iz'u&laxzg

Notes

iz'u&laxzg
lkekU; vè;;u rFkk fuca/k

foxr o"kks± ds flfoy lsok (eq[;)

ijh{kk ds iz'uksa dk [k.Mokj ladyu

n`f"V ifCyds'kal
641, izFke ry] MkW- eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&110009
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ifCyds'kal 1
 nks 'kCn
fiz; vH;fFkZ;ksa]
vki tkurs gSa fd flfoy lsok dh ijh{kk esa liQyrk izkIr djus ds fy;s ,d dq'ky
j.kuhfr dh vko';drk gksrh gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd bl ijh{kk dk ikB~;Øe bruk O;kid vkSj
tfVy gS fd ;fn fcuk Bksl j.kuhfr ds rS;kjh dh tk, rks y{; izkfIr ds fy;s 'kk;n 4–5
o"kZ Hkh de iM+ tk,A leqfpr j.kuhfr dk ,d ”k:jh fgLlk ;g Hkh gS fd fiNys o"kks± dh
eq[; ijh{kk esa iwNs x, iz'uksa dh izÑfr (Nature) ,oa izo`fÙk (Trend) dk xgu fo'ys"k.k
fd;k tk, ftlls rS;kjh dks lVhd fn'kk nh tk ldsA bu ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh ;g
iqLrd rS;kj dh xbZ gSA
iqLrd esa fiNys 30 ls vf/d o"kks± ds nkSjku flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa lkekU; vè;;u
,oa fuca/ ds iz'ui=kksa esa iwNs x, iz'uksa dk cgqr gh ljy ,oa lVhd oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gSA
bldk mís'; ;g gS fd vki iz'uksa dks i<+rs gh tku ldsa fd os fdl fo"k; ds fdl [k.M
ls lacafèkr gSa\
è;krO; gS fd o"kZ 2013 esa eq[; ijh{kk ds ikB~;Øe esa O;kid cnyko fd;k x;k FkkA
bl cnyko dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, bl iqLrd ds la'kksfèkr laLdj.k esa lkekU; vè;;u ds
iz'uksa dk [k.Mokj ,oa vadokj lw{e oxhZdj.k fn;k x;k gS ftlls vH;FkhZ vius de”kksj ,oa
e”kcwr i{kksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, liQyrk izkfIr ds fy;s mfpr j.kuhfr cuk ldsA blds
lkFk gh bl laLdj.k esa lkekU; vè;;u ds o"kZ 2013 ls 2016 rd ds iz'ui=kksa dks fganh
vkSj vaxzs”kh nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa fn;k x;k gS rkfd vH;fFkZ;ksa dks iz'uksa esa fn;s x, tfVy 'kCnksa
dks le>us esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh u gksA
bl laLdj.k esa flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk dh j.kuhfr ij Hkh foLr`r ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy;s] flfoy lsok esa liQyrk ds fy;s eq[; ijh{kk dh D;k j.kuhfr gks] eq[;
ijh{kk dk iQkWeZ Hkjrs le; fdu fcanqvksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;s rFkk lk{kkRdkj dh rS;kjh
eq[; ijh{kk ls dSls lacaf/r gS vkSj bldh rS;kjh ds fy;s D;k j.kuhfr viukbZ tkuh pkfg;s&
bu lHkh iz'uksa dk mÙkj bl laLdj.k ds vkjaHk esa fn;k x;k gSA
gesa iwjk fo'okl gS fd iqLrd dk la'kksf/r laLdj.k vkidh rS;kjh dks ,d lgh fn'kk
nsus esa ojnku lkfcr gksxkA
'kqHkdkeukvksa ds lkFk]
laiknd
 vuqØef.kdk
Hkkx&d

1 o"kZ 2013 ls 2016 rd flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa lkekU; vè;;u ds
9&13
iz'ui=kksa dk [k.Mokj ,oa vadokj oxhZdj.k

2 flfoy lsok dh eq[; ijh{kk ,oa lk{kkRdkj esa liQyrk ds fy;s Øeokj j.kuhfr 14&55

3 lkekU; vè;;u (eq[; ijh{kk)% u;k ikB~;Øe 56&60

4 o"kZ 2013 ls 2016 rd flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa iwNs x,

61&118
lkekU; vè;;u ds iz'ui=k (vaxzs”kh esa Hkh miyCèk)

5 o"kZ 2013 ls 2016 rd flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa lkekU;

119&155
vè;;u [k.M dk uohu ikB~;Øe ds vuqlkj fo"k;okj oxhZdj.k

lkekU; vè;;u iz'ui=k% 1

l Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk bfrgkl
 Hkkjrh;
fojklr ,oa laLÑr
 vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)
 vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ds i'pkr)
 fo'o dk bfrgkl
l Hkkjrh; lekt rFkk lkekftd leL;k,¡
 Hkkjrh; lekt dh fo'ks"krk,¡
 efgykvksa ls lacafèkr eqís
 xjhch vkSj fodklkRed fo"k;
 'kgjhdj.k
  tula[;k

 Hkkjrh;
lekt ij Hkwe.Myhdj.k dk izHkko
 laiznk;okn] {ks=kokn] èkeZfujis{krk
 lkekftd l'kDrhdj.k
l Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy
 HkkSfrd Hkwxksy
 izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk forj.k
 Hkkjr ,oa fo'o esa m|ksxksa dks LFkkfir djus okys dkjd
 egÙoiw.kZ Hkw&HkkSfrd ?kVuk,¡ (Hkwdai] lqukeh] Tokykeq[kh pØokr bR;kfn)
 HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj muds LFkku
lkekU; vè;;u iz'ui=k% 2
l Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa 'kklu O;oLFkk
 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku (fo'ks"krk,¡] egÙoiw.kZ izkoèkku) ,oa Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud ;kstuk dh vU; ns'kksa ls
rqyuk
 la?kh; <k¡ps ls lacafèkr fo"k; ,oa LFkkuh; 'kklu
 foèkkf;dk ,oa tuizfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e
 dk;Zikfydk
 U;k;ikfydk
 fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds eè; 'kfDr dk i`FkDdj.k
 laoSèkkfud in rFkk laoSèkkfud fofèkd fofu;ked ,oa v¼Z&U;kf;d fudk;
 yksdra=k esa flfoy lsok
l 'kklu iz.kkyh ,oa lkekftd U;k;
 fodkl ds fy;s ljdkjh uhfr;k¡ ,oa mlds fØ;kUo;u ls lacafèkr fo"k;
 xSj ljdkjh laxBu] Lo;a lgk;rk lewg] fofHkUu lewgksa] la?kksa] nkudrkZvksa dh fodkl izfØ;k esa
Hkwfedk
 vfrlaosnu'khy oxks± ds fy;s pykbZ xbZ dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,¡
 LokLF; f'k{kk rFkk ekuo lalkèkuksa ls lacafèkr {ks=kksa@lsokvksa dk fodkl vkSj izcaèku
 xjhch vkSj Hkw[k ls lacafèkr fo"k;
 'kklu iz.kkyh ls lacafèkr fo"k;] ikjnf'kZrk] tokcnsgh bZ&xous±l] flfV”ku pkVZj
l varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk
 Hkkjr ,oa blds iM+kslh ns'k
 f}i{kh;] {ks=kh; ,oa oSf'od lewg rFkk Hkkjr ds fgrksa ij fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh
uhfr;ksa dk izHkko] izoklh Hkkjrh;
 egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkku (lajpuk] vfèkns'k)
lkekU; vè;;u iz'ui=k% 3
l vFkZO;oLFkk
 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk& ;kstuk] lalkèku] izxfr] fodkl ,oa jks”kxkj ls lacafèkr eqís
 lekos'kh fodkl
  ctV
 eq[; iQlysa] Ñf"k mRikn dk Hk.Mkj.k] ifjogu] foi.ku] flapkbZ] vkSj Ñ"kdksa ds fy;s
bZ&izkS|ksfxdh rFkk vU; lacafèkr fo"k; ,oa ckèkk,¡
 izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k Ñf"k lgk;rk] tuforj.k iz.kkyh] [kk| lqj{kk
 [kk| izlaLdj.k ,oa lacafèkr m|ksx] i'kqikyu
 Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkj
 mnkjhdj.k dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij izHkko] vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa ifjorZu rFkk vkS|ksfxd fodkl ij
budk izHkko
 cqfu;knh <k¡pk (mQtkZ] jsyos] canjxkg] lM+d vkfn)
 fuos'k ekWMy
l foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh
 foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl] vuqiz;ksx] lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh] varfj{k] oaQI;wVj] jkscksfVDl]
uSuksVsDukykWth] ck;ksVsDukykWth ds fo"k; esa tkx#drk ,oa ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkj ls lacafèkr
fo"k;
 foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh miyfCèk;k¡] ns'kt :i ls izkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl
l i;kZoj.k
l vkink izcaèku
l lqj{kk
 fodkl ,oa mxzokn ds eè; lacaèk
 vkarfjd lqj{kk dh pqukSfr;k¡] ehfM;k] lkekftd usVofd±x lkbV] èku'kksèku] lkbcj lqj{kk ls
lacafèkr fo"k;
 lhekorhZ {ks=kksa esa lqj{kk pqukSfr;k¡] laxfBr vijkèk ,oa vkradokn
 fofHkUu lqj{kkcy vkSj laLFkk,¡ rFkk muds vfèkns'k

