hư hỏng
environment. = destruction
= corruption
= deterioration
= devastation
= ravaging
- Consumerism creates a throw- - throw-away culture: văn hóa sử dụng
away culture. và vứt bỏ
- Advertisers tell us who we are - advertiser (n): người quảng cáo, tờ
and what we want. quảng cáo
 advertise (v): quảng cáo
 advertisement (n): quảng cáo
- Wealth does not lead to - happiness (n): niềm hạnh phúc, niềm
happiness. vui
= satisfaction
= contentment
= delight
= enjoyment
= joy
= jubilation
= well-being
= peace of mind
- Materialism causes greed and - greed (n): sự tham lam
crime. = avarice
 greedy (a): tham lam
- We should return to traditional - traditional (a): truyền thống
values like sharing.  traditionalism (n): chủ nghĩa truyền
thống, sự tôn trọng truyền thống
 traditionalist (n): người theo chủ

nghĩa truyền thống
17. PERSONALITY
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Happiness
- Happiness means different - different (a): khác biệt
things to different people. = dissimilar
= contrasting
= disparate
= distinct
- It can be described as a - describe (v): mô tả, miêu tả
feeling of pleasure or = characterize
enjoyment. = detail
= illustrate
= specify
 description (n): sự mô tả
- People enjoy spending time - to enjoy doing sth: tận hưởng, thích
with family and friends. làm điều gì đó
= like doing sth
= love doing sth
= relish doing sth
= revel in doing sth
- Hobbies, sports and games - sports (n): thể thao, giải trí
can be a source of fun and  to make sport of sb: chế nhạo ai đó
enjoyment.  to do sth for sport: làm điều gì để
giải trí
- Some people see money as a - happiness (n): niềm hạnh phúc, niềm
source of happiness. vui
= satisfaction
= contentment
= delight
= joy
= jubilation
- Other people define - define (v): định nghĩa
happiness as something = give description to sth
deeper.  definition (n): định nghĩa
- In order to be truly happy it is - in order to do sth: để làm điều gì đó
necessary to live a good life. = so as to do sth
= to do sth

- We need to feel that we are - useful (a): hữu ích, hữu dụng
doing something useful with our = beneficial
lives. = profitable
= fruitful
= helpful
- Some people get a sense of - achievement (n): việc đạt được, có
achievement from their work. được một cái gì đó
 achieve (v): đạt được, có được
= accomplish
= attain
= earn
= gain
= obtain
= win
= acquire
- Others find happiness in - to bring up sb: nuôi dạy ai đó lớn
bringing up their children. khôn
= to raise sb
 upbringing (n)
- Religion or a sense of purpose - a sense of purpose: cảm giác có
can also be a source of được một mục tiêu để hướng tới
happiness.
Success
- People define success in - success (n): sự thành công
different ways.  to be a success in sth: là một người
thành công trong lĩnh vực nào đó
 to succeed in sth: thành công trong
việc gì đó
 successful (a): thành công
 successive (a): liên tiếp, liên tục
- Some people get a sense of - raise (v): giơ lên, nuôi nấng
achievement from raising a  to raise a family: nuôi cả gia đình
family.  to raise a point: nêu lên một luận
điểm
- For others, success is defined - wealth (n): sự giàu có, thịnh vượng
by wealth or status. = prosperity
= affluence
= richness
 wealthy (a): giàu có, thịnh vượng
- We often think of rich and - famous (a): nổi tiếng
famous people as being = well-known
successful in life. = popular
= renowned
 infamous (a): tai tiếng
 fame (n): danh tiếng
- Millionaires like Bill Gates are - consider (v): xem xét, cân nhắc
considered to be successful. = scrutinize
 consideration (n): sự xem xét, cân
nhắc
- They have risen to the top in - profession (n): nghề nghiệp
their chosen professions. = business
= employment
= occupation
= job
= work
= career
- For some, being successful - goal (n): mục tiêu, mục đích
means achieving personal or = aim
professional goals. = purpose
= objective
= target
 to reach a goal: đạt được mục đích,
mục tiêu
- They see success as the result - result (n): kết quả
of hard work.  result (v): gây ra
 to result in sth: gây ra cái gì đó, dẫn
đến cái gì đó
= to lead to sth
= to cause sth
>< to result from sth: xảy ra là vì điều gì
đó

- Success in any field requires - effort (n): sự nỗ lực, cố gắng

long-term planning and effort. = exertion
= attempt
= intention
Nature or Nurture
- Some people believe that our - believe (v): tin tưởng
personalities are determined = trust
mainly by genetics.  to believe in sb: tin tưởng vào ai đó
 to believe sb to do sth: cho rằng ai
đó đã làm điều gì
 belief (n): niềm tin
- We inherit our abilities and - inherit (v): thừa hưởng
talents from our parents. = derive sth from sb
= receive sth from sb
- Others think that our - education (n): sự giáo dục, nền giáo
education and upbringing are dục
more important.  educate (v): giáo dục
 educational (a): liên quan / thuộc
về giáo dục
- We develop according to the - develop (v): phát triển
influences around us. = cultivate
= advance
= improve
= progress
= grow
= evolve
- Our personalities and - nurture (n): sự nuôi dưỡng, nuôi nấng
achievements depend more on = upbringing
nurture than nature. = nourishment
 nurture (v): nuôi dưỡng, nuôi nấng
- Many people argue that we - control (v): điều khiển
control our own destinies.  control (n): sự điều khiển
 to take control: nắm quyền điều
khiển, chỉ huy
 to be out of control: không điều
khiển được, không làm chủ được
 to be under control: bị kiểm soát, bị

điều khiển
- We can shape our own - shape (v): hình thành, uốn nắn
personalities. = form
= create
= carve
= construct
= frame
- By working hard we can - put sb’s mind to sth: đặt hết tâm trí
achieve the goal that we put của ai vào việc gì đó
our minds to. = set sb’s mind to sth
- Many successful people are - self-made (a): tự lập, tự mình trở nên
self-made. thành công
 a self-made man: một người tự
thành đạt
- We are not limited by our - characteristic (a): riêng biệt, đặc
genetic characteristic or trưng
upbringing. = typical
= distinguishing
= distinctive
= peculiar


18. SPORT AND LEISURE

IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Arguments against Professional or Competitive Sport
- Sport has become a business. - business (n): việc kinh doanh, thương
mại
 to do business with sb: buôn bán với
ai đó
 to go into business: bắt đầu kinh
doanh
 to be out of business: phá sản, vỡ nợ
- Professional sport encourages - to compete for sth: cạnh tranh vì cái
people to compete for money. gì đó
= to contend for sth
- Many sports stars are only - star (n): ngôi sao, người nổi tiếng
concerned about money and = celebrity
fame. = person who is famous
= idol
- Some athletes take drugs in - at any cost: bằng bất cứ giá nào
order to win at any cost. = despite everything
= anyway
- Competitors are often selfish - selfish (a): ích kỉ
and rude. = egotistical
= self-centered
= narcissistic
- They are not good role models - role model: hình mẫu lý tưởng, tấm
for children. gương để noi theo
- All sports should be amateur. - amateur (a): nghiệp dư
>< professional (a): chuyên nghiệp
= skilled
= skillful
= experienced
- Sports should be leisure - leisure (n): thời gian rảnh rỗi
activities rather than jobs.  to be at leisure: có thời gian rảnh rỗi,
đang thảnh thơi

 to wait sb’s leisure: chờ cho ai có

thời gian rảnh rỗi
- People should do sporting - reason (n): lý do, lý lẽ
activities for enjoyment and  reason (v): suy luận, cãi lý
health reasons.  to reason with sb: tranh luận, cãi lý
với ai đó
 to reason on sth: suy luận về một
điều gì đó
- Taking part is more important - to take part in sth: tham gia vào cái gì
than winning. đó
= to join sth
= to participate in sth
Arguments for Professional Sport
- Professional sports are the - same (n): giống, cũng như vậy
same as any other business.  same (a): giống, y hệt
= identical
= alike
= constant
- Many people are employed in - industry (n): ngành công nghiệp
the sports industry.  industrial (a): thuộc về công nghiệp,
liên quan đến công nghiệp
 industrialize (v): công nghiệp hóa
- People should be able to use - to earn a salary: kiếm lương, kiếm tiền
their talents to earn a salary. = to earn money
= to make money
- Sports stars entertain millions of - entertain (v): giải trí
people. = amuse
= beguile
= cheer
= delight
- Money is necessary to improve - train (v): huấn luyện, rèn luyện
facilities and train athletes.  to train sb: huấn luyện ai đó
 to train for sth: rèn luyện để chuẩn bị
cho điều gì đó

