1.

The Series Voltage Regulated DC Supply Circuit is given below:

The turns ratio for the transformer was chosen due to the input and required output.
The input is 120V AC and the output should be 24 V DC hence the transformer should reduce the voltage
from 120V to 24V AC. In the case of the center tap transformer half the voltage that is reduced is fed to
one output terminal and is positive, while the other half is fed to the next terminal which is negative,
therefore a turns ratio that reduces the input to double the required output voltage is needed.
using the transformer formula:
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
𝑉𝑠
= 𝑁𝑠
120𝑉 𝑁𝑝
48𝑉
= 𝑁𝑠

𝑁𝑝
𝑁𝑠
= 2.5

Therefore the ratio of the primary to the secondary is 2.5

The diodes chosen are General Purpose Rectifier Diodes. After toggling through various diodes it was
found that the 1N4001 diode fitted the application.

The Capacitor Value was determined using the formula:

𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Vripple = 𝑓𝐶

𝐼
Transposing we have 𝐶 = 𝑓𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒

Where f = frequency
The load current is found by using the relationship P=IV
60W = I x 24V
I = 60W/24V
I= 2.5A

The frequency is 120 Hz since the output from the full wave rectifier diodes would be double that of the
input frequency.
Vripple is the ripple voltage which is calculated by finding the percentage of the voltage which is:
Vripple = 5% of 24V
Vripple = 1.2V

Therefore the capacitance is:

2.5𝐴
𝐶= (120𝐻𝑧)(1.2𝑉)
C = 0.0174F
C=17.4mF

A capacitor higher than this capacitance was chosen to account for any variations, which is 18mF.

The resistance in the series regulator circuit was chosen to be 0.75Ω because this resistance must give
the voltage drop from the unregulated supply to the zener diode.
𝑉𝑖−𝑉𝑧
It is found by: R = 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
25.88𝑉−24𝑉
R= 2.5𝐴
R = 0.75Ω

The zener diode chosen is a 24V regulator zener diode.

The transistor chosen is an NPN power transistor.

The load shown in the above circuit is the full load calculated as:
R = V/I
R = 24V/2.5A
R = 9.6Ω

The Figure below shows the input and output voltages when the circuit is simulated:
The multimeter XMM1 shows the input unregulated voltage as 25.876V DC
The multimeter XMM2 shows the output voltage across the load as 24.368V DC which is very close to
the required output voltage.

The figure below shows the rippling of the DC voltage due to the capacitive effect:\
The above diagram shows that at T1 which is a time sampled at the highest voltage ripple being 24.641V
DC, T2 being the lowest voltage ripple being 24.001V DC. this difference is well within the 5% ripple.

The figure below shows the regulating action at 75% of full load.

The multimeter XMM2 shows the voltage across the load is 23.991V DC which is extremely close to 24V
hence the regulator functions well for 75% of the full load.

The figure below shows the regulating action at 40% of full load:

The multimeter XXM2 shows that the voltage across the load is 22.71V DC at 40% of the full load. The
voltage has dropped approximately 1.3V DC below the required output voltage at full load.
The figure below shows the regulating action when the input voltage is +5%:

The multimeter XXM2 shows the voltage across the load as 24.392V DC which is close to the required
24V DC.

The figure below shows the regulating action at the load when the input is -10%:

The multimeter XXM2 shows the voltage across the load to be 24.259V DC which is close to the required
voltage of 24V DC.

2.