lkekU; vè;;u iz'ui=k% 4

l uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg lacaèk% ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa esa uhfr'kkL=k dk lkj] blds fuèkkZjd]
ifj.kke vkSj vk;ke_ futh vkSj lkoZtfud lacaèkks esa uhfr'kkL=k] ewY; fodflr djus esa ifjokj
lekt vkSj f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk
l vfHko`fÙk% lkjka'k] lajpuk] o`fÙk rFkk vkpj.k ij bldk izHkko] uSfrd vkSj jktuhfrd vfHk#fp]
lkekftd izHkko ,oa èkkj.k
l HkkoukRed le>% voèkkj.kk rFkk iz'kklu esa mi;ksx
l Hkkjr ,oa fo'o ds uSfrd fopkjd rFkk nk'kZfud
l flfoy lsok ds fy;s vfHk:fp rFkk cqfu;knh ewY;% lR;fu"Bk] xSj rjiQnkjh] fu"i{krk]
lkoZtfud lsok ds izfr leiZ.k] de”kksj oxZ ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr] laosnuk] lfg".kqrk
l yksd iz'kklu esa yksd@flfoy lsok ewY; rFkk uhfr'kkL=k% fLFkfr rFkk leL;k,¡] ljdkjh ,oa
futh laLFkku esa uSfrd fpark ,oa nqfoèkk] uSfrd ekxZn'kZu ds lzksr ds :i esa fofèk] fu;e] varjkRek_
mÙkjnkf;Ro] 'kklu esa uSfrd ewY;ks dk lqn`<+hdj.k] varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkks ,oa fufèk O;oLFkk ds uSfrd
eqís] dkWjiksjsV 'kklu
l 'kklu O;oLFkk esa bZekunkjh% yksd lsok dh voèkkj.kk] lwpuk dk vfèkdkj] uhfrijd vkpkj
lafgrk] ukxfjd ?kks"k.kki=k] dk;Z laLÑfr] lsok dh xq.koÙkk] yksdfufèk] Hkz"Vkpkj
 6 o"kZ 2013 ls iwoZ flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa lkekU;
156&275
vè;;u ds varxZr iwNs x, iz'uksa dk [k.Mokj oxhZdj.k

vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa laLÑfr

Hkwxksy

ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oa i;kZoj.k rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu

Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh

Hkkjr vkSj fo'o

varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk ,oa laLFkku vkSj lacafèkr fo"k;

jk"Vªh; ,oa lkekftd izklafxdrk ds eqís

vkarfjd lqj{kk ,oa lacafèkr eqís

fofoèk

Hkkx&[k

7 o"kZ 1993 ls 2016 rd flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa iwNs x, fucaèkksa
dk o"kZokj ladyu 277&282

8 fiNys o"kks± dh ijh{kkvksa esa iwNs x, fucaèkksa dk fo"k;kuqlkj oxhZdj.k 283&287

Hkkx&d
 iz'u&laxzg

o"kZ 2013 ls 2016 rd flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa lkekU; Notes
vè;;u ds iz'ui=kksa dk [k.Mokj ,oa vadokj oxhZdj.k
lkekU; vè;;u iz'u i=&1
Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk iz'uksa dh la[;k@ iz'uksa dh la[;k@ iz'uksa dh la[;k@ iz'uksa dh la[;k@
bfrgkl vad 2016 vad 2015 vad 2014 vad 2013
Hkkjrh; fojklr ,oa laLÑfr 2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) 4 (40 vad) 3 (20 vad)
vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl 3 (37.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) 3 (30 vad) 4 (40 vad)
(Lora=krk ls iwoZ)
vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) & 4 (40 vad)
(Lora=krk ls i'pkr~)
fo'o bfrgkl 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) 3 (30 vad) 4 (40 vad)
vad 87.5 vad 87.5 vad 100 vad 140 vad
Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkekftd iz'uksa dh la[;k@ iz'uksa dh la[;k@ iz'uksa dh la[;k@ iz'uksa dh la[;k@
leL;k,¡ vad 2016 vad 2015 vad 2014 vad 2013
Hkkjrh; lekt dh fo'ks"krk,¡ & 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad) &
efgykvksa ls lacafèkr eqís & 1 (12.5 vad) 3 (30 vad) 1 (10 vad)
xjhch ,oa fodklkRed 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – –
fo"k;
'kgjhdj.k 2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) – 1 (10 vad)
tula[;k & 2 (25 vad) – –
Hkkjrh; lekt ij 1 (12.5 vad) – – 1 (10 vad)
Hkwe.Myhdj.k dk izHkko
laiznk;okn] {ks=kokn] 1 (12.5 vad) – 1 (10 vad) 1 (10 vad)
èkeZfujis{krk
lkekftd l'kfDrdj.k 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – –
vad 75 vad 100 vad 50 vad 40 vad
Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy iz'uksa dh la[;k@ iz'uksa dh la[;k@ iz'uksa dh la[;k@ iz'uksa dh la[;k@
vad 2016 vad 2015 vad 2014 vad 2013
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) 2 (20 vad) 5 (30 vad)
izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk forj.k 5 (62.5 vad) 3 (37.5 vad) 2 (20 vad) 2 (20 vad)
Hkkjr ,oa fo'o esa m|ksxksa dks – – 3 (30 vad) 2 (10 vad)
LFkkfir djus okys dkjd
egÙoiw.kZ Hkw&HkkSfrd ?kVuk,¡ 1 (12.5 vad) – 2 (20 vad) 2 (10 vad)
(Hkwdai] lqukeh] Tokykeq[kh
bR;kfn)
HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj – – 1 (10 vad) –
muds LFkku
vad 87.5 vad 62.5 vad 100 vad 70 vad
oqQy vad 250 250 250 250

ifCyds'kal 9
iz'u&laxzg
Notes flfoy lsok dh eq[; ijh{kk ,oa lk{kkRdkj
esa liQyrk ds fy;s Øeokj j.kuhfr
fiz; ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa]
flfoy lsok izkjafHkd ijh{kk ds mijkar ckjh vkrh gS eq[; ijh{kk dhA izkjafHkd ijh{kk yk[kksa Nk=kksa esa
ls dqNsd g”kkj xaHkhj vkSj ;ksX; mEehnokjksa ds p;u dh ,d i¼fr Hkj gSA ;kuh izkjafHkd ijh{kk vkids
flfoy lsok ijh{kkFkhZ gksus ij eqgj yxkrh gSA vki flfoy lsok ijh{kk gsrq mi;qDr mEehnokj gSa] bls lR;kfir
djus dk uke gh izkjafHkd ijh{kk gSA fdarq okLrfod ijh{kk rks eq[; ijh{kk gksrh gS] ;g izkjafHkd ijh{kk ls
pqus gq, ;ksX; mEehnokjksa ds chp vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSA izkjafHkd ijh{kk esa liQy gksus okys mEehnokjksa dks
lkekU;r% vDrwcj ls fnlacj ekg ds nkSjku eq[; ijh{kk ds fy;s vkeaf=kr fd;k tkrk gSA xkSjryc gS fd
tgk¡ izkjafHkd ijh{kk iwjh rjg oLrqfu"B (Objective) gksrh gS] ogha eq[; ijh{kk O;fDrfu"B (Subjective)
izÑfr dh gksrh gS ftlesa vyx&vyx 'kCn&lhek okys o.kZukRed (Descriptive) iz'u iwNs tkrs gSaA ;kuh
eq[; ijh{kk ifj.kker% vkSj xq.kkRed n`f"V ls izkjafHkd ijh{kk ls fHkUu gksrh gSA vr% blds fy;s fHkUu vkSj
fof'k"V j.kuhfr dh Hkh njdkj gksrh gSA
è;krO; gS fd 2013 ls igys izkjafHkd ijh{kk lkekU;r% ebZ ls twu ekg esa vk;ksftr dh tkrh Fkh]
tcfd eq[; ijh{kk vDrwcj ls uoacj ekg ds chpA ,sls esa ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dks izkjafHkd ijh{kk ds ckn eq[;
ijh{kk dh rS;kjh ds fy;s 5 ls 6 eghus dk le; fey tkrk Fkk ysfdu o"kZ 2013 ds i'pkr izkjafHkd ijh{kk
vkSj eq[; ijh{kk ds eè; le;kUrjky de gks x;kA o"kZ 2017 esa izkjafHkd ijh{kk 18 twu dks rFkk eq[;
ijh{kk 28 vDrwcj dks gSA ,sls esa eq[; ijh{kk nsus okys vH;kfFkZ;ksa dks izkjafHkd ijh{kk ds i'pkr eq[; ijh{kk
dh rS;kjh ds fy;s yxHkx 4 eghus dk le; feysxk ,sls esa] brus de le; esa eq[; ijh{kk dh rS;kjh ds
fy;s le; izcaèku vius vki esa ,d cM+h pqukSrh cu tkrh gSA vr% LokHkkfod gS fd tc le; dh deh
gksrh gS rc j.kuhfr dh egÙkk c<+ tkrh gSA vr% 'kq#vkr ls gh tks Nk=k miyCèk le; dks è;ku essa j[kdj
eq[; ijh{kk gsrq fo'ks"k j.kuhfr viukdj vè;;u djsaxs] mUgsa ijh{kk easa fdlh izdkj dh ijs'kkuh ugha gksxhA
Nk=kksa dh bUgha vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, eq[; ijh{kk gsrq ,d foLr`r j.kuhfr izLrqr dh tk jgh gSA
eq[; ijh{kk] flfoy lsok ijh{kk dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ ,oa fu.kkZ;d iM+ko gS D;ksafd dqy izkIrkad esa
yxHkx 86» ls ”;knk Hkkjkad blh dk gksrk gSA è;krO; gS fd flfoy lsok ijh{kk ds fy;s fuèkkZfjr 2025
vadksa (1750 eq[; ijh{kk $ 275 lk{kkRdkj) esa eq[; ijh{kk dk va'k cgqr vfèkd gSA ,sls esa tks ijh{kkFkhZ
eq[; ijh{kk esa vfèkd ls vfèkd vad izkIr djsxk] mlds fy;s u dsoy lk{kkRdkj cfYd vafre :i ls
p;fur gksus dh jkg cgqr vklku gks tk,xhA vr% eq[; ijh{kk dh lVhd rS;kjh gsrq vc cps gq, le; ds
fy;s ,d dkjxj j.kuhfr cukuh gksxhA

