Orifice Steady Flow (Constant Head) OPEN CHANNELS – UNIFORM FLOW

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄 𝑄 - Where slope of EGL, S is parallel to slope of

𝐶𝑑 = = channel bed, So
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑄 𝑄𝑡
- d1 = d2
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣 𝑣
𝐶𝑣 = =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣 𝑣𝑡 𝑣2
HL
2𝑔
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑒𝑡 𝑎 𝑣2
𝐶𝑐 = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
d1 Q
𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣
d2
y
Theoretical Velocity, 𝑉𝑡 = √2𝑔𝐻

Actual Discharge, 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴𝑜 𝑣𝑡

JET PROJECTILE
If jet angle = 0
𝑔𝑡 2
Fall Height, 𝑦 = CHEZY MANNING
1
2
Horizontal Distance, 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 8𝑔 𝑅6
𝑣 = 𝑐√𝑅𝑆 𝑐=√ 𝑐=
𝑓 𝑛
If jet angle <> 0
𝑔𝑥 2 KUTTER
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 −
2𝑣𝑜 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1 1.55𝐸 − 3
+ 23 +
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝑐= 𝑛 𝑆
𝟐𝒂𝒅 = 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 𝒅 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 𝒗𝒇 𝑛 1.55𝐸 − 3
𝟐 1+ (23 + )
= 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕 √𝑅 𝑆

BAZIN
87
Unsteady Flow 𝑐= 𝑚
Volume = Qt 1+
√𝑅
ℎ2 𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝑡 = ∫ℎ1 , thus OPEN CHANNELS – NON-UNIFORM FLOW
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
- Retarded flow: d1<d2; v1>v2
If Qin = 0 then, - Accelerated flow: d1>d2; v1<v2
2𝐴𝑠 - Use Rave and Aave
𝑡= (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2) - Specific energy upstream = velocity head + depth +
𝐶𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔 distance of channel bed from reference

If liquid flows through submerge orifice between tanks MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
then,
𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠2 2 𝑑
Rectangle 𝑏 = 2𝑑 𝑅=
𝑡= ( ) (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2) 2
𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝐶𝑑 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
Triangle 𝑏 = 2𝑑 𝑅 = 2√2
Water Hammer
𝑟 𝐷
𝐸𝐵 𝐸𝐶 Semicircle 𝑅 = =
2 4
𝐶𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 = √ 𝐶𝑁𝑜𝑛−𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 = √
𝜌 𝜌
𝑑
Trapezoid 𝑅 = 𝑥 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
2
1 1 𝑑 2𝐿
= − 𝑇=
𝐸𝐶 𝐸𝐵 200𝐺𝑃𝐴(𝑡𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 ) 𝐶

If t < T then 𝑃ℎ = 𝜌𝐶𝑣

𝑃′ℎ 𝑇
If t > T then =
𝑃ℎ 𝑡