- The level of professional sport is - level (n): mức, mức độ

much higher than that of  to be on the level with sth: ngang
amateur sport. hàng với cái gì đó
 to do sth on the level: thật thà, lương
thiện
 level (v): làm cho bằng, cân bằng
 to level off sth: san bằng cái gì đó
Arguments for Competitive Sport
- Competition is a natural - instinct (n): bản năng
instinct in humans.  by instinct: theo bản năng
= from instinct
- In daily life we compete to get - daily (a/adv): hằng ngày
jobs or the highest grades.  weekly (a/adv): hằng tuần
 monthly (a/adv): hằng tháng
 yearly (a/adv): hằng năm
= annually
- Sports are a safe form of - competition (n): cuộc thi đua, sự
competition. cạnh tranh
 competitor (n): đối thủ cạnh tranh
 compete (v): cạnh tranh, thi đua
 competitive (a): cạnh tranh
 competent (a): có đủ khả năng để
cạnh tranh
- Competition is healthy - to push sb to do sth: khuyến khích,
because it pushes us to give our thúc đẩy ai làm điều gì đó
best. = to encourage sb to do sth
- Competitors and fans can - to release sth: giải tỏa, giải phóng cái
release energy and aggression. gì đó
= to let go of sth
= to let sth go
- Supporters of teams feel a - belong (v): thuộc về
sense of belonging to a  to belong to sb/sth: thuộc về ai/cái
community. gì đó
Opinion: Professional Sport Salaries are too high
- Sports professionals earn too - professional (n): chuyên gia
much money. = expert
= specialist
- They do not provide a vital - to provide sth to/for sb: cung cấp cái
service. gì đó cho ai đó
= to supply sth to sb
 to provide sb with sth: cung cấp cho
ai cái gì đó
- Football players, for example, - enormous (a): to lớn, khổng lồ
earn enormous salaries by = colossal
simply kicking a ball. = gigantic
= huge
= massive
= vast
= monstrous
= tremendous
- We could all live happily - live (v): sống, ở
without professional football.  to live by: sống bằng cái gì đó
 to live out: sống sót
 to live in a small way: sống giản dị
- Life would be difficult without - difficult (a): khó khăn
doctors, engineers and other  difficulty (n): sự khó khăn
vital  to be in difficulties: gặp phải khó
professionals. khăn, đang gặp khó khăn
 to overcome a difficulty: vượt qua
khó khăn
- Society does not seem to - value (v): định giá, đánh giá
value these professions as highly  to value goods: định giá hàng hóa
as professional sport.  value (n): giá trị, giá cả
 to be of value: có giá trị
 to set a value on sth: đánh giá cái gì
đó
 market value: giá thị trường
- Sports salaries should be - to be compatible with sth: tương
compatible with the wages thích, thích hợp với điều gì đó
most people earn. = to be in harmony with sth
= to be agreeable to sth
= to be appropriate to/for sth
Opinion: Professional Sport Salaries are fair

- It is fair that the best - fair (a): công bằng
professional earn a lot of  fair (n): sự công bằng, hội chợ
money.  career fair: hội chợ việc làm
= job fair
- Sport is a multi-million-pound - million (a): triệu
industry.  billion (a): tỉ
 trillion (a): ngàn tỉ
 zillion (a): triệu tỉ
- There is a large audience of - audience (n): khán giả, người nghe,
sports fans. người xem
= listener
= admirer
= viewer
= spectator
- Sports on television attract - attract (v): thu hút
many viewers.  to attract sb by sth: thu hút ai bằng
cái gì đó
= to draw sb’s attention
= to get sb’s attention
= to catch sb’s attention
- Sports stars have dedicated - to dedicate sth to sth: cống hiến cái
hours of practice to developing gì cho cái gì đó
their fitness and skills. = to devote sth to sth
- Only the most talented among - talented (a): tài năng
them will reach the top.  talent (n): tài năng
 a man of great talent: một người có
tài
 to have a talent for sth: có tài gì đó,
có năng khiếu về cái gì đó
- A sports career many only last - last (v): kéo dài, tồn tại
10 years.  last (n): người cuối cùng, lần cuối
cùng
 at last: cuối cùng thì
 to the last: đến cùng, đến hơi thở
cuối cùng
- Sports fans are willing to pay to - to be willing to do sth: sẵn sàng, vui vẻ
support their teams. khi làm điều gì đó
= to be pleased to do sth
Sports and Politics
- Some people think that sport - separate (a): riêng rẽ, tách biệt
and politics should remain  separate (v): tách rời, phân chia
separate.  to separate sth into parts: chia cái gì
đó ra làm nhiều phần
 to separate from sb: ở xa ai đó, chia
tay ai đó
- Governments are involved in - to be involved in sth: liên quan đến,
the hosting of sporting events tham gia vào cái gì đó
such as the Olympics. = to be engaged in sth
- These events attract - investment (n): sự đầu tư
investment and create jobs.  invest (v): đầu tư
 to invest in sth: đầu tư vào cái gì đó
- The Olympic Games are an - host (n): chủ nhà
advertisement for the host  a host of people: đông người
nation.
- They attract huge numbers of - visitor (n): người ghé thăm, người
visitors and sports fans. tham quan, người xem
 visit (n): sự ghé thăm
 to pay sb a visit: ghé thăm ai đó
- Wealthy countries tend to hold - to tend to do sth: có khuynh hướng,
these events. xu hướng làm điều gì đó
= to be likely to do sth
- Developing countries should - to be given a chance to do sth: được
be given the chance to trao cơ hội để làm điều gì đó
become hosts. = to have a chance to do sth: có cơ
hội để làm điều gì đó

19. TELEVISION, INTERNET, PHONES

IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Positives of Television
- Watching television is a good - relax (v): nghỉ ngơi, thư giãn
way to relax. = loosen up
= rest
= to feel at ease
- It is many people’s favorite - to wind down: thoải mái, thư giãn
way to wind down after a hard = to relax
day at work. = to rest
- Television programs can be - enjoyable (a): thú vị, thích thú
entertaining and enjoyable. = interesting
= exciting