eq[; ijh{kk dh lajpuk o iz.kkyh

ftl rjg ls 2011 esa izkjafHkd ijh{kk dh lajpuk esa O;kid cnyko fd;s x, Fks] oSls gh 2013 esa
eq[; ijh{kk dh lajpuk esa Hkh j.kuhfrd ifjorZu fd;s x,A vc eq[; ijh{kk dqy 1750 vadksa dh gksrh gS
ftlesa 1000 vad lkekU; vè;;u ds fy;s (250&250 vadksa ds 4 iz'ui=k)] 500 vad oSdfYid fo"k;
ds fy;s (250&250 vadksa ds 2 iz'ui=k) rFkk 250 vad fucaèk ds fy;s fuèkkZfjr gSaA ^DokfyiQkbax* izÑfr
ds nksuksa iz'ui=k vHkh Hkh oSls gh gSa] tSls igys FksA buesa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk esa U;wure vgZrk vad 25» (75
vad) rFkk vaxzs”kh esa Hkh U;wure vgZrk 25» (75 vad) fuèkkZfjr fd;s x, gSaA vxys i`"B ij nh xbZ
rkfydk&1 esa eq[; ijh{kk dh orZeku iz.kkyh nh xbZ gSA

14 ifCyds'kal
 iz'u&laxzg
(iii) iz'uksa
dh 'kCn&lhek r; gksus ds ckotwn mÙkj dh fo"k;&oLrq (Content) dks 'kCn&lhek ij ojh;rk Notes
nh xbZ gSA fdarq] iz'uksa dh bruh vfèkdrk gS fd lHkh iz'uksa ds mÙkj fuèkkZfjr 'kCn&lhek esa fy[kus
ij le;&izcaèku [kqn ,d leL;k cu tkrk gSA
(iv) eq[; ijh{kk ds iz'uksa dh izÑfr dks bu pkj vkèkkjksa ij oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
1- LFkSfrd iz'u (Static Questions) 2- xR;kRed iz'u (Dynamic Questions)
3- rF;kRed iz'u (Factual Questions) 4- fo'ys"k.kkRed iz'u (Analytical Questions)
buds leUo; ls ljy] tfVy vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed izÑfr ds iz'u iwNs tkrs gSAa
(v) LFkSfrd (Static) iz'uksa esa ”;knk iSQyko ;k foLrkj ugha gksrk gSA ,sls iz'u ewy ikB~;&iqLrdksa] tSlsµ
y{ehdkar] fofiu panzk] ekftn gqlSu vkfn ls gh lhèks&lhèks iwN fy;s tkrs gSaA blfy;s] bUgsa gy djus
gsrq ewy ikB~;&iqLrdksa dks i<+uk vko';d gSA
(vi) xR;kRed (Dynamic) iz'uksa dk Lo:i cgqvk;keh gksrk gS vkSj ;s varjvuq'kklukRed (Interdisciplinary)
izÑfr ds Hkh gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj ewy ikB~;&iqLrd esa ugha feyrs] cfYd v[kckjksa]
i=k&if=kdkvksa vkSj jks”kejkZ ds lekpkjksa esa miyCèk gksrs gSaA vr% ,sls iz'uksa ds mÙkj fy[kus ds fy;s
Lrjh; lekpkj&i=kksa] if=kdkvksa rFkk vius ifjos'k esa gksus okys cnyko dk lw{e vè;;u ”k:jh gSA
vr% Nk=kksa dks bl ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA iz'uksa dh izÑfr dh ”;knk vPNh le>
ds fy;s Ñi; rkfydk&5 dks Hkh ns[ksA
rkfydk&5% eq[; ijh{kk esa iwNs tkus okys iz'uksa dk mudh izÑfr ds vuqlkj oxhZdj.k
iz'uksa dh izÑfr dqN mnkgj.k
1- LFkSfrd 1 - fo'o esa ykSg ,oa bLikr m|ksx ds LFkkfud izfr:i esa ifjorZu dk fooj.k nhft,A
rF;kRed iz'u (2014)
(Static Factual 2- ;g Li"V dhft;s fd 1857 dk foIyo fdl izdkj vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr ds izfr
Questions)
fczfV'k uhfr;ks ds fodklØe esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld eksM+ gS (2016)
(uksV% bl izdkj ds iz'u vklku gkssrs gSa vkSj buds mÙkj ewy ikB~;&iqLrdksa dks
i<+dj Hkh fy[ks tk ldrs gSa] fdarq u, ikB~;Øe esa ,sls iz'uksa dh la[;k esa [kklh
deh vkbZ gSA vc ,sls iz'u ugha iwNs tkrs gSa tks lhèks rF;kRed vkSj ,djs[kh; gksaA)
2- LFkSfrd 1- egkRek xkaèkh ds fcuk Hkkjr dh Lora=krk dh miyfCèk fdruh fHkUu gqbZ gksrh\
fo'ys"k.kkRed ppkZ dhft;s (2015)
iz'u (Static 2- 1956 esa Los”k ladV dks iSnk djus okyh ?kVuk,¡ D;k Fkha\ mlus ,d fo'o 'kfDr
Analytical ds :i esa fczVsu dh vkRe&Nfo ij fdl izdkj vafre izgkj fd;k\ (2014)
Questions)
(uksV% bl izdkj ds iz'u FkksM+s tfVy fdLe ds gksrs gSa ftuesa rF;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk
fo'ys"k.k dh vko';drk ij Hkh cy fn;k tkrk gSA bu iz'uksa dks Hkh ewy ikB~;&iqLrdsa
i<+dj rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA)
3- xR;kRed 1- fo'o O;kij laxBu (WTO) ,d egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk gS] tgk¡ fy;s x,
rF;ijd iz'u fu.kZ; ns'kksa dks xgjkbZ ls izHkkfor djrs gSaA WTO dk D;k vfèkns'k (eSaMsV) gS
(Dynamic vkSj mlds fu.kZ; fdl izdkj caèkudkjh gSa\ (2014)
Factual
Questions)
2- vki ^okd~ vkSj vfHkO;fDr Lokra=;* ladYiuk ls D;k le>rs gSa\ D;k bldh
ifjfèk esa ?k`.kk okd~ Hkh vkrk gS\ Hkkjr esa fiQYesa vfHkO;fDr ds vU; :iksa esa
rfud fHkUu Lrj ij D;ksa gSa\ ppkZ dhft;sA
(uksV% bl izdkj ds iz'u Hkh FkksM+s tfVy fdLe ds gh gksrs gSa ftuesa rF; vkSj rdZ
nksuksa ”k:jh gksrs gSaA fdarq buds mÙkj fy[kus esa ”;knk ”kksj rdks± ij gksrk gSA)

