6.5 Trig.

Form of a Complex Number

2 2
z = a + bi = a + b
Ex. Z = -2 + 5i
(! 2,5) 5

z = (!2) 2 + 52

z = 29 -2
Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

z = r (cos! + i sin ! )
r = the hypotenuse and theta = the angle.

Write in trig. form

Ex. z = !2 ! 2 3i Find r (the hyp) & theta

r=4
opp. 2 3 3
!2 tan ! = = =
adj. 2 1
!" = 600 ref. angle
4"
!2 3 !# = or 240°
3
4! 4!
z = 4(cos + i sin )
3 3
 Write the complex number in standard form a + bi.

& , .) , . )#
Ex. z = 8 $cos* - ' + i sin * - '!
% + 3( + 3 ("
&1 3 #
z = 2 2$ ' i!
%2 2 "

z = 2 " 6i

!
 Multiplication of Complex Numbers

z1 z 2 = r1r2 [cos(!1 + ! 2 )+ i sin (!1 + ! 2 )]

Find the Product if
& 2' 2' # & 11' 11' #
z1 = 2$ cos + i sin ! & z2 = 8$ cos 6 + i sin 6 !
% 3 3 " % "
& , 2- 11- ) , 2- 11- )#
z1 z 2 = 16$cos* + ' + i sin* + '!
% + 3 6 ( + 3 6 ("
& 5' 5' #
= 16 $cos
% 2 ! 2"
[ ]
+ i sin ! = 16 0 + i (1) = 16i

2
 Dividing Complex Numbers

z1 r1
= [cos(!1 " ! 2 )+ i sin (!1 " ! 2 )]
z 2 r2
 z1
Divide
z2
(
z1 = 24 cos 300 + i sin 300o o
)
z 2 = 8(cos 75 + i sin 75 )
o o

z1 24
z2
=
8
[ o o o o
cos(300 ! 75 ) + i sin(300 ! 75 ) ]
[ o
= 3 cos 225 + i sin 225 o
]
&, 2) , 2 )# 3 2 3 2
= 3$** - ' + i* -
' * 2 '
'! =! ! i
$%+ 2 ( + (!" 2 2
 DeMoivre’s Theorem and nth Roots

n
z = [ r(cos " + isin " )]
n

n
= r (cos n! + i sin n! )
 12
Ex. Find (!1 + 3i )
Imagine how much fun it would be to multiply this
example out 12 times. It would take forever. Using
DeMovre’s Theorem, however, makes it short and simple.

First, convert to trigonometric form.

12
12 & , 2- 2- )#
(!1 + 3i ) = $2* cos + i sin '!
% + 3 3 ("
&
12 2' 2' #
= 2 $cos(12 ) + i sin (12 ) ! = 4096(cos 8! + i sin 8! )
% 3 3 "

= 4096(1 + 0i ) = 4096
 nth Roots of a Complex Number

For a positive integer n, the complex number

z = r(cos x + i sin x)
has exactly n distinct nth roots given by

n & ( + 2k' ( + 2k' #

r $ cos + i sin !
% n n "
where k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n - 1
WATCH THE EXAMPLES
CAREFULLY!!!
Ex. Find all the sixth roots of 1.
1
First, write 1 + 0i in trig. form. (1 + 0i ) 6
1 + 0i is over 1 and up 0. Therefore, 1 is the
hypotenuse and theta is 0o.
1
[1(cos0 o
+ isin0 o
)] 6

& 6 0 + 2k' 0 + 2k' #

= 1$ cos + i sin !
% 6 6 "
Now, we plug in 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for k to find
our six roots.
1(cos 0 + i sin 0 ) = 1
& ' '# 1 3
1$ cos + i sin ! = + i
% 3 3" 2 2
' 2( 2( $ 1 3
1% cos + i sin "=! + i
& 3 3 # 2 2
1(cos " + i sin " ) = !1
' 4( 4( $ 1 3
1% cos + i sin "=! ! i
& 3 3 # 2 2
' 5( 5( $ 1 3
1% cos + i sin "= ! i
& 3 3 # 2 2
 Find the three cube roots of z = -2+2i
Again, first convert to trig form.
1 1
("2 + 2i) 3
= [ 8 (cos135 o
+ isin135 o
)] 3

1
"$ 12 %' 3 " 135 + 360k 135 + 360k %
8 $ cos + isin '
# & # 3 3 &
For k = 0, 1, and 2, the roots are:

( o
2 cos 45 + i sin 45 o
)
(
2 cos165o + i sin 165o )
2 (cos 285 o
+ i sin 285 )
o