= satisfying
= delightful
= amusing
- Viewers have access to a - a variety of sth: nhiều thứ đa dạng
huge variety of entertainment (nhưng thuộc cùng một loại)
channels.  variety (n): sự đa dạng, phong phú
 various (a): đa dạng, phong phú
- Television brings the best - bring (v): mang theo
comedians, musicians and = bear
actors into our homes. = carry
= tote
- TV programs can also be - informative (a): cung cấp nhiều
informative and educational. thông tin
= enlightening
= informatory
- News coverage makes the - to be aware of sth: nhận thức được
public aware of events around điều gì đó
the world.  to raise sb’s awareness of sth: nâng
cao nhận thức của ai về vấn đề gì đó
- event (n): sự kiện
= occasion
= function
- Documentaries can make - documentary (n): phim tài liệu
learning more interesting. = documental
 documental (a): thuộc tài liệu,
thuộc tư liệu
Negatives of Television
- Television is having a negative - negative (a): tiêu cực, không tốt
impact on society. = bad
= unfavorable
= adverse
- Some people link violence on - to link sth with sth: kết nối cái gì với cái
television with crime rates in the gì
real world. = to connect sth with/to sth

- Children copy the behavior - behavior (n): thái độ, cách cư xử

they see on the screen.  good behavior: tư cách đạo đức
tốt, cách ứng xử tốt
- Children are less healthy - to spend time doing sth: dành thời
because they spend less time gian làm điều gì đó
playing.  to spend money on sth: chi tiền vào
việc gì đó
- Advertisers direct their - direct (v): hướng, nhắm
marketing at children.  to direct sth at sb: hướng cái gì về
phía ai đó, nhắm cái gì vào ai đó
 to direct sb to some place: chỉ cho
ai đến được đâu đó
 to direct a business: vận hành một
công việc kinh doanh
 to direct sb to do sth: ra lệnh cho ai
- Most programs do not require - though (n): suy nghĩ
much thought.  on second thoughts: suy nghĩ lại
- Watching TV is a waste of time. - a waste of time: lãng phí thời gian
vào những điều vô bổ
Opinions about Television
- Television has many benefits. - benefit (n): lợi ích, trợ cấp, phúc lợi
 unemployment benefits: trợ cấp
thất nghiệp
- However, it can be addictive. - addictive (a): gây nghiện
= obsessive
- Children should play outside - outside (adv): ở bên ngoài
rather than sit in front of a >< inside: ở bên trong, ở trong nhà
screen all day.
- Behavior shown on TV can - to influence (v): ảnh hưởng, tác động
influence people. = to have an influence on sth
= to have an impact on sth
- Parents should choose - choose (v): lựa chọn
carefully what their children = pick
watch. = select
= favor
= prefer
- Children should not be - to be exposed to sth: bị ảnh hưởng, bị
exposed to violence, swearing tiếp xúc với cái gì đó
or sexual images.  to expose sth to sth: phơi bày cái gì
ra với cái gì đó
- Advertising during children’s - children (n): những đứa trẻ
programs should be strictly  child (n): trẻ em
controlled.  childish (a): (tính tình) con nít
 childlike (a): trông giống con nít
- TV companies should make - educational (a): liên quan / thuộc về
more positive, educational giáo dục
programs.  education (n): sự giáo dục, nền giáo
dục
 educate (v): giáo dục
Positives of the Internet
- There are many advantages - advantage (n): lợi ích, điểm thuận lợi
to using the Internet.  to be of great advantage to sth:
mang lại lợi ích lớn cho điều gì đó
 to take advantage of sth: lợi dụng
điều gì đó
 to have the advantage of sb: có lợi
thế hơn ai đó
- It gives us instant access to - access (n): lối vào, truy cập
information on almost any  give sb access to sth: cho phép ai
subject. truy cập vào cái gì đó
- instant (a): ngay lập tức, ngay tức
khắc
 instant coffee: cà phê pha uống
ngay
 instant noodles: mì ăn liền
- Shops and other services are - available (a): sẵn có
now available online. >< unavailable (a): không có sẵn
- People can buy goods and - buy (v): mua
services from the comfort of = purchase
their homes. - goods (n): hàng hóa
= merchandise
= items
- The Internet is starting to - replace (v): thay thế
replace other forms of = take the place of sth
entertainment. = put sth in place of sth
= take over sth
- It has revolutionized - revolutionize (v): cách mạng hóa,
communication. thay đổi hoàn toàn
= transform
- We can keep in touch by - to keep in touch with sth: giữ liên lạc
email or instant messenger với ai đó
services. = to be in touch with sb
= to get in touch with sb
= to stay in touch with sb
- Video messaging is becoming - common (a): chung, phổ biến
common for business meetings. = popular
= widespread
= prevailing
= prevalent
Negatives of the internet

- Many websites contain - content (n): nội dung
offensive content.  content (a): vui vẻ, hài lòng
 to be content with sth: vừa lòng với
điều gì
 to be content to do sth: vui vẻ làm
điều gì đó
- Some sites show violent or - image (n): hình ảnh
sexual images.  imagine (v): tưởng tượng
 imagination (n): trí tưởng tượng
 imaginary (a): thuộc về tưởng
tượng, chỉ có trong tưởng tượng
- Parents find it difficult to - control (v): điều khiển
control what their children see  control (n): sự điều khiển
online.  to be under control: bị kiểm soát, bị
điều khiển
- They do not always know who - always (adv): luôn luôn

their children are chatting to. = consistently
= constantly
= at all times
- With so many websites it is - to search for sth: tìm kiếm điều gì đó
difficult to search for good = to look for sth
information. = to seek sth
- Criminals increasingly use the - steal (v): cướp
Internet to steal people’s  to steal away: lẻn đi
money.  to steal in: lẻn vào
 to steal out: lẻn trốn thoát
Internet Compared to Newspaper and Books
- Newspapers and books are - publish (v): xuất bản
now published online as well as = issue
in print.
- We can read the news in any - news (n): tin tức
language from any country in  newspaper (n): báo chí
the world.  magazine (n): tạp chí
 article (n): bài báo
- It costs nothing to publish or - to cost sth to do sth: tốn cái gì để làm
access information on the điều gì đó
Internet. - information (n): thông tin
 to inform sb of sth: cho ai biết điều gì
đó
= to notify sb of sth
= to advise sb of sth
- The Internet allows anybody to - to allow sb to do sth: cho phép ai làm
publish their own writing. điều gì đó
= to permit sb to do sth
- Newspaper articles and books - write (v): viết
are written by professionals.  to write off : viết liên tục
 to write out: chép toàn bộ, sao lại
toàn bộ
- Professionals produce better - produce (v): sản xuất
quality writing than amateur. = generate
= create
= manufacture
- People still buy newspapers - portable (a): di động, có thể mang
and books because they are theo được
portable.
- People do not like reading - read (v): đọc
from a screen. = study
= refer to
= learn
Positives of Mobile/Cellular Phones
- The mobile phone is the most - gadget (n): thiết bị, đồ dùng
popular gadget in today’s = device
world. = appliance
= object
- Mobile phones have - communicate (v): giao tiếp
revolutionized the way we = converse
communicate. = chat with
= talk to
- We can stay in touch with - to stay in touch with sth: giữ liên lạc
family, friends and colleagues với ai đó
wherever we are. = to keep in touch with sb
- Users can send text messages, - to surf the Internet: lướt mạng
surf the Internet, take photos = to get online
and listen to music. = to be online
- Mobiles have also become - mobile (n): điện thoại di động
fashion accessories.  mobile (a): di động
>< immobile (a): bất động, đứng yên
Negatives of Mobile Phones
- Mobiles phones can be a - problem (n): vấn đề
problem in some public places. = affair
= matter
= issue
- Ringing phones cause - disturbance (n): sự quấy rầy, phiền
disturbance in cinemas and phức
school lessons. = interference
= distraction