ifCyds'kal 19
 iz'u&laxzg
rkfydk&7% Hkwxksy ds fofHkUu [kaMksa ds fy, visf{kr vè;;u&lkexzh Notes
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o dk Hkwxksy] ijh{kksi;ksxh vè;;u&lkexzh
i;kZoj.kh; eqís o vkink izcaèku
1- fo'o ds HkkSfrd Hkwxksy dh HkkSfrd Hkwxksy ds ewy fl¼kar ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh iqLrd
fo'ks"krk,¡ (d{kk&11)
2- Hkkjr dh HkkSfrd vofLFkfr] viokg] ledkyhu Hkkjr&2 ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh iqLrd (d{kk&10)
lalkèku] e`nk] ou] Ñf"k] m|ksxksa dh
Hkkjr dk HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh iqLrd (d{kk&11)
vofLFkfr o vU; eqís Hkkjr yksx o vFkZO;oLFkk ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh iqLrd (d{kk&12)
3- m|ksxksa ds LFkkuh;dj.k ds dkj.k ekuo Hkwxksy ds ewy fl¼kar ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh iqLrd
(d{kk&12) (vè;k;& 6] 7)
4- fo'o ds eq[; izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa Hkwxksy ds ewy fl¼kar ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh iqLrd (d{kk&11)
dk forj.k (iqjkuh okyh)
5- i;kZoj.kh; eqís] tyok;q ifjorZu o i;kZoj.kh; Hkwxksy& lfoanj flag (vè;k; 13 ls 26 rd)
vkink izcaèku zzi;kZoj.k ,oa ou ea=kky; dh osclkbV ls lacafèkr VkWfiDl dh
v|ru tkudkjh
6- tula[;k o lacafèkr eqís zzlalkèku o fodkl ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh iqLrd (d{kk 8) (vè;k;&6)
zzledkyhu Hkkjr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh iqLrd (d{kk 9) (vè;k;&6)
zzekuo Hkwxksy ds ewy fl¼kar ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh iqLrd (d{kk&12)
(vè;k;&2)
zzHkkjr ds yksx o vFkZO;oLFkk ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh iqLrd (d{kk&12)
(vè;k; 1–4)
vxj fiNys o"kks± ds izFke o r`rh; iz'ui=kksa dk voyksdu djsa rks ,d ckr lkiQ rkSj ij ns[kh tk
ldrh gS fd Hkwxksy] i;kZoj.kh; eqís o vkink izcaèku ls lacafèkr iz'uksa dh izÑfr fo'ys"k.kkRed izdkj dh
jgh gS] tgk¡ lacafèkr voèkkj.kkvksa dh xgu tkudkjh vko';d gSA vxj] 2013 ls 2016 rd dh eq[;
ijh{kkvksa esa lkekU; vè;;u ds izFke iz'ui=k esa Hkwxksy [kaM ls iwNs x, iz'uksa dk voyksdu djsa rks ,d
ckr Li"V gks tkrh gS fd ;s iz'u fo'o ds HkkSfrd Hkwxksy] Hkkjr ds viokg ra=k] m|ksxksa dh vofLFkfr]
ÅtkZ lalkèku] egklkxjh; lalkèku] Ñf"k] vizQhdh egk}hi ds lalkèku] IysV foorZfudh o Hkwdai] Tokykeq[kh]
IysV foorZfudh ,oa }hiksa ds fuekZ.k] tyok;q ifjorZu ds izHkko rFkk ,y&uhuks ls lacafèkr FksA ogha] i;kZoj.kh;
eqíksa o vkink izcaèku ds iz'u i;kZoj.kh; izHkko vkdyu] voSèk [kuu] Hkkjr ds if'peh {ks=k esa HkwL[kyu o
vkink izcaèku ls lacafèkr FksA Åij dh rkfydk esa mi;ksxh vè;;u&lkezxh dh lwph nh xbZ gSA bl vè;;u&
lkexzh dk xgu o fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u vR;ko';d gS] D;ksfa d bl ijh{kk esa iz'u lhèks ugha iwNs tkrsA

[kaM&3
varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk
eq[; ijh{kk esa varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa ls lacafèkr iz'u lkekU; vè;;u ds f}rh; iz'ui=k esa iwNs tkrs gSaA
varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa ds vfèkdka'k iz'u fo'ys"k.kkRed izÑfr ds gksrs gSa ftUgsa fy[kus ds fy;s xgu tkudkjh
vko';d gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa ls lacafèkr iz'uksa dks dsoy iqLrdh; vè;;u }kjk gy ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd
lacafèkr iqLrdsa dsoy vkèkkjHkwr tkudkjh miyCèk djkrh gSa tcfd iz'uksa dh izÑfr fo'ys"k.kkRed gksrh gSA
buesa rF;ksa dh tkudkjh ds lkFk&lkFk O;kid ifjizs{; esa lkspus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl iz'ui=k easa
vPNs vad izkIr djus ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa ls lacafèkr lelkef;d ?kVukØeksa o lwpukvksa dh tkudkjh

ifCyds'kal 25
iz'u&laxzg
Notes iz'u ds var esa fn, x, 'kCnksa ls vk'k; mu 'kCnksa ls gS tks crkrs gSa fd iz'u ds lacaèk esa vH;FkhZ dks
D;k djuk gS\ mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdlh iz'u ds var esa fy[kk gksrk gS fd ^foospu dhft;s* rks fdlh ds
var esa ^fo'ys"k.k dhft;s* fy[kk gksrk gSA vxj ;g lwph vkSj yach djsa rks vxzfyf[kr 'kCn izk;% fdlh
iz'u ds vafre fgLls esa fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa& (1) izdk'k Mkfy;s] (2) O;k[;k dhft;s] (3) ewY;kadu dhft;s]
(4) vkykspukRed ewY;kadu] (5) ijh{k.k] (6) fujh{k.k] (7)fo'ys"k.k] (8) foospu] (9) ehekalk] (10) leh{kk]
(11) vkykspuk] (12) lekykspuk] (13) o.kZu@fooj.k] (14) ijh{kk] (15) Li"V dhft;s@Li"Vhdj.k nhft;s bR;kfnA
bu 'kCnksa ds vkèkkj ij r; gksrk gS fd ijh{kd vH;FkhZ ls mÙkj esa D;k mEehn dj jgk gS\ ;g lgh
gS fd cgqr ls ijh{kd [kqn gh bu 'kCnksa ds izfr ges'kk pkSdl ugha jgrs] fdarq vH;fFkZ;ksa ds fy;s ;gh
ekudj pyuk Bhd gS fd ijh{kd bu 'kCnksa dks vkèkkj cukdj mÙkj dk ewY;kadu djrs gSAa vxj ge Åij fn,
x, fofHkUu 'kCnksa dks dqN oxks± esa ck¡Vdj le>sa rks fuEufyf[kr oxZ mi;ksxh gks ldrs gS&a
1- O;k[;k@o.kZu@fooj.k@Li"V dhft;s@ Li"Vhdj.k nhft;s@izdk'k Mkfy;s% bu lHkh 'kCnksa ls izk;%
leku vk'k; O;Dr gksrk gSA ,sls iz'uksa esa vH;FkhZ ls fliZQ bruh vis{kk gksrh gS fd og iwNs x, iz'u
ls lacafèkr tkudkfj;k¡ ljy Hkk"kk esa O;Dr dj nsA o.kZu vkSj fooj.k okys iz'uksa esa rF;ksa dh xqatkb'k
”;knk gksrh gS tcfd ^O;k[;k dhft;s*] ^izdk'k Mkfy;s* ;k ^Li"Vhdj.k nhft;s* okys iz'uksa esa iwNs
x, fo"k; dks ljy Hkk"kk esa le>kdj dgus dh vis{kk fo|eku gksrh gSA
2- vkykspuk@leh{kk@lekykspuk@ijh{kk@ijh{k.k@fujh{k.k@xq.k&nks"k foospu% bu lHkh iz'uksa dks
,d oxZ esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA ,sls iz'u mEehnokj ls fdlh rF; ;k dFku dh vPNkb;ksa vkSj cqjkb;ksa
dks ns[kus dh vis{kk djrs gSaA vkykspuk 'kCn ls ;g Hkko ”k:j fudyrk gS fd vH;FkhZ dks blesa iwNs
x, fo"k; ls tqM+h udkjkRed ckrsa fy[kuh gSa fdarq lp ;g gS fd vkykspuk dk lgh vFkZ xq.k vkSj
nks"k nksuksa ns[kus dh n`f"V ls gksrk gSA rc Hkh] eksVs rkSj ij vuqikr ;g j[kk tk ldrk gS fd leh{kk@
lekykspuk@ijh{kk@ijh{k.k@fujh{k.k tSls iz'uksa esa vPNs vkSj cqjs i{kksa dk vuqikr yxHkx cjkcj j[kk
tk, tcfd vkykspuk okys iz'uksa esa udkjkRed i{kksa dk vuqikr dqN c<+k fn;k tk, vFkkZr~ 70&75»
rd dj fn;k tk,A
3- ewY;kadu@vkykspukRed ewY;kadu% ewY;kadu dk vFkZ gS fdlh dFku ;k oLrq ds ewY; dk vadu ;k
fuèkkZj.k djukA ,sls iz'uksa esa vH;FkhZ ls vis{kk gkssrh gS fd og iwNs x, fo"k; dk lkoZdkfyd ;k
orZeku egÙo js[kkafdr djs] mldh dfe;k¡ Hkh crk, vkSj var esa Li"V djs fd ml dFku ;k oLrq
dh lexz mi;ksfxrk fdruh gS\
ewY;kadu ls igys vkykspukRed fy[kk gks ;k ugha] rkfdZd :i ls nksuksa ckrksa dks ,d gh le>uk
pkfg;sA ewY;kadu dh dksbZ Hkh xaHkhj izfØ;k rHkh iwjh gks ldrh gS tc mlds ewy esa vkykspukRed
i{k dk è;ku j[kk x;k gksA lkj ;g gS fd vkykspukRed ewY;kadu okys iz'uksa esa vH;FkhZ dks igys
xq.k vkSj nks"k crkus pkfg;sa vkSj var esa mu nksuksa dh rqyuk ds vkèkkj ij ;g Li"V djuk pkfg;s fd
ml dFku ;k oLrq dk D;k vkSj fdruk egÙo gS\
4- foospu@ehekalk% ehekalk dk vFkZ gksrk gS fdlh fo"k; dks O;ofLFkr rFkk laiw.kZ :i easa izLrqr djukA
,sls iz'uksa ij fy[kuk dfBu ugha gksrkA ml iz'u ls lacafèkr lHkh laHko i{kksa dks feykdj fy[k nsuk
i;kZIr gksrk gSA foospu okys iz'uksa esa Hkh ewy vis{kk ;gh gksrh gSA varj fliZQ bruk gksrk gS fd blesa
fdlh dFku ;k rF; dh ppkZ djrs gq, rkfdZd O;k[;k dh ”;knk vis{kk gksrh gSA
5- fo'ys"k.k% fo'ys"k.k rFkk la'ys"k.k ijLij fojksèkh 'kCn gSaA tgk¡ la'ys"k.k dk vFkZ fc[kjh gqbZ ph”kksa
dks tksM+dj ,d djuk gksrk gS] ogha fo'ys"k.k dk vFkZ gksrk gS& fdlh ,d fopkj ;k dFku dks ljy
ls ljy fgLlksa esa foHkkftr djukA fdlh dFku dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, vH;FkhZ dks vius eu esa D;k]
D;ksa] dSls] dc] dgk¡] fdruk tSls lanHkks± dks vkèkkj cukuk pkfg;sA
iz'u dks le>us dk nwljk i{k ;g gS fd dFku ds fofHkUu fgLlksa ds chp vkil esa D;k lacaèk gS\
ljy dFkuksa esa rks ;g leL;k lkeus ugha vkrh fdarq tSls gh tfVy okD;&la;kstu okys iz'u mifLFkr gksrs

