Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2

Methodlogy ................................................................................................................................ 2

Physics ....................................................................................................................................... 3

Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 3

Grid refinement study ............................................................................................................ 3

Iterative convergence ............................................................................................................. 3

Velocity Contour .................................................................................................................... 4

Pressure contour ..................................................................................................................... 5

Force ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Drag........................................................................................................................................ 6

Velocity vector ....................................................................................................................... 6

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 7

References .................................................................................................................................. 7

List of figures

Figure 1; Cad model................................................................................................................... 2

Figure 2: Final meshing ............................................................................................................. 3
Figure 3: Residuals .................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 4: Exit velocity ............................................................................................................... 4
Figure 5: Velocity contour ......................................................................................................... 5
Figure 6: Pressure contour ......................................................................................................... 5
Figure 7: Shear force .................................................................................................................. 6
Figure 8: Coefficient of drag...................................................................................................... 6
Figure 9: velocity vector ............................................................................................................ 7

1
Introduction
In the olden days, designing and analysis were difficult as the only way to forecast the result
was by performing analytical solutions or by performing experiments. Both were either
difficult or time-consuming process. But in the current age with the help of computers the tasks
because of mush easier than before. In this project, Ansys fluent CFD analysis is performed for
a fluid flowing over the triangular surface. Since the control volume is symmetric, a two-
dimensional analysis is conducted to save the computational time. CFD analysis gives the
prediction of real-life problems up to very good accuracy. The CFD analysis involves different
flow models that help to solve physics. The flow models are partial differential equations, and
these partial differential equations are solved using numerical methods. The control volume is
manipulated to many small volumes and the analysis is performed in each small volume. The
process of converting the total control volume to a small volume is called discretization. The
model selected for the analysis is shown below.

Figure 1; Cad model

The problem description is described as a flow of air through a control volume with an average
inlet velocity of 0.000m/s. The Reynolds number is 100 and the flow is laminar.

Methodology
Initially, the control volume is modeled using Solidworks software too. The sketches are used
to draw the boundary and surface feature is used to create a 2D geometry. The geometry has
one inlet, one outlet and the top and bottom is treated as wall. Once the model is created Ansys
is used to mesh the geometry. Meshing is performed many times to check the convergence.
Once the convergence obtained with optimum cell further analysis is performed. The boundary
conditions and the flow model is selected in the Ansys solver.

2
Physics
When a fluid flows over a surface the fluid layer close to the surface sticks to the solid surface.
The velocity near the surface is zero called no-slip condition. The velocity further increases
from the surface and reaches maximum. The thickness up to which the fluid layer speed reaches
maximum is called boundary layer. The velocity used in the analysis is 0.0008m/s so the nature
of the flow is laminar. The model suitable for this situation is laminar. The governing equations
are derived from shear force pressure relation as well as Newton's law of viscosity.

Discussion

Grid refinement study

Meshing is performed with the help of Ansys software tool. Different meshing is carried out to
find the suitable minimum meshing so that the result is converged. The variation of cell
numbers and the exit average velocity is shown below.

Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh

Mesh 8 Mesh 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nodes 1051 1773 2070 2400 2900 4966 1088342397.5 73912
Elements 986 1684 1972 2294 3787 7126 1711975554.5 133990
Exit
Velocity*10^- 8.039 8.137 8.1311 8.1192 8.149 8.1575 8.1754 8.1807 8.1813
4
The solution gives converged to result in mesh 8. Further increasing the mesh will increase the
simulation time.

Figure 2: Final meshing

Iterative convergence

The meshing for convergence is shown below. The convergence is checked based on the
number of iterations, the average exit velocity, and the residuals. The residuals give the

3
maximum error generated in each iteration. The residuals of continuity, momentum, and energy
are decreases per iterations.

Figure 3: Residuals

Figure 4: Exit velocity

The results show that the solution converges in 229 iterations. The residuals are less than 0.01.

Velocity Contour

From the velocity profile, the air bounces up after striking the triangular face. The velocity
behind the triangular face reduces. The main flow stream is passed as shown in the red color.
The velocity increases in the center to balance the mass flow rate. The velocity gradient exists
in most of the flow fields. Velocity contour gives the total magnitude of velocity and there are
no directions specified.

4
 Figure 5: Velocity contour

Pressure contour

Based on the Bernoulli equation the total energy at a point in a streamlined flow is constant.
Where ever the velocity is more the pressure at that point will be less. The figure below shows
that the maximum pressure is shown in front of the triangular face. It is because of the fact that
the total flow energy becomes dynamic pressure. The velocity gets reduced and pressure is
increased. The

Figure 6: Pressure contour

Force

The force obtained in the solution is a shear force. The shear force on the wall is 7.27E-6N.
Since the flow is laminar and the velocity is 0.0008m/s the effect of shear force is much less or
almost zero effect.

5
 Figure 7: Shear force

Drag

The drag coefficient is shown in the image below. The converged coefficient of drag obtained
is 1.18E-5.

Figure 8: Coefficient of drag.

Velocity vector

The purpose of velocity vector gives the direction of the flow field. There is a clear vortex
generated behind the triangular edge.

6
 Figure 9: velocity vector

Conclusion
The analysis of the flow of air over a triangular surface is performed with 2D frame. The
meshing is performed and the analysis is conducted based on laminar flow model. Velocity,
pressure, drag coefficient and force are measured from the analysis. Before the analysis, the
mesh convergence study is performed.

References
 CFD analysis of laminar oscillating flows. Washington, D.C.: United States. Dept. of
Defense, 2001.
 X. Sun, C. Wang, C. Feng, and K. Qiao, "CFD Simulation Research for Laminar Flow
Cooling during Hot Strip Mills", Advanced Materials Research, vol. 706-708, pp.
1237-1240, 2013. Available: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1237.
 E. Bunt, The scope of modern fluid mechanics. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand
University Press, 2012.