- Some people are not aware - conversation (n): đoạn hội thoại
that others can hear their  to hold a conversation with sb: trò
conversations. chuyện với ai đó
= to conduct a conversation with sb
- Mobile phones may also - to interfere with sth: gây trở ngại, rắc
interfere with electronic rối cho cái gì đó
equipment.
- Their waves could cause - damage (n): thiệt hại, làm hư hỏng
damage to our brains. = ravaging
= corruption
= deterioration
= devastation
- Mobile phones can also be a - dangerous (a): nguy hiểm
dangerous distraction.  danger (n): sự nguy hiểm
 to be in danger: đang gặp nguy
hiểm
 to be in danger of sth: đang có
nguy cơ như thế nào
- Using a phone while driving - concentration (n): sự tập trung
reduces the driver’s = immersion
concentration. = absorption
- Mobile phones are a popular - thief (n): kẻ trộm, kẻ cắp
target for thieves.  theft (n): sự ăn trộm, sự trộm cắp
 to commit theft: phạm tội ăn trộm
Opinions about Mobile Phones
- The benefits of mobile phones - outweigh (v): có nhiều giá trị hơn, có
outweigh the drawbacks. nhiều ảnh hưởng hơn
= dominate
= eclipse
= overshadow
- We need to use these phones - to do sth with care: làm điều gì đó
with care. thật cẩn thận
= to do sth carefully
= to do sth attentively
= to do sth thoroughly


20. TOURISM
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Positives of Tourism
- Tourism is a popular leisure - tourism (n): sự du lịch, ngành du lịch
activity.  tourist (n): khách du lịch
 to go on a tour: đi tua du lịch
- People go on holiday to relax - to go on holiday: đi nghỉ dưỡng, đi du
and have fun. lịch
= to go on vacation
- Tourists can experience - different (a): khác biệt
different cultures. = disparate
= dissimilar
= distinct
- They can sunbathe on - sunbathe (v): tắm nắng
beaches or go sight-seeing. = to expose oneself to the sun
- to go sight-seeing: đi ngắm cảnh
- Travelling abroad opens our - abroad (adv): ra nước ngoài
minds and broadens our  to travel abroad: đi du lịch nước
horizon. ngoài
 to study abroad: đi du học
- We can learn to speak other - language (n): ngôn ngữ
languages.  lingual (a): thuộc ngôn ngữ, tiếng
nói
= linguistic
 bilingual (a): biết sử dụng hai thứ
tiếng
 linguistics (n): ngành ngôn ngữ học
- The tourist trade is vital for - vital (a): cần thiết
some economies. = indispensable
= necessary
= essential
= crucial
- It creates employment in - accommodation (n): chỗ trọ, chỗ
services like accommodation, ngủ nghỉ
transport and

entertainment.  accommodate (v): điều tiết, làm

cho thích nghi, tìm chỗ trọ
 to be accommodated in some
place: ở trọ tại một nơi nào đó
- Some areas rely on tourism for - to rely on sth: dựa dẫm, trông cậy
their income. vào điều gì
= to depend on
= to count on
- Tourists spend money. - spend (v): tiêu xài, sử dụng
= use
= consume
= allocate
- Tourism attracts investment - investment (n): sự đầu tư
from multi-national companies.  invest (v): đầu tư
- It helps to improve the - standard of living: mức sống
standard of living. - improve (v): cải thiện, làm cho tốt
hơn
= better
= advance
- Low-cost airlines are making it - cheap (a): rẻ
cheaper to travel abroad. = inexpensive
= low-cost
= low-priced
Negative Effects of Tourism
- Tourism can have a negative - negative (a): tiêu cực, phủ định
effect on the natural  negativity (n): sự tiêu cực, phủ định
environment. >< positive (a): tích cực
- The building of facilities and - habitat (n): môi trường sống, nơi ở
infrastructure can destroy the  habitation (n): nhà ở, nơi cư trú
habitat of wild animals. = inhabitation
- Beautiful beaches are spoilt by - beautiful (a): đẹp
the building of hotels.  beauty (n): vẻ đẹp
 beatify (v): làm đẹp
- Tourism creates pollution and - pollution (n): sự ô nhiễm
waste. = contamination
= infection
- It puts pressure on local - to put pressure on sb/sth: thúc bách,
resources. thúc ép ai đó/cái gì đó
- Local traditional and cultures - to be endangered: có nguy cơ biến
may be endangered. mất / tuyệt chủng
= to be imperiled
= to be threatened
- A rise in the cost of living - rise (n): tăng lên, mọc lên
affects local people.  a rise in sth: sự gia tăng cái gì đó
 to be on the rise: đang gia tăng
 to ask for a rise / raise: yêu cầu tăng
lương
- The price of goods, services - significantly (adv): nhiều, đáng kể
and housing may increase = considerably
significantly. = remarkably
= substantially
The Future of Tourism
- Government should introduce - introduce (v): giới thiệu
laws to protect natural = present
environments and local = suggest
cultures.
- Tourism should have a low - wildlife (n): cuộc sống hoang dã
impact on wildlife.  wild (a): hoang dã, hoang dại
 to be wild to do sth: khao khát làm
điều gì đó
- Renewable resources like solar - renewable (a): có thể làm mới được,
or water power should be used. có thể hồi phục lại
 renew (v): hồi phục, đổi mới
 to renew a contract: gia hạn hợp
đồng
 to renew a passport / visa: gia hạn
hộ chiếu / thị thực
- Waste should be recycled. - recycle (v): tái chế
 recycling procedure: quy trình tái
chế

- Local businesses such as farms - local (a): thuộc về địa phương, ở địa
should be supported. phương
 local business: doanh nghiệp địa
phương
 local time: giờ địa phương
 local war: chiến tranh cục bộ
 local government: chính quyền địa
phương
21. TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN

IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Losing Traditional Skills
- Because of industrialization - because of sth: bởi vì điều gì đó
and global trade, many = due to sth
traditions have disappeared. = as a result of sth

- Global advertising encourages - to encourage sb to do sth: khuyến

everyone to buy the same khích, kích thích ai làm điều gì đó
products. = to push sb to do sth
- Most products are now made - factory (n): nhà máy, xưởng
in factories. = manufacturing plant
- Machinery has replaced skilled - skilled (a): điêu luyện, lành nghề
human labor. = skillful
= experienced
- Factory work is boring and - unfulfilled (a): không hài lòng, không
leaves people feeling unfulfilled. thoải mãn
= dissatisfied
= discontented
= unhappy
- Goods are produced very - in large numbers: với số lượng lớn
quickly and in large numbers. = in quantities
= in bulk
- Products are cheaper, which - product (n): sản phẩm
means that more people can  produce (n): sản phẩm (nông
buy them. nghiệp)
Examples
- Clothes are mass produced in - standard (a/n): tiêu chuẩn
standard sizes.  standardize (v): tiêu chuẩn hóa
- People wear similar clothes, - similar (a): giống nhau
rather than traditional = identical
costumes. = alike
= same
- Jeans and T-shirt are now worn - now (adv): bây giờ
throughout the world. = at the moment
= at present
= currently
- Historic buildings took skilled - to take sb sth to do sth: tốn của ai cái
craftsmen years to build. gì đó để làm điều gì đó
- build (v): xây dựng
= construct
= form
= set up
- Modern concrete, steel and - building (n): tòa nhà, nhà cao tầng
glass buildings are built in only  skyscraper (n): nhà chọc trời
weeks or months.  building license: giấy phép xây dựng
 building materials: vật liệu xây dựng
- There are fewer people who - can do sth: có thể làm điều gì đó
can create hand-made goods. = to be able to do sth
= to be capable of doing sth
Traditional Customs
- Traditional customs are still - festival (n): lễ hội
important during weddings and  festive (a): thuộc lễ hội, tiệc tùng
religious festivals.  a festive season: mùa lễ hội
- People wear traditional - special (a): đặc biệt
costumes and eat special = exceptional
ethnic foods. = outstanding
= unique
= unusual
- It is important to maintain our - maintain (v): duy trì
different cultural identities.  maintainable (a): có thể duy trì
được, có thể giữ được
>< unmaintainable (a): không thể duy
trì được
 maintenance (n): sự duy trì, sự giữ
gìn
- We should celebrate festivals, - celebrate (v): ăn mừng, tiệc tùng
teach traditional skills and  celebrated (a): nổi tiếng, lừng danh
protect historic places. = famous
= popular
= well-known
 celebration (n): sự ăn mừng, tiệc
tùng