40 ifCyds'kal
 iz'u&laxzg
bl lacaèk esa vH;fFkZ;ksa dks ;g lykg nh tkrh gS fd os lHkh jkT;ksa ds lkeus ojh;rk Øe fy[ksaA vke Notes
rkSj ij mUgsa vius jkT; dks igys Øe ij j[kuk pkfg, fdarq vxj muds ikl dksbZ Bksl dkj.k gks rks ,slk
ugha Hkh dj ldrs gSaA jkT;ksa dk Øe r; djrs gq, izk;% mEehnokj ;gh rdZ è;ku esa j[krs gSa fd dkSu lk
jkT; muds x`g jkT; ds fudV gSA ;g vkèkkj lgh gS] lkFk gh dqN vU; vkèkkj Hkh è;ku esa j[ks tk,¡ rks
csgrj gS D;ksafd vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa fofHkUu dk;Z laLÑfr;k¡ gSaA dbZ ckj nwj&njkt ds jkT; lsok lacaèkh
larqf"V dh n`f"V ls x`g jkT; ;k vkl&iM+ksl ds jkT;ksa ls csgrj lkfcr gksrs gSaA dqN vU; dkjd Hkh egÙoiw.kZ
gSa] tSls gfj;k.kk vkSj iatkc dks fnYyh ds fudV gksus vkSj vPNh ifjogu lqfoèkkvksa vkfn ds dkj.k dbZ
yksx ojh;rk nsrs gSaA
lsokvksa dk ojh;rk Øe
lsok@in dk uke Øe
(Name of Service/Post) (Order)

Indian Administrative Service 1

Indian Foreign Service 3
Indian Police Service 2
Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group “A” 18
Indian Audit & Accounts Service, Group “A” 7
(I.R.S.) Indian Customs and Central Excise Service Group-A 5
Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group “A” 15
Indian Revenue Service (IT) Gr-A 4
Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group “A” (Asstt. Works Manager, Administration) 21
Indian Postal Service, Group-A 20
Indian Civil Acc. Service, Gr-A 9
Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group “A” 6
Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group “A” 8
Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group “A” 10
Asst. Security Commissioner, Group-A in Rail. Prot. Force 11
Indian Defence Estates Service, Group “A” 12
Indian Information Service, Jr. Grade Group “A” 19
Indian Trade Service, Gruop “A” (Grade III) 17
Indian Coporate Law Service, Group “A” 16
Armed Forces Headquarters Services, Group-B (Sec. Off.) 22
Delhi, Andaman-Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Daman-Diu and Dadra-Nagar Haveli Civil Service, 14
Group “B”
Delhi, Andaman-Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Daman-Diu and Dadra-Nagar Haveli Police Service, 13
Group “B”
Pondicherry Police Service, Group “B” 23
jkT; lacaèkh ojh;rk,¡ Hkh gj O;fDr dh vyx gks ldrh gSa fdarq Åij crk, x, vkèkkjksa ij geus ,d
lwph rS;kj dh gS tks blh i`"B ij ns[kh tk ldrh gSA mEehnokjksa dks pkfg, fd blesa vius fglkc ls dqN
ifjorZu dj ysa] tSls&
1- igys Øe ij mUgasa vius x`g jkT; dks j[kuk pkfg,A vxj fdlh dkj.k ls vki x`g jkT; esa dke ugha
djuk pkgrs rks mls NksM+ Hkh ldrs gSaA
2- mlds ckn vius vkl&iM+ksl ds jkT;ksa dks j[kuk pkfg,A vxj vkl&iM+ksl ds jkT;ksa esa dksbZ xaHkhj ladV
;k vkidh v#fp gS rks mUgsa NksM+ Hkh ldrs gSaA

ifCyds'kal 49
iz'u&laxzg
Notes
lkekU; vè;;u (eq[; ijh{kk)% u;k ikB~;Øe
[General Studies (Mains): New Syllabus]
lkekU; vè;;u iz'ui=&1: Hkkjrh; fojklr
vkSj laLÏfr] fo'o dk bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy vkSj
lekt
Ø-la- fo"k;
1. Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa izkphu dky ls vkèkqfud
dky rd ds dyk ds :i] lkfgR; vkSj
okLrqdyk ds eq[; igyw 'kkfey gksaxsA
2. 18oha lnh ds yxHkx eè; ls ysdj orZeku le;
rd dk vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl& egÙoiw.kZ
?kVuk,¡] O;fDrRo] fo"k;A
3. Lora=krk laxzke& blds fofHkUu pj.k vkSj ns'k
ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls blesa viuk ;ksxnku nsus
okys egÙoiw.kZ O;fDr@mudk ;ksxnkuA
4. Lora=krk ds i'pkr ns'k ds vanj ,dhdj.k
vkSj iquxZBuA
5. fo'o ds bfrgkl esa 18oha lnh rFkk ckn
dh ?kVuk,¡ ;Fkk vkS|ksfxd Økafr] fo'o ;q¼]
jk"Vªh; lhekvksa dk iqu%lhekadu] mifuos'kokn]
mifuos'kokn dh lekfIr] jktuhfrd n'kZu tSls
lkE;okn] iwathokn] lektokn vkfn 'kkfey
gksaxs] muds :i vkSj lekt ij mudk izHkkoA
6. Hkkjrh; lekt dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡] Hkkjr dh
fofoèkrkA
7. efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj efgyk laxBu]
tula [ ;k ,oa lEc¼ eq í s ] xjhch vkS j
fodklkRed fo"k;] 'kgjhdj.k] mudh leL;k,¡
vkSj muds j{kksik;A
8. Hkkjrh; lekt ij HkweaMyhdj.k dk izHkkoA
9. lkekftd l'kDrhdj.k] lEiznk;okn] {ks=kokn
vkSj èkeZfujis{krkA
10. fo'o ds HkkSfrd Hkwxksy dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡A
11. fo'o Hkj ds eq[; izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk
forj.k (nf{k.k ,f'k;k vkSj Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks 'kkfey djrs gq,)] fo'o (Hkkjr lfgr)
ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa izkFkfed] f}rh;d vkSj
r`rh;d {ks=k ds m|ksxksa dks LFkkfir djus ds
fy;s f”kEesnkj dkjdA
12. Hkwdai] lqukeh] Tokykeq[kh; gypy] pØokr
vkfn tSlh egÙoiw.kZ Hkw&HkkSfrdh; ?kVuk,¡]
56
GS-Paper 1: Indian Heritage and Culture,
History and Geography
of the World and Society
S.No. Topic
1. Indian culture will cover the salient
aspects of Art Forms, Literature and
Architecture from ancient to modern
times.
2. Modern Indian history from about the
middle of the eighteenth century until the
present- significant events, personalities,
issues.
3. The Freedom Struggle - its various stages
and important contributors/contributions
from different parts of the country.
4. Post-independence consolidation and
reorganization within the country.
5. History of the world will include events
from 18th century such as Industrial
revolution, World wars, Redrawal of
national boundaries, Colonization,
Decolonization, Political philosophies
like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism
etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
6. Salient features of Indian Society,
Diversity of India.
7. Role of women and women’s organizations,
Population and associated issues, Poverty
and developmental issues, Urbanization,
their problems and their remedies.
8. Effects of globalization on Indian society.
9. Social empowerment, Communalism,
Regionalism & Secularism.
10. Salient features of world’s physical
geography.
11. Distribution of key natural resources
across the world (including South Asia
and the Indian sub-continent); factors
responsible for the location of primary,
secondary and tertiary sector industries
in various parts of the world (including
India).
12. Important Geophysical phenomena
such as Earthquakes,Tsunami, Volcanic
ifCyds'kal
 iz'u&laxzg

