Problem: Consider the one-line diagram shown in below.

The three-phase transformer bank is

made up of three identical single-phase transformers, each specified by 𝑋𝑙 =j0.24 Ω (on the low-
voltage side), negligible resistance and magnetizing current, and the turns ratio 𝑛 = 𝑁2 ⁄𝑁1 =
10. The transformer bank is delivering 100 MW at 0.8 PF lagging to a substation bus whose
voltage is 230 kV.
1. Assume that the low voltage (primary, generator side) winding is 𝑌-connected
a. Determine the turn ratio
b. Determine the primary current magnitude,
c. Determine the primary voltage (line-to-line) magnitude,
d. Determine the three-phase complex power supplied by the generator
e. Repeat (b), (c), and (d) under the same conditions, using the per-unit system
with 𝑆𝑏 = 200 MVA and 𝑉𝑏 = 230 kV
2. Assume that the low voltage (primary, generator side) winding is ∆-connected
a. Determine the turn ratio
b. Determine the primary current magnitude,
c. Determine the primary voltage (line-to-line) magnitude,
d. Determine the three-phase complex power supplied by the generator
e. Repeat (b), (c), and (d) under the same conditions, using the per-unit system,
with 𝑆𝑏 = 200 MVA and 𝑉𝑏 = 230 kV.

Solution
1. Assume that the low voltage (primary) winding is 𝑌-connected

a. The turn ratio is given by

VLp V p N1
   a  0.1
VLs V s N2
b. The current absorbed by the load is given by

P 100 103
Is    36.87   313.77  36.87 A
3  U  cos   3  230  0.8

The current at the primary side is given by

Is
Ip    36.87  3.1378 kA  36.87
a
 c. The primary voltage (line-to-line) magnitude can be obtained by
using Kirchhoff law at the primary side with the consideration of
the transformer impedance.

X T  j 0.24 
By using Kirchhoff law, the primary voltage (line-to-neutral)
magnitude is given by
230
VG  X T I p  E p , E p   a0 kV
3
Therefore

230 103
VG  X T 90  I p   36.87   a0
3
230 103
 0.24  3.1378 103 53.13   0.10
3
230 102
 753.0656 53.13  0
3
230 100

 753.0656  cos  53.13   j sin  53.13    3
 13.731103 +j 602.4525  13.7742.5123 kV
Thus, the primary voltage (line-to-line) is given by

VLG  VG  3  23.8052.5123 kV

d. The three-phase complex power supplied by the generator

SG  3VLG  I *p  3  23.805 103  3.1378 1032.5123 +36.87

=129.3839.38 MVA

e. Repeat (b), (c), and (d) under the same conditions, using the per-
unit system with 𝑆𝑏 = 200 MVA and 𝑉𝑏 = 230 kV. Indeed, the
base values at the high voltage side are given by

Sb  200 MVA, U b _ HV  230 kV

Sb U b2_ HV
Ib _ HV   502.0437 A, Zb _ HV   264.5000 
3U b _ HV Sb

Therefore the load current in per unit is given by

 Is
I pu   0.6250  36.87
I b _ HV
It is clear that the primary current in per unit is equal to the load
current in per-unit.

The base values at the low voltage side are given by

Sb  200 MVA, U b _ LV  230  a  23 kV
Sb U2
Ib _ LV   5.0204 kA, Zb _ LV  b _ LV  2.6450 
3U b _ LV Sb
Therefore the transformer reactance in per unit is given by
XT
X pu _ LV   j 0.0907=0.090790
Zb _ LV
The primary voltage (line-to-line) magnitude can be obtained by using
Kirchhoff law at the primary side with the consideration of the transformer
impedance.