22. TRANSPORT
IDEAS EXPLANATIONS
Traffic Problems
- Traffic congestion is caused by - traffic congestion: kẹtxe, tắc nghẽn
commuters travelling to work. giao thông
= traffic jam
- Most people live in the suburbs - suburbs (n): ngoại ô
outside city center. = outskirts
= countryside
- Commuters tend to travel at - to tend to do sth: có xu hướng làm
the same time of day. điều gì đó
= to be likely to do sth
- They tend to travel alone. - alone (adv): một mình
 let alone: không kể đến, chưa nói
đến
- Cars and road space are not - efficiently (adv): một cách hiệu quả
used efficiently. = effectively
- This causes traffic jams during - rush hour: giờ cao điểm
the rush hour. - traffic jam: kẹt xe, tắc nghẽn giao
thông
= traffic congestion
Traffic Solutions
- In order to reduce traffic we - traffic (n): giao thông
should change our working  heavy traffic: xe cộ đông đúc
habits.
- The internet can now be used - connect (v): kết nối
to connect people.  to connect A to/with B: kết nối cái A
với cái B
= to link A with B
- More people could work from - to work from home: làm việc ở nhà,
home. làm việc từ xa
- Meetings can be held as - to be held: được tổ chức
video conferences. = to be organized
= to be run

- Workers could be given - flexible (a): linh động, linh hoạt

flexible timetables. = adaptable
= responsive
- Another solution would be to - solution (n): giải pháp
tax drivers.  a solution to a problem: giải pháp
cho một vấn đề
 solve (v): giải quyết (vấn đề)
= resolve
= deal with
= work out
- Workers should share their cars - share (v): chia sẻ
and travel together.  to share sth with sb: chia sẻ cái gì với
ai đó
 to share sb’s opinion: đồng tình với ai
đó
- In London, for example, there - charge (n): phí dịch vụ, phí ăn uống
is a congestion charge.  fee (n): phí (thường là học phí)
 fare (n): phí vận chuyển (tiền vé tàu,
xe…)
 fine (n): phí phạt, tiền phạt
- This helps to raise money for - public transport (n): phương tiện giao
better public transport. thông công cộng (xe buýt, tàu điện
ngầm…)
- Public transport needs to be - reliable (a): có thể tin tưởng, trông
reliable and efficient. cậy được
= trustworthy
= dependable
Positives of Public Transport
- We need to reduce our - dependence (n): sự phụ thuộc
dependence on cars.  dependence on sth: sự phụ thuộc
vào cái gì đó
 to depend on sth: phụ thuộc vào
điều gì
= to be dependent on sth
- Parking a car can be - extremely (adv): cực kỳ
extremely difficult in big cities. = highly
= excessively
= immensely
= greatly
= terribly
- Well-designed transport - convenient (a): thuận tiện, tiện lợi
systems are comfortable and >< inconvenient (a): không tiện
convenient.  convenience (n): sự thuận tiện
 convenience store: cửa hàng tiện lợi
(mở cửa 24/7)
- Modern public transport can - fast (a): nhanh chóng
be fast and cheap. = speedy
= quick
= rapid
>< slow (a): chậm chạp
= sluggish
- Public transport can help to - pollution (n): sự ô nhiễm
reduce pollution in cities. = contamination
 pollute (v): làm ô nhiễm
= contaminate
- Investment in buses and trains - ease (v): làm giảm bớt, làm dễ chịu
will ease traffic congestion. = alleviate
= relieve
= mitigate
- Buses can be given special - lane (n): làn đường
lanes to avoid traffic.
Negatives of Public Transport
- Public transport if often slow - unreliable (a): không tin tưởng được,
and unreliable. không trông cậy được
>< reliable (a): tin tưởng được, trông
cậy được
- Metro systems and trains are - crowded (a): đông đúc
often dirty and crowded.  crowd (n): đám đông
 to be lost in the crowd: bị lạc trong
đám đông, bị hòa trong đám đông
 crowd (v): tụ tập, tập hợp

 to crowd into sth: đổ xô vào cái gì

đó
>< to crowd out of sth: lũ lượt kéo ra
khỏi cái gì đó
- People feel like sardines in a - sardines in a can: cá mòi trong hộp,
can. tức là quá đông đúc, bị nhồi nhét ở
một không gian chật hẹp nào đó
- Cars are much more - comfortable (a): thoải mái
comfortable.  comfort (n): sự thoải mái
 comfort zone: khu vực thoải mái, nơi
mà người ta cảm thấy thoải mái
Road Safety
- Driving while tired or drunk is - tired (a): mệt mỏi
extremely dangerous.  to be tired of doing sth: chán, ngán
 to grow tired of sth: phát chán về
điều gì đó
- Mobile phones can be a - distraction (n): sự xao lãng
dangerous distraction for = disturbance
drivers. = interference
- They draw the driver’s - to draw sb’s attention away from sth:
attention away from the road. lôi kéo sự chú ý của ai đó khỏi điều gì
đó
- The use of phones while - ban (v): cấm
driving has been banned in = prohibit
many countries. = forbid
= impede
- Punishments are becoming - punishment (n): hình phạt
stricter. = penalty
= sanction
 punish (v): phạt
= penalize

- Television campaigns are used - to remind sb to do sth: nhắc ai làm

to remind people to drive điều gì đó
safely.
- Speed cameras have - become (v): trở thành
become more common. = evolve into
= turn into
= grow into
= develop into
- Speed bumps are another - speed bumps: gờ giảm tốc
form of traffic calming. = speed humps
= road humps
- traffic calming: hệ thống nhằmgiảm
thiểu tốc độ trên đường
- Many streets are designed - to slow sth down: giảm tốc độ của cái
with the aim of slowing traffic gì lại
down. >< to speed up: tăng tốc
23. WATER
IDEAS EXPLANATION
Importance of clean water
- Water is a necessary natural - necessary (a): cần thiết
resource. = vital
= indispensable
= essential
= crucial
- Humans need access to - safe (a): an toàn