o"kZ 2013 ls 2016 rd flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk Notes

esa lkekU; vè;;u ds iz'uWi=
lkekU; vè;;u&2016 (iz'ui=k&I)
fuEufyf[kr izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 200 'kCnksa ls vfèkd ugha gksuk pkfg;sA 'kCn foLrkj dh
vis{kk iz'uksÙkj dh varoZLrq vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA
1. izkjfEHkd ckS¼ Lrwi&dyk] yksd o.;Z&fo"k;ksa ,oa dFkkudksa dks fpf=kr djrs gq, ckS¼ vkn'kks± dh
liQyrkiwodZ O;k[;k djrh gSA fo'knhdj.k dhft;sA
Early Buddhist stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives successfully expounds
Buddhist ideals. Elucidate. (12½ vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
2. fot;uxj ujs'k Ñ".knso jk; u osQoy Lo;a ,d oqQ'ky fo}ku Fks vfirq fo|k ,oa lkfgR; osQ egku
laj{kd Hkh FksA foospuk dhft;sA
Krishnadeva Raya, the King of Vijayanagar, was not only an accomplished scholar himself
but was also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss.
(12½ vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
3. ;g Li"V dhft;s fd 1857 dk foIyo fdl izdkj vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr osQ izfr fczfV'k uhfr;ksa osQ
fodklØe esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld eksM+ gSA
Explain how the Uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of
British policies towards colonial India. (12½ vad) vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)
4. Lora=krk laxkz e es]a fo'ks"k rksj ij xk¡èkhoknh pj.k osQ nkSjku efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dk foospu dhft;sA
Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase.
(12½ vad) vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)
5. Lora=krk osQ fy;s la?k"kZ esa lqHkk"kpUnz cksl ,oa egkRek xk¡èkh osQ eè; n`f"Vdks.k dh fHkUurkvksa ij izdk'k
Mkfy;sA
Highlight the differences in the approach of Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi in
the struggle for freedom. (12½ vad) vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)
6. D;k Hkk"kkbZ jkT;ksa osQ xBu us Hkkjrh; ,drk osQ mn~n's ; dks etcwrh iznku dh gS\
Has the formation of linguistic States strengthened the cause of Indian Unity?
(12½ vad) vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ds i'pkr)
7. if'peh vizQhdk esa mifuos'k&fojksèkh la?k"kks± dks ik'pkR;&f'kf{kr vizQhfd;ksa osQ uo laHkzkra oxZ osQ }kjk
usrR` o iznku fd;k x;k FkkA ijh{k.k dhft;sA
The anti-colonial struggles in West Africa were led by the new elite of Western-educated
Africans. Examine. (12½ vad) (fo'o bfrgkl)
8. oS'ohdj.k us Hkkjr esa lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk osQ vkarjd (dksj) dks fdl lhek rd izHkkfor fd;k gS\
Li"V dhft;sA
To what extent globalization has influenced the core of cultural diversity in India? Explain.
(12½ vad) (Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡)
9. ¶xjhch mUewyu dh ,d vfuok;Z 'krZ xjhcksa dks oafprrk osQ izØe ls foeqDr dj nsuk gSA¸ mi;qDr
mnkgj.k izLrqr djrs gq, bl dFku dks iq"V dhft;sA
"An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from the process of
deprivation" Substantiate his statement with suitable examples.
 (7+5½ = 12½ vad) (Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡)

ifCyds'kal 61
iz'u&laxzg
Notes lkekU; vè;;u&2016 (iz'ui=k&IV)

[k.M-A
iz'uksa esa 'kCn lhek] tgk¡ fofufnZ"V gS] dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
1. (a) Li"V dhft;s fd vkpkj uhfr lekt vkSj ekuo dk fdl izdkj Hkyk djrh gSA
Explain how ethics contributes to social and human well-being? (150 'kCn) (10)
(b) D;k dkj.k gS fd fu"i{krk vkSj vi{kikrh;rk dks yksd lsokvksa es]a fo'ks"kdj orZeku lkekftd&jktuhfrd
lanHkZ es]a vkèkkjHkwr ewY; le>uk pkfg;s\ vius mÙkj dks mnkgj.kksa ds lkFk lqLi"V dhft;sA
Why should impartiality and non-partisanship be considered as foundational values in
public services, especially in the present day socio-political context? Illustrate your
answer with examples. (150 'kCn) (10)
2. (a) ^'kklu*] ^lq'kklu* vkSj ^uSfrd 'kklu* 'kCnksa ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a
What do you understand by the terms 'governance', 'good governance' and 'ethical
governance'? (150 'kCn) (10)
(b) egkRek xk¡èkh dh lkr ikiksa dh ladYiuk dh foospuk dhft;sA
Discuss Mahatma Gandhi's concept of seven sins. (150 'kCn) (10)
3. (a) Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa lkekftd U;k; dh tkWu jkWYl dh ladYiuk dk fo'ys"k.k dhft;sA
Analyse John Rawl's concept of social justice in the Indian context. (150 'kCn) (10)
(b) f}rh; iz'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx }kjk fliQkfj'kd`r (vuq'kaflr) yksd lsok lafgrk dh foospuk
dhft;sA
Discuss the Public Services Code as recommended by the 2nd Administrative Reforms
Commission. (150 'kCn) (10)
4. (a) ¶Hkz"Vkpkj ljdkjh jktdks"k dk nqjQi;ksx] iz'kklfud vn{krk ,oa jk"Vªh; fodkl ds ekxZ esa ckèkk
mRiUu djrk gSA¸ dkSfVY; ds fopkjksa dh foospuk dhft;sA
"Corruption causes misuse of government treasury, administrative inefficiency and
obstruction in the path of national development." Discuss Kautilya's views.
(150 'kCn) (10)
(b) lkekftd izHkko vkSj le>kuk&cq>kuk LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh liQyrk ds fy;s fdl izdkj ;ksxnku
dj ldrs gS\a
How could social influence and persuasion contribute to the success of Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan? (150 'kCn) (10)
5. fofèk ,oa vkpkj uhfr ekuo vkpj.k dks fu;af=kr djus okys nks midj.k ekus tkrs gSa rkfd vkpj.k dks
lH; lkekftd vfLrRo ds fy;s lgk;d cuk;k tk ldsA
(a) ppkZ dhft;s fd os bl mn~n's ; dh fdl izdkj iwfrZ djrs gSAa
(b) mnkgj.k nsrs gq, ;g crkb, fd ;s nksuksa vius mikxeksa esa fdl izdkj ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gSAa
Law and ethics are considered to be the two tools for controlling human conduct so as to
make it conductive to civilized social existence.
(a) Discuss how they achieve this objective.
(b) Giving examples, show how the two differ in their approaches.
(150 'kCn) (10)

