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Seismic Explained PDF
Seismic Explained PDF
OF BUILDINGS
1. Earthquake-Induced Motions
2. Building Configurations
6. Cracking In Buildings
9. Conclusions
Earthquake-Induced Motions In Multistory Buildings
40 story
Citicorp
Equipment Buildings
10-20 story
4 story
1 story
Centroid of resisting
forces
No torsional
effects develop
Centroid of applied
forces
Torsion develops
b) Buildings that are nonsymmetrical because of either their basic configuration or the
nonsymmetrical placement of lateral-load-resisting elements typically experience high torsional
forces which are very destructive. Nonsymmetrically placed masses can also lead to similar
torsional effects.
Nonsymmetrical Buildings With Reentrant Corners
Seismic joint
c) Nonsymmetrical configuration with reentrant corners (e.g., L-or H-shaped buildings) are particularly
susceptable to destructive torsional effetcs. Primary damage often occurs at the reentrant corners.
Allowing separate building masses to vibrate independently by using seismic seperator joints that
allow free movement to occur generally improves structural performance.
Nonsymmetrical Buildings In Vertical Direction
Little torsion
Excessive torsion
develops develops
d) Buildings that are nonsymmetrical in the vertical direction also experience destructive
torsional effects. Discontinuous shear walls are particularly problematical.
Damage Due To Soft Story
Chi-chi Earthquake,
Taiwan Sept 21, 1999
Izmit Earthquake,
Turkey Aug 17, 1999
Torsional Failure
High-damaged
zone
a) Not desirable
b) Preferred.
Elongated buildings are more susceptible to destructive forces associated with differences in
ground movements along the length of the building than are more compact shapes. Long
buildings can be subdivided by using seismic joints.
Slender Buildings
Relatively slender buildings are less able to resist efficiently the overturning
movements cause by earthquakes than are shorter and more compact configurations.
Small Separation Between Buildings
Clearance
Pounding
a) Small separation-not desirable. b) Large separation-preferred.
Adjacent buildings should be adequately separated so that buildings do not pound against
each other during seismic events.
Pounding Damage
Frame
Plastic hinges
Rigid frame buildings are generally preferable to pin-connected ones because the plastic hinges
that necessarily form in rigid frame buildings before they collapse absorb large amounts of
energy.
Collapse of Columns
Taiwan
Shear Failure & Short Columns Failure
Fig.7
a) Typical diaphragm action : the horizontal plane b) If diaphragms are improperly designed, failure can
acts like beam in carrying earthquake-induced result in floor or roof plans.
forces to shear walls or other lateral-load-carrying
mechanism.
Important of rigid floor and roof elements : for earthquake-induced inertial forces to be
transferred to lateral-load-carrying elements, floor and roof elements must be capable of acting
like rigid diaphragms.
Failure Of Soffit
a) Beam failure occurs first b) Column failure occurs first (very un-desirable).
Members should be designed such that failure occurs first in horizontal members
rather than in vertical members (a “strong-column-weak-beam” strategy).
Collapse of Upper Floor
Symmetrical Plans
L-Shaped Plan Cruciform Plan U-Shaped Plan T-Shaped Plan Other Complex Shape
a) Shear wall : a stiff structure with a short b) Shear wall with small openings : still a relatively
natural period of vibration. stiff structure with a short natural period.
Opening
Shallow lintel
e
rag
o
n ch h
A ngt
le
Additional diagonal
bars in deep lintels
Additional closely
Spaced link
Additional
reinforcement
for high base
shear
Anchorage
Reinforcement length
concentrated at Foundation
extremities of wall
Shear
reinforcement
Detailing Requirements For Potential Yield Zones
<200
>200 >200
Close tie
V col
C2 = T2
T1 = aAstfy
Ast
SHEAR CRACK
V1 beam
V beam
Asb
T2 = aAsbfy C1=T1
V col.
Const. Joint
Additional closely
spaced link
X X X
Example for transverse reinforcement in columns; consecutive crossties engaging the same
longitudinal bars must have 90°hooks on opposite si des of columns.
MITIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED
VIBRATION
Lateral Ground Movement Isolation
Footing
Lead Rubber Bearings,
Bhuj District Hospital, India 2002
Damper (Energy Absorber/Dissipator)
STRUCTURAL CRACKING IN CONCRETE
Diagonal Tension Cracking In R.C. Beams
Web-shear crack
Flexural crack
Splitting
Splitting
(a)
(b)
Torsional Cracks In R.C. Beam
(b)
Failure Of A Tied Column
Flexural Cracking In Slabs
Nonparallel
supports
(a)
(b)
Flexural Cracking In Slabs
(c) (d)
Flexural Cracking In Slabs
Axes of rotation
Four columns
Column
(g)
Free edge
Fixed supports
two sides
(f)
NON-STRUCTURAL CRACKING IN
CONCRETE
Plastic Shrinkage Cracking In Slabs
Crack Formed Due To Obstructed Settlement
Typical Crack Patterns At Reentrant Corners
Severe Cracking in Unreinforced
Masonry Wall
Reinforcing In-Filled Brickwalls And Opening
0km
70
Ring of Fire
COMPARISON BETWEEN AMERICAN 1994
UBC SEISMIC LOADS AND BRITISH BS8110
NOTIONAL LOADS
10-Storey Apartment/Hotel/Office Building
20 to 30-Storey Apartment/Hotel/Office Building
ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN SEISMIC ANALYSIS
1. Earthquake Loads
3. Seismic Zone