clean, safe drinking water in  safety (n): sự an toàn
order to live.  save (v): cứu, tiết kiệm
- Poor water quality is a major - a cause of sth: nguyên nhân của cái
cause of disease and death in gì đó
some countries. - poor (a) = bad = terrible
- Water usually needs to be - treat (v): xử lý, đối xử
treated before we can drink it.  treatment (n): việc xử lý, đối xử
- Developing countries often - lack sth: thiếu cái gì đó
lack the means to treat and  a lack of sth: sự thiếu hụt cái gì đó
supply water to citizens. - to supply sth to sb: cung cấp cái gì đó
cho ai đó
= to provide sth to/for sb
- Developed countries tend to - sanitation (n): việc cải thiện điều kiện
have much better sanitation. vệ sinh
>< insanitation (n)
 sanitary (a): liên quan đến vệ sinh
- Citizens have access to clean - tap water: nước máy, nước vòi
tap water.  bottled water: nước đóng chai
- Drinking water is not - contaminate (v): làm bẩn, làm ô
contaminated by sewage or nhiễm
waste water. = pollute
= foul
- sewage (n): nước thải, nước cống
- The supply of clean water - improve (v): cải thiện, làm cho tốt
would improve public health in hơn
many developing countries. = better
= advance
= develop
= promote
= upgrade
Water supply
- Urban life would be impossible - urban (a): thuộc đô thị, thành thị
without water supply systems.  urbanize (v): đô thị hóa
- impossible (a): bất khả thi
= unimaginable
= hopeless
= inconceivable
- These systems are massive - massive (a): to lớn, ồ ạt
engineering projects. = large
= colossal
= enormous
- Many professionals are - professional (n): chuyên gia
involved in their planning, = expert
construction and maintenance. = specialist
- construction (n): sự xây dựng
 to be under construction: đang
được xây dựng
- maintenance (n): sự bảo trì, bảo
quản
 maintain (v): duy trì, bảo trì
- The supply and distribution of - distribution (n): sự phân phối
water are major concerns. = allocation
 distribute (v): phân phối, phân phát
= allocate
- Water is becoming scarce in - scarce (a): khan hiếm, khó tìm
some countries. = insufficient
= infrequent
= limited
= deficient
= rare
= scant
- Areas that suffer droughts - to suffer sth: chịu/bị một cái gì đó
often need to import water. = to experience sth
= to go through sth
= to undergo sth
- to suffer from sth: bị đau đớn/tổn thất
nặng nề vì cái gì đó
- As populations grow, there is - grow (v): tăng trưởng, mọc lên
more pressure on water = rise
supplies. = increase
= climb up
- pressure on sth: áp lực đối với cái gì

đó
- This could lead to a water - to lead to sth: dẫn đến cái gì đó
crisis. = to account for sth
= to cause sth
- crisis (n): cuộc khủng hoảng
 economic crisis: khủng hoảng kinh
tế
 financial crisis: khủng hoảng tài
chính
Water and politics
- The supply of water is also an - issue (n): vấn đề
important political issue. = problem
= matter
= affair
- Huge amounts of water are - to be needed for sth: được xem là
needed for agriculture and cần thiết đối với cái gì đó
industry. - agriculture (n): nông nghiệp
 agricultural (a): thuộc về nông
nghiệp, liên quan đến nông nghiệp
- The irrigation of crops - irrigation (n): việc tưới nước, tưới tiêu
accounts for a large proportions = watering
of water use. - to account for sth: là nguyên nhân
của điều gì đó
= to lead to sth
= to cause sth
- proportion (n): tỷ lệ
- A water crisis could lead to - conflict (n): sự xung đột, mâu thuẫn
political conflicts or even wars. = clash
= strife
 to be at strife with sb: xung đột, mẫu
thuẫn với ai đó
Argument: Water should be free
- Some people believe that - free (a): miễn phí
water should be free for = cost-free
everyone. = at no cost
- Governments should supply - at no cost: miễn phí, không tốn chi

water to all homes at no cost. phí
= free
- to supply sth to sb: cung cấp cái gì
cho ai đó
= to provide sth to sb
- Private companies should not - to profit from sth: kiếm lợi từ cái gì đó
be allowed to profit from this = to take advantage of sth
natural resource. = exploit sth
- to be allowed to do sth: được cho
phép làm điều gì đó
= to be permitted to do sth
- Money from taxes can be - to pay for sth: thanh toán cho cái gì
used to pay for water supply đó
systems.  to pay sb a visit: đến thăm ai đó
 to pay sb a call: gọi điện cho ai đó
Argument: Water should not be free
- If water is free, people take it - to take sth for granted: cho điều gì đó
for granted. là hiển nhiên, sẵn có
- They do not think about how - waste (v): lãng phí
much water they waste.  a waste of time: lãng phí thời gian
vào việc vô bổ
- They leave taps running while - wash (v): rửa, giặt
washing or brushing their teeth.  clean (v): dọn dẹp
 tidy up: dọn dẹp
 polish (v): chà cho bóng lên, đánh
bóng
 scrub (v): chùi, chà, cọ
- If we have to pay for water, - responsibly (adv): một cách có trách
we will use it more responsibly. nhiệm
>< irresponsibly (adv)
- Water supply systems are - expensive (a): đắt tiền
extremely expensive. = costly
= high-priced
= extravagant

- Investment is needed to - investment (n): sự đầu tư

maintain and improve them.  invest (v): đầu tư
- maintain (v): duy trì
= keep up
= continue
= retain
- Private companies may - to be better than sth: tốt hơn so với
provide a better service than cái gì đó
governments. = to be superior to sth
- If they provide an efficient - efficient (a): hiệu quả
service, they will make more = effective
money. - to make money: kiếm tiền
= to earn money
- They will repair leaks to avoid - to avoid sth: tránh, phòng tránh cái gì
losing money. đó
- repair (v): sửa chữa
= fix
= restore
= adjust
= mend
Bottled water: opinions
- Some people carry bottles of - carry (v): mang theo
water wherever they go. = bring
= bear
= tote
- For example, they take bottles - for example: ví dụ
of water to work or to the gym. = for instance
= such as
- They believe that bottled - healthy (a): khỏe mạnh
water is healthier than tap  healthful (a): lành mạnh, có lợi cho
water. sức khỏe
 health (n): sức khỏe
- They also argue that it tastes - argue (v): tranh cãi, tranh luạn
better. = fight
= try to convince
- However, other people - consume (v): tiêu thụ, sử dụng

believe that we should = use up
consume less bottled water. = expend
- Plastic water bottles add to - litter (v): xả rác, vứt rác bừa bãi
litter and waste problems. = clutter up
= scatter rubbish
= strew rubbish
- Companies should not be able - to be able to do sth: có thể làm điều
to make a profit from water. gì đó
= to be capable of doing sth
= to have an ability to do sth
- It is unethical to make money - unethical (a): trái với đạo đức, đạo lý
by selling packaged water. = dishonest
= immoral
= improper
= unscrupulous
- There is no difference in quality - There is no difference in A and B:
between bottled and tap không có sự khác nhau giữa A và B
water.  A shares no difference with B
 It makes no difference between A
and B.

24. WORK
IDEAS EXPLANATION
The benefits of staying in the same job for life
- Employees have a stable - employee (n): nhân viên
career with one employer.  employer (n): chủ, sếp
- stable (a): vững vàng, ổn định
= constant
= fixed
= resistant
= permanent
= secure
= solid
- They have a good pension - pension (n): tiền trợ cấp, lương hưu
and health insurance. = allowance
= annuity
 to retire on a pension: về hưu và có
trợ cấp
- Their salaries gradually - gradually (adv): dần dần, từ từ
increase. = increasingly
= progressively