68 ifCyds'kal
iz'u&laxzg
Notes lkekU; vè;;u&2015 (iz'ui=k&I)
fuEufyf[kr izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 200 'kCnksa ls vfèkd ugha gksuk pkfg;sA 'kCn foLrkj dh
vis{kk iz'uksÙkj dh varoZLrq vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA
1. ¶Hkkjr dh izkphu lH;rk] felz] ehlksiksVkfe;k vkSj xzhl dh lH;rkvksa ls] bl ckr esa fHkUu gS fd
Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dh ijaijk,¡ vkt rd Hkax gq, fcuk ifjjf{kr dh xbZ gSaA¸ fVIi.kh dhft;sA
The ancient civilization in Indian sub-continent differed from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia
and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved without a breakdown to the
present day. Comment. (12½ vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
2. ^Hkkjr dh eè;ik"kk.k f'kyk&dyk u dsoy ml dky ds lkaLÑfrd thou dks] cfYd vkèkqfud
fp=k&dyk ls rqyuh; ifj"Ñr lkSan;Z&cksèk dks Hkh] izfrfcafcr djrh gSA* bl fVIi.kh dk lekykspukRed
ewY;kadu dhft;sA
Mesoolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of the times but
also a fine aesthetic sense comparable to modern painting. Critically evaluate this comment.
(12½ vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
3. egkRek xkaèkh ds fcuk Hkkjr dh Lora=krk dh miyfCèk fdruh fHkUu gqbZ gksrh\ ppkZ dhft;sA
How different would have been the achievement of Indian independence without Mahatma
Gandhi? Discuss. (12½ vad) vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)
4. vilkjh mikxeksa vkSj j.kuhfr;ksa ds gksus ds ckotwn] egkRek xkaèkh vkSj MkW- ch-vkj-vEcsMdj dk nfyrksa
dh csgrjh dk ,d leku y{; FkkA Li"V dhft;sA
Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having divergent approaches and strategies,
had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate.
(12½ vad) vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)
5. Lora=k Hkkjr ds fy;s lafoèkku dk elkSnk dsoy rhu lky esa rS;kj djus ds ,frgkfld dk;Z dks iw.kZ
djuk lafoèkku lHkk ds fy;s dfBu gksrk] ;fn muds ikl Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e] 1935 ls izkIr
vuqHko ugha gksrkA ppkZ dhft;sA
It would have been difficult for the Constituent Assembly to complete its historic task of
drafting the Constitution for Independent India in just three years but for the experience gained
with the Government of India Act, 1935. Discuss.
(12½ vad) vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ds i'pkr)
6. D;k dkj.k Fkk fd vkS|ksfxd Økafr loZizFke baXyS.M esa ?kVh Fkh\ vkS|ksxhdj.k ds nkSjku ogk¡ ds yksxksa
dh thou&xq.krk ij ppkZ dhft;sA Hkkjr esa orZeku esa thou&xq.krk ds lkFk og fdl izdkj rqyuh; gS\
Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England? Discuss the quality of life of the
people there during the industrialization. How does it compare with that in India at present?
(12½ vad) (fo'o bfrgkl)
7. fdl lhek rd teZuh dks nks fo'o ;q¼ksa dk dkj.k cuus dk f”kEesnkj Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS\
lekykspukRed ppkZ dhft;sA
To what extent can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World Wars? Discuss
critically. (12½ vad) (fo'o bfrgkl)
8. Hkkjr esa fofoèkrk ds fdUgha pkj lkaLÑfrd rÙoksa dk o.kZu dhft;s vkSj ,d jk"Vªh; igpku ds fuekZ.k
esa muds vkisf{kd egÙo dk ewY; fuèkkZj.k dhft;sA
Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative significance
in building a national identity. (12½ vad) (Hkkjrh; lekt rFkk lkekftd leL;k,¡)

74 ifCyds'kal
 iz'u&laxzg
lkekU; vè;;u&2015 (iz'ui=k&III) Notes
fuEufyf[kr izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 200 'kCnksa ls vfèkd ugha gksuk pkfg;sA 'kCn foLrkj dh
vis{kk iz'uksÙkj dh varoZLrq vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA
1. gky ds le; esa Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh izÑfr dk o.kZu vDlj ukSdjhghu lao`f¼ ds rkSj ij
fd;k tkrk gSA D;k vki bl fopkj ls lger gSa\ vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa roZQ izLrqr dhft;sA
The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as jobless growth.
Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer.
(12½ vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
2. xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Ñ"khrj jks”kxkj vkSj vk; dk izcUèk djus esa i'kqèku ikyu dh cM+h laHkkO;rk gSA Hkkjr
esa bl {ks=kd dh izksUufr djus ds mi;qDr mik; lq>krs gq, ppkZ dhft;sA
Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural
areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.
(12½ vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
3. Hkkjr esa Ñf"kHkwfe èkkj.kksa ds iruksUeq[kh vkSlr vkdkj dks ns[krs gq,] ftlds dkj.k vfèkdka'k fdlkuksa
ds fy;s Ñf"k vykHkdkjh cu xbZ gS] D;k lafonk Ñf"k dks vkSj Hkwfe dks iV~Vs ij nsus dks c<+kok fn;k
tkuk pkfg;s\ blds i{k&foi{k dk lekykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft;sA
In view of the declining average size of land holdings in India which has made agriculture
non-viable for a majority of farmers, should contract farming and land leasing be promoted
in agriculture? Critically evaluate the pros and cons. (12½ vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
4. ^fMftVy Hkkjr* dk;ZØe [ksr mRikndrk vkSj vk; dks c<+kus esa fdlkuksa dh fdl izdkj lgk;rk dj
ldrk gS\ ljdkj us bl lacaèk esa D;k dne mBk, gSa\
How can the 'Digital India' programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income?
What steps has the Government taken in this regard? (12½ vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
5. izR;{k ykHk varj.k (Mh-ch-Vh-) ds }kjk dher lgkf;dh dk izfrLFkkiu Hkkjr esa lgkf;fd;ksa ds ifjn`';
dk fdl izdkj ifjorZu dj ldrk gS\ ppkZ dhft;sA
In what way could replacement of price subsidy with Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) change
the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss. (12½ vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
6. Hkkjr esa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx dk fodkl djus dh jkg esa foi.ku vkSj iwfrZ Ük`a[kyk izcaèku esa D;k
ckèkk,¡ gSa\ D;k bu ckèkkvksa ij dkcw ikus esa bZ&okf.kT; lgk;d gks ldrk gS\
What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food
processing industry in India? Can e-commerce help in overcoming theses bottlenecks?
(12½ vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
7. lksus ds fy;s Hkkjrh;ksa ds mUekn us gky ds o"kks± esa lksus ds vk;kr esa izksRd"kZ (mNky) mRiUu dj
fn;k gS vkSj Hkqxrku&larqyu vkSj #i, ds cká ewY; ij ncko Mkyk gSA bldks ns[krs gq,] Lo.kZ
eqnzhdj.k ;kstuk ds xq.kksa dk ijh{k.k dhft;sA
Craze for gold in Indians has led to a surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure
on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of
the Gold Monetization Scheme. (12½ vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
8. ¶ ^Hkkjr esa cukb;s* dk;ZØe dh liQyrk] ^dkS'ky Hkkjr* dk;ZØe vkSj vkewy Je lqèkkjksa dh liQyrk
ij fuHkZj djrh gSA¸ roZQlEer nyhyksa ds lkFk ppkZ dhft;sA
"Success of 'Make in India' Programme depends on the success of 'Skill India' programme
and radical labour reforms." Discuss with logical arguments. (12½ vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)

ifCyds'kal 79
iz'u&laxzg
Notes lkekU; vè;;u&2015 (iz'ui=k&IV)
iz'uksa ds mÙkj cUèkuh esa fofufnZ"V 'kCn lhek ls ”;knk u gksA mÙkj dh fo"k;oLrq 'kCn lhek ls vfèkd
egÙoiw.kZ gSA
[k.M-A / SECTION – A
1. (d) ^i;kZoj.kh; uSfrdrk* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ bldk vè;;u djuk fdl dkj.k egÙoiw.kZ gS\ i;kZoj.kh;
uSfrdrk dh n`f"V ls fdlh ,d i;kZoj.kh; eqís ij ppkZ dhft;sA
What is meant by ‘environmental ethics? Why is it important to study? Discuss any one
environmental issue from the viewpoint of environmental ethics. (150 'kCn) (10 vad)
([k) fuEufyf[kr ds chp foHksnu dhft;sA

Differentiate between the following
(i) fofèk vkSj uSfrdrk
Law and Ethics
(ii) uSfrd izcaèku vkSj uSfrdrk dk izcaèku
Ethical management and Management of ethics
(iii) HksnHkko vkSj vfèkekuh cjrko
Discrimination and Preferential treatment
(iv) oS;fDrd uSfrdrk vkSj laO;kolkf;d uSfrdrk
Personal ethics and Professional ethics (200 'kCn) (10 vad)
2. uSfrd fopkjdksa@nk'kZfudksa ds nks vorj.k fn;s x, gSaA izdk'k Mkfy;s fd buesa ls izR;sd ds] orZeku
lanHkZ esa] vkids fy;s D;k ek;us gSa%
Given are two quotations of moral thinkers/philosophers. For each of these, bring out what
it means to you in the present context
(d) ¶de”kksj dHkh ekiQ ugha dj ldrs_ {kek'khyrk rks rkdroj dk gh lgt xq.k gSA¸
“The weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.’
(150 'kCn) (10 vad)
([k) ¶ge cPps dks vklkuh ls ekiQ dj ldrs gSa] tks vaèksjs ls Mjrk gS_ thou dh okLrfod foMacuk
rks rc gS tc euq"; izdk'k ls Mjus yxrs gSaA¸