V puG  X pu _ LV 90  I pu   36.87  10

 0.0907  0.6250 53.13  10
 0.0567 53.13  10

 0.0567  cos  53.13   j sin  53.13  1
 1.0340+j 0.0454  1.03502.5123
The line-to-line primary voltage is then given by
VLG  1.0350  U b _ LV 2.5123 = 23.8052.5123 kV
The three-phase complex power supplied by the generator is
given by per-unit as follows
S puG  VpuG  I *pu  1.03502.5123  0.625036.87 =0.646939.38 pu
Therefore the real three-phase complex power supplied by the
generator can be determined as
S  Sb  S puG  200 106  0.646939.38 =129.3839.38 MVA
2. Assume that the low voltage (primary) winding is ∆-connected.
a. The turn ratio is given by
VLp V p N1
   0.0577
VLs 3V s 3N 2
b. The current absorbed by the load is given by

P 100 103
Is    36.87   313.77  36.87 A
3  U  cos   3  230  0.8
Since the primary winding is ∆-connected and the secondary winding is
Y-connected, it is clear that the primary current lags the secondary
current by 30 degree. Therefore, the current at the primary side is given
by
Is
Ip    36.87  30  5.4348 kA  66.87
a
a. The primary voltage (line-to-line) magnitude can be obtained by
using Kirchhoff law at the primary side with the consideration of the
transformer impedance. To this end, first, we have to convert the Δ-
connected primary winding to Y-connected system. This means that
in single phase diagram, the primary winding of the transformer can
be represented by the reactance

XT
XY   j 0.8 
3

By using Kirchhoff law, the primary voltage (line-to-neutral)

magnitude is given by
230
VG  X Y I p  E p , E p   a0 kV
3
Therefore

XT 230 103
VG  90  I p   66.87   a  30
3 3
230 103
 0.8  5.4348 103 23.13   0.0577  30
3
 434.7826 23.13  7.6667 103  30

 434.7826  cos  23.13   j sin  23.13    7.6667 10  cos  30   j sin  30 
3

 7.0394 103  j 3.6625 103  7.9352  27.487 kV

Thus, the primary voltage (line-to-line) is given by

VLG  VG  3  13.744  27.487 kV

b. The three-phase complex power supplied by the generator is given

by

SG  3VLG  I *p  3 13.744 103  5.4348 103  27.487  66.87

=129.3839.38 MVA
 c. Repeat (b), (c), and (d) under the same conditions, using the per-unit
system with 𝑆𝑏 = 200 MVA and 𝑉𝑏 = 230 kV. Indeed, the base
values at the high voltage side are given by

Sb  200 MVA, U b _ HV  230 kV

Sb U b2_ HV
Ib _ HV   502.0437 A, Zb _ HV   264.5000 
3U b _ HV Sb

Therefore the load current in per unit is given by

Is
I pu   0.6250  36.87
I b _ HV
Since the primary winding is ∆-connected and the secondary
winding is Y-connected, it is clear that the primary current lags the
secondary current by 30 degree. Therefore, the primary current in per unit
is given by
I pu  0.6250  36.87  30  0.6250  66.87

The base values at the low voltage side are given by

Sb  200 MVA, U b _ LV  230  a  13.279 kV
2
Sb 3U
Ib _ LV   8.695 kA, Zb _ LV  b _ LV  2.6450 
3U b _ LV Sb
Therefore the transformer reactance in per unit is given by
XT
X pu _ LV   j 0.0907=0.090790
Zb _ LV
The primary voltage (line-to-line) magnitude can be obtained by using
Kirchhoff law at the primary side with the consideration of the transformer
impedance.

V puG  X pu _ T 90  I pu   66.87  1  30

 0.0907  0.6250 23.13  1  30
 0.0567 23.13  1  30

 0.0567  cos  23.13   j sin  23.13     cos  30   j sin 30  
 0.9182  j 0.4777  1.0350  27.487 kV

The line-to-line primary voltage is then given by

VLG  VpuG  U b _ LV  1.0350  U b _ LV   27.487 = 13.744  27.487 kV
The three-phase complex power supplied by the generator is given by
per-unit as follows
 S puG  V puG  I *pu  1.0350  27.487  0.625066.87 =0.646939.38 pu
Therefore the real three-phase complex power supplied by the generator
can be determined as
S  Sb  S puG  200 106  0.646939.38 =129.3839.38 MVA