= steadily
- They may be promoted within - to be promoted: được thăng chức
the organization. = to get a promotion
= to be offered a promotion
- They demonstrate loyalty. - demonstrate (v): chứng minh, cho
thấy
= show
= indicate
- loyalty (n): lòng trung thành
 loyal (a): trung thành
= faithful
= devoted
= dependable
- Experienced staff can be - experienced (a): có kinh nghiệm
trusted with more responsibility. = skilled
= skillful
= sophisticated
>< inexperienced (a): không có kinh
nghiệm
- They become part of a team. - part (n): phần
 to be a part of sth: trở thành một
phần của cái gì đó
 to be partial to sth: cực kỳ yêu thích
cái gì đó
- There is a clearly-defined path - clearly-defined: được vạch ra rõ ràng
for development. - development (n): sự phát triển
= growth
= evolution
= advancement
= improvement
= progress
The benefits of not staying in the same job for life
- People often change jobs in - further (v): đẩy mạnh, xúc tiến
order to further their career. = advance
= expedite
= promote
= hasten
- Another company may offer a - to offer sb sth: đề nghị cho ai một
promotion or a higher salary. điều gì đó
= to grant sb sth
 to be offered sth: được đề nghị một
điều gì đó
= to be granted sth
- People who change jobs can - gain experience: có thêm kinh
gain more experience. nghiệm
 gain (v): có được, đạt được
= acquire
= attain
= earn
= obtain
- They can learn different skills. - different (a): khác biệt
= dissimilar
= contrasting
= disparate
= distinct
- Changing jobs is interesting - challenging (a): mang tính thách
and challenging. thức
 challenge (v) (n): thách thức, thử
thách
 to challenge sb to sth: thách thức ai
về điều gì đó
 to accept a challenge: chấp nhận
lời thách thức / thử thách
= to take up a challenge
- People can retrain in a - occupation (n): nghề nghiệp, công
different occupation. việc
= profession
= job
= work
= business
- to retrain in sth: đào tạo lại ở lĩnh vực
nào đó

- In a fast-changing world, - flexible (a): linh động, linh hoạt

workers need to be flexible. = adaptable
= responsive
- People need to develop a - a wide range of sth: một loạt những
wider range of experience and cái gì đó, đủ loại
skills.
Self-employment
- Nowadays, it is easy to set up - to set up sth: thành lập, hình thành
a company. nên một cái gì đó
= to start sth
= to create sth
= to establish sth
= to found sth
= to initiate sth
- The internet provides a global - global (a): toàn cầu
marketplace. = worldwide
= comprehensive
= international
= universal
= overall
- Self-employment offers greater - freedom (n): sự tự do
freedom than working for a = independence
company. = privilege
- However, there are risks to - risk (n): liều lĩnh, rủi ro
starting a new business.  to take risks to do sth: liều lĩnh làm
điều gì đó
= to run risks to do sth
 to be at risk: gặp phải rủi ro
- Self-employed people may - to face sth: đối mặt với cái gì đó
face financial difficulties. = to be faced with sth
= to deal with sth
- Many businesses fail to make a - to make a profit: tạo ra lợi nhuận
profit. - to fail to do sth: không làm được điều
gì, thất bại trong việc gì đó
 failure (n): sự thất bại, kẻ thất bại

- There is less stability in self- - stability (n): sự bền vững, ổn định

employment. = constancy
= firmness
= adherence
= permanence
= solidity
- There are no benefits like - sick pay: phần lương vẫn được nhận
pensions, sick pay and holiday khi nghỉ ốm
pay. - holiday pay: phần lương vẫn được
nhận khi nghỉ để đi du lịch
- Self-employment involves hard - involve (v): bao gồm
work, long hours and total = contain
responsibility. = include
= cover
= hold
Unemployment
- Unemployment is a big - unemployment (n): sự thất nghiệp
problem for individuals,  rate of unemployment: tỉ lệ thất
communities and the society. nghiệp
 temporary unemployment: thất
nghiệp tạm thời
 unemployment benefit: trợ cấp thất
nghiệp
- Some people are unable to - to be unable to do sth: không thể làm
find a job. điều gì đó
>< to be able to do sth: có thể làm
điều gì đó
- They may not have the - qualifications (n): trình độ chuyên
sufficient level of education or môn, khả năng chuyên môn
qualifications. = ability
= aptitude
- They may find themselves - homeless (a): không có nhà cửa, vô
homeless. gia cư
- to find sb/sth + adj: thấy rằng ai/cái gì
như thế nào đó
 to find themselves homeless: nhân ra

rằng mình không có nhà cửa, vô gia
cư
- Unemployment causes - frustration (n): sự thất bại, tâm trạng
frustration and stress. thất vọng
= disappointment
= annoyance
= dissatisfaction
- Jobless people may become - to be involved in sth: liên quan đến,
involved in crime as a means to dính líu đến điều gì đó
get money. = to be engaged in sth
- jobless (a): không có nghề nghiệp,
không có việc làm
= unemployed
- The unemployed need career - career (n): nghề nghiệp, sự nghiệp
advice.  to choose a career: chọn lựa nghề
nghiệp
 career advice: tư vấn nghề nghiệp
- Governments need to provide - vocational (a): liên quan đến nghề
vocational courses and nghiệp
retraining. = occupational
 vocational course: khóa học về
nghề nghiệp, đào tạo nghề nghiệp
 vocational guidance: hướng dẫn về
nghề nghiệp
 vocational school: trường dạy nghề
Unemployment Benefits: Positives
- Some governments pay - benefit (n): lợi ích, trợ cấp, phúc lợi
unemployment benefits in order  unemployment benefits: trợ cấp thất
to help jobless people. nghiệp
 maternity benefits: trợ cấp thai sản
 medical benefit: phúc lợi y tế
- Unemployed people need - financial (a): thuộc về tài chính, liên
financial support until they find quan đến tài chính
a new job. = fiscal
 finance (n): tài chính
 fiscal year: năm tài chính

- By claiming benefits, they can - claim (v): thỉnh cầu, đòi
continue to pay for their major = demand
life expenses. = ask
= assert
- expense (n): chi phí
 life expenses: chi phí sống, chi phí
sinh hoạt
= living expenses
- The benefits system helps to - poverty (n): sự nghèo nàn, thấp kém
reduce poverty, homelessness = impoverishment
and crime. = poorness
>< wealthiness (n): sự giàu có, thịnh
vượng
 wealthy (a): giàu có, thịnh vượng
Unemployment Benefits: Negatives
- Some people claim benefits - A rather than B: thích cái A hơn so với
rather than working. cái B
- They become dependent on - to be dependent on sb/sth: dựa dẫm
the government. vào ai/cái gì đó
= to be reliant on sb for sth
- They are not motivated to find - motivate (v): thúc đẩy, tạo động lực
a job. để làm điều gì đó
= stimulate
= drive
= galvanize
= inspire
= incline
- The benefits system is a burden - burden (n): gánh nặng
on tax payers. = anxiety
= pressure
= strain
- All citizens should work to - make a living: kiếm sống
make a living and support = make money
themselves. = earn money
= earn a salary
- Receiving benefits affects - self-esteem: lòng tự trọng

people’s self-esteem. = pride
= dignity
= self-respect
- affect (v): ảnh hưởng, tác động
= influence
= disturb
= upset
Work/Life Balance
- It is important to achieve a - balance (n): sự cân bằng
balance between work time = equilibrium
and leisure or family time. = equity
= harmony
 a balance between A and B: sự cân
bằng giữa cái A và cái B
- Too much work can result in - to result in sth: gây ra cái gì đó, dẫn
stress and poor health. đến cái gì đó
= to lead to sth
>< to result from sth: xảy ra là vì điều gì
đó
- Workaholics may neglect their - neglect (v): sao lãng, thờ ơ
families and friends. = to be indifferent
= disregard
= ignore
= spurn
- People need to take regular - to take a holiday: đi nghỉ, đi du lịch
holidays. = to go on holiday
= to go on vacation
- Companies should expect - overtime (adv/a): thêm giờ, quá giờ
employees to work overtime.  to work overtime: làm thêm giờ,
tăng ca
 overtime pay: phần lương trả cho
việc làm thêm giờ

- Nowadays, many people work - part-time (adv): bán thời gian

part-time or have flexible >< full-time (adv): toàn thời gian
working hours.  work part-time: làm việc bán thời
gian
 work full-time: làm việc toàn thời
gian
- Technology allows people to - to work from home: làm việc ở nhà,
work from home, làm việc từ xa
telecommuting is possible. - telecommuting (n): việc liên lạc từ xa,
thông tin từ xa
- Many companies provide - facility (n): cơ sở vật chất, điều kiện
childcare facilities. thuận tiện
 childcare facilities: những phương
tiện, cơ sở vật chất thuận tiện cho việc
chăm sóc trẻ em
 transport facilities: những phương
tiện thuận tiện cho việc vận chuyển
- Striking a balance between a - to strike a balance between A and B:
good life and a good work can tìm ra cách để cân bằng giữa A và B
raise job satisfaction. - satisfaction (n): sự hài lòng, sự thỏa
mãi
 to be satisfied with sth: cảm thấy hài
lòng về điều gì đó
= to be pleased with sth
 to be dissatisfied with sth: cảm thấy
không hài lòng, bất mãn về điều gì đó
- Happy, healthy workers are - productive (a): có năng suất, có hiệu
more productive. quả
 production (n): việc sản xuất
 produce (v): sản xuất
 producer (n): nhà sản xuất
Technology and Work
- The internet, fax and mobile - revolutionize (v): cách mạng hóa,
phone technologies have thay đổi hoàn toàn
revolutionized working life. = transform

- Workers can communicate via - via (prep.): thông qua, theo đường
email, online networks and = through
video conferencing. = by
- Technology can connect - connect (v): kết nối
workers in different countries  to connect A to/with B: kết nối cái A
from around the world. với cái B
= to combine sth
= to link A with B
= to join sth
- It gives people more freedom. - to give sb sth: trao cho ai cái gì đó
= to offer sb sth
= to grant sb sth
- It can also save time, energy - save (v): tiết kiệm
and money. = economize
= spare (v): để dành
- Some people believe that - disappear (v): biến mất
offices could disappear in the = vanish
future. = dissipate
>< appear (v): xuất hiện
= show up
= turn up
= come into sight
= present
- Virtual online offices may - replace (v): thay thế
replace them. = take the place of sth
= put sth in place of sth
= take over sth
Child Labor
- In some countries, children are - exploit (v): khai thác, bóc lột, lợi dụng
exploited. = take advantage of sth
= misuse
= abuse
= profit from/by sth
= utilize
- They do boring and repetitive - repetitive (a): lặp đi lặp lại
jobs for very low pay. = repetitious
= repeated
- Children are often used in - factory (n): nhà máy, xưởng
agriculture and factory work. = manufacturing plant
- The employment of children is - prohibit (v): cấm
prohibited in other countries. = make impossible
= ban
= forbid
= impede
= outlaw
= restrict
- Many people think that - childhood (n): tuổi thơ
children should be free to enjoy  motherhood (n): tình mẫu tử
their childhood.  fatherhood (n): tình phụ tử
 brotherhood (n): tình anh em
 sisterhood (n): tình chị em
 neighborhood (n): tình làng xóm,
khu vực hàng xóm
- Governments should make - priority (n): ưu tiên
education a priority.  to make sth a priority: ưu tiên cái gì
đó
- They should build new schools. - build (v): xây dựng
= construct
= form
= set up
- They should supply the - to supply sth to sb: cung cấp cái gì đó
necessary resources to educate cho ai đó
children. = to provide sth to/for sb
- educate (v): giáo dục
= cultivate
= enlighten
= tutor
= instruct
= train
- Children need to be given the - adult (n): người lớn, người trưởng
knowledge and skills for adult thành
life.  adult (a): trưởng thành
= grownup

Ideas For Topics - Ielts Writng Task 2 - Ielts Fighter

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IELTS Fighter - Trung Tâm Luyện Thi IELTS số 1 Việt Nam

Website: ielts-fighter.com | Hotline: 0903 411 666

Lời nói đầu: ............................................................................................................................................. 3

2. ANIMAL RIGHTS ................................................................................................................................ 16

9. GENETIC ENGINEERING .................................................................................................................. 66

10. GLOBAL ISSUES ............................................................................................................................... 69

11. GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY ..................................................................................................... 75

12. GUNS AND WEAPONS .................................................................................................................. 84

13. HEALTH .............................................................................................................................................. 92

14. HOUSING AND ARCHITECTURE............................................................................................... 102

15. LANGUAGE..................................................................................................................................... 105

16. MONEY............................................................................................................................................. 108

17. PERSONALITY................................................................................................................................. 111

18. SPORT AND LEISURE .................................................................................................................... 118

19. TELEVISION, INTERNET, PHONES .............................................................................................. 124

20. TOURISM ......................................................................................................................................... 133

IDEAS FOR IELTS TOPIC – IELTS FIGHTER

21. TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN ...................................................................................................... 136

22. TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................... 139

23. WATER .............................................................................................................................................. 143

24. WORK............................................................................................................................................... 150

IDEAS FOR IELTS TOPIC – IELTS FIGHTER

Lời nói đầu:

Các em thân mến,

IDEAS FOR IELTS TOPIC – IELTS FIGHTER

Cuốn sách được bố trí như sau:

IDEAS FOR IELTS TOPIC – IELTS FIGHTER

 Phần 2: Các đề thường gặp trong Topics

 Phần 3: Các ideas được nêu ra cho vấn đề trên.

IDEAS FOR IELTS TOPIC – IELTS FIGHTER

IDEAS FOR IELTS TOPIC – IELTS FIGHTER

Một số “chia sẻ” hữu ích của IELTS FIGHTER

➤ Giải đáp 20 thắc mắc về IELTS: TẠI ĐÂY

QUYỂN SÁCH NÀY DÀNH CHO AI?

LÀM THẾ NÀO ĐỂ ĐẠT 7.0 IELTS HOẶC CAO HƠN?

LÀM THẾ NÀO CHUẨN BỊ CHO IELTS WRITING TASK 2?

LÀM THẾ NÀO SỬ DỤNG NHỮNG Ý TƯỞNG NÀY?

IDEAS FOR IELTS TOPIC – IELTS FIGHTER

 The mobile phone is the most popular gadget in today’s world.

colleagues wherever we are. Furthermore, they now have many more

the way we communicate.

TỪ Ý TƯỞNG ĐẾN ĐOẠN VĂN

IDEAS FOR IELTS TOPIC – IELTS FIGHTER

The main reason people go to work is to earn money.

Sau đây là các ý tưởng cho một đoạn văn:

 Agree that money is the main reason people work

Kết nối những ý tưởng trên, chúng ta có đoạn như sau:

doubt most of us would choose to continue in our jobs. (116 words)

2. ANIMAL RIGHTS .................................................................................................................... 16

IDEAS FOR IELTS TOPIC – IELTS FIGHTER

9. GENETIC ENGINEERING ....................................................................................................... 66

10. GLOBAL ISSUES ................................................................................................................. 69

11. GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY ......................................................................................... 75

12. GUNS AND WEAPONS ..................................................................................................... 84

14. HOUSING AND ARCHITECTURE ..................................................................................... 102

15. LANGUAGE ..................................................................................................................... 105

16. MONEY ............................................................................................................................ 108

17. PERSONALITY .................................................................................................................. 111

18. SPORT AND LEISURE ....................................................................................................... 118

19. TELEVISION, INTERNET, PHONES .................................................................................... 124

20. TOURISM .......................................................................................................................... 133

21. TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN ........................................................................................... 136

22. TRANSPORT ..................................................................................................................... 139