‘We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when
men are afraid of the light.’ (150 'kCn) (10 vad)
3. (d) ¶dsoy dkuwu dk vuqikyu gh dkiQh ugha gS] yksd lsod esa] vius drZO;ksa ds izHkkoh ikyu
djus ds fy;s] uSfrd eqíksa ij ,d lqfodflr laosnu&'kfDr dk gksuk Hkh vko';d gSA¸ D;k vki
lger gSa\ nks mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls Li"V dhft;s] tgk¡ (i) ÑR; uSfrdr% lgh gS] ijarq oSèk
:i ls lgh ugha gS rFkk (ii) ÑR; oSèk :i ls lgh gS] ijarq uSfrdr% lgh ugha gSA
“A mere compliance with law is not enough, the public servant also has to have a well
developed sensibility to ethical issues for effective discharge of duties” Do you agree?
Explain with the help of two examples where (i) an act is ethically right, but not legally
and (ii) an act is legally right, but not ethically. (150 'kCn) (10 vad)
([k) fo'oluh;rk vkSj lgu&'kfDr ds ln~xq.k yksd lsok esa fdl izdkj iznf'kZr gksrs gSa\ mnkgj.kksa ds
lkFk Li"V dhft;sA
How do the virtues of trustworthiness and fortitude get manifested in public service?
Explain with examples. (150 'kCn) (10 vad)

82 ifCyds'kal
 iz'u&laxzg
lkekU; vè;;u&2014 (iz'ui=k&I) Notes
lHkh iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft;s tks izR;sd 150 'kCnksa ls vfèkd ugha gksus pkfg;saA mÙkj dh varoZLrq
mldh yackbZ ls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA
1. flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dh uxjh; vk;kstuk vkSj laLÑfr us fdl lhek rd orZeku ;qxhu uxjhdj.k dks
fuos'k (buiqV) çnku fd;s gSa\ ppkZ dhft;sA
To what extent has the urban planning and culture of the Indus Valley Civilization provided
inputs to the present day urbanization? Discuss. (10 vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
2. xkaèkkj ewfrZdyk jksefuokfl;ksa dh mruh gh ½.kh Fkh ftruh fd og ;wukfu;ksa dh FkhA Li"V dhft;sA
Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain.
(10 vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
3. r{kf'kyk fo'ofo|ky; fo'o ds çkphure fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ls ,d Fkk ftlds lkFk fofHkUu f'k{k.k&fo"k;ksa
(fMflfIyUl) ds vusd fo[;kr fo}kuh O;fDrRo lEcfUèkr FksA mldh j.kuhfrd vofLFkfr ds dkj.k
mldh dhfrZ iQSyh] ysfdu ukyUnk ds foijhr] mls vkèkqfud vfHkçk; esa fo'ofo|ky; ugha le>k
tkrkA ppkZ dhft;sA
Taxila university was one of the oldest universities of the world with which were associated
a number of renowned learned personalities of different disciplines. Its strategic location
caused its fame to flourish, but unlike Nalanda, it is not considered as a university in the
modern sense. Discuss. (10 vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
4. ikuhir dk rhljk ;q¼ 1761 esa yM+k x;k FkkA D;k dkj.k gSa fd bruh vfèkd lkezkT;&çdaih yM+kb;k¡
ikuhir esa yM+h xbZ Fkha\
The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. Why were so many empire-shaking battles
fought at Panipat? (10 vad) ¹vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)º
5. lwiQh vkSj eè;dkyhu jgL;oknh fl¼ iq#"k (lar) fgUnw@eqlyeku lektksa ds èkkfeZd fopkjksa vkSj
jhfr;ksa dks ;k mudh cká lajpuk dks i;kZIr lhek rd :ikarfjr djus esa foiQy jgsA fVIi.kh dhft;sA
Sufis and medieval mystic saints failed to modify either the religious ideas and practices or
the outward structure of Hindu / Muslim societies to any appreciable extent. Comment.
(10 vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
6. Hkkjr esa vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds eè; ls Lora=krk rd vaxzs”kksa dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds fofHkUu i{kksa dk
lekykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft;sA
Examine critically the various facets of economic policies of the British in India from mid-
eighteenth century till independence.
(10 vad) ¹vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)º
7. fdu çdkjksa ls ukSlSfud fonzksg Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kksa dh vkSifuosf'kd egÙokdka{kkvksa dh 'ko&isfVdk esa
yxh vafre dhy lkfcr gqvk Fkk\
In what ways did the naval mutiny prove to be the last nail in the coffin of British colonial
aspirations in India? (10 vad) ¹vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)º
8. fo'o esa ?kfVr dkSu&lh eq[; jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd xfrfofèk;ksa us Hkkjr esa mifuos'k&fojksèkh
(,saVh&dkWyksfu;y) la?k"kZ dks çsfjr fd;k\
What were the major political, economic and social developments in the world which motivated
the anti-colonial struggle in India? (10 vad) (fo'o bfrgkl)
9. 1956 esa Los”k ladV dks iSnk djus okyh ?kVuk,¡ D;k Fkha\ mlus ,d fo'o 'kfDr ds :i esa fczVsu
dh vkRe&Nfo ij fdl çdkj vafre çgkj fd;k\
What were the events that led to the Suez Crisis in 1956? How did it deal a final blow to
Britain’s self-image as a world power? (10 vad) (fo'o bfrgkl)

ifCyds'kal 89
iz'u&laxzg
Notes lkekU; vè;;u&2014 (iz'ui=k&IV)
iz'uksa ds mÙkj cUèkuh esa fofufnZ"V 'kCn lhek ls ”;knk u gksA mÙkj dh fo"k;oLrq 'kCn lhek
ls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA
[k.M-A
1. (a) lHkh ekuo lq[k dh vkdka{kk djrs gSaA D;k vki lger gSa\ vkids fy;s lq[k dk D;k vFkZ gS\
mnkgj.k izLrqr djrs gq, Li"V dhft;sA
All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree? What does happiness mean to you?
Explain with examples. (150 'kCn] 10 vad)
(b) ekuo thou esa uSfrdrk fdl ckr dh izksUufr djus dh ps"Vk djrh gS\ yksd&iz'kklu esa ;g
vkSj Hkh vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa gS\
What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more important in
public administration? (150 'kCn] 10 vad)
2. (a) j{kk lsokvksa ds lUnHkZ esa] ^ns'kHkfDr* jk"Vª dh j{kk djus esa viuk thou mRlxZZ djus rd dh
rRijrk dh vis{kk djrh gSA vkids vuqlkj] nSfud vlSfud thou esa ns'kHkfDr dk D;k rkRi;Z
gS\ mnkgj.k izLrqr djrs gq, bldks Li"V dhft;s vkSj vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A
In the context of defence services, ‘patriotism’ demands readiness to even lay down one’s
life in protecting the nation. According to you, what does patriotism imply in everyday
civil life? Explain with illustrations and justify your answer. (150 'kCn] 10 vad)
(b) yksd&thou esa ^lR;fu"Bk* ls D;k vFkZ xzg.k djrs gSa\ vkèkqfud dky esa blds vuqlkj pyus
esa D;k dfBukb;k¡ gSa\ bu dfBukb;ksa ij fdl izdkj fot; izkIr dj ldrs gSa\
What do you understand by ‘probity’ in public life? What are the difficulties in practicing
it in the present times? How can these difficulties be overcome? (150 'kCn] 10 vad)
3. (a) ¶Kku ds fcuk bZekunkjh de”kksj vkSj O;FkZ gS] ijUrq bZekunkjh ds fcuk Kku [+krjukd vkSj Hk;kud
gksrk gSA¸ bl dFku ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ vkèkqfud lUnHkZ ls mnkgj.k ysrs gq, vius vfHker
dks Li"V dhft;sA
“Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, but knowledge without integrity is
dangerous and dreadful.” What do you understand by this statement? Explain your stand
with illustrations from the modern context. (150 'kCn] 10 vad)
(b) ¶euq";ksa ds lkFk lnSo mudks] vius&vki esa ^y{;* ekudj O;ogkj djuk pkfg;s] dHkh Hkh mudks
dsoy ^lkèku* ugha ekuuk pkfg;sA¸ vkèkqfud rduhdh&vkfFkZd lekt esa bl dFku ds fufgrkFkks±
dk mYys[k djrs gq, bldk vFkZ vkSj egÙo Li"V dhft;sA
“Human beings should always be treated as ‘ends’ in themselves and never as merely
`means’.” Explain the meaning and significance of this statement, giving its implications
in the modern techno-economic society. (150 'kCn] 10 vad)
4. (a) thou esa uSfrd vkpj.k ds lUnHkZ esa vkidks fdl fo[;kr O;fDrRo us lokZfèkd izsj.kk nh gS\
mldh f'k{kkvksa dk lkj izLrqr dhft;sA fof'k"V mnkgj.k nsrs gq, o.kZUk dhft;s fd vki vius
uSfrd fodkl ds fy;s mu f'k{kkvksa dks fdl izdkj ykxw dj ik, gS\a
Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of ethical conduct in
life? Give the gist of his/her teachings. Giving specific examples, describe how you have
been able to apply these teachings for your own ethical development.

(150 'kCn] 10 vad)

98 ifCyds'kal
iz'u&laxzg
Notes lkekU; vè;;u&2013 (iz'ui=k & I)
1. nf{k.k Hkkjr ds jktuSfrd bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls vfèkd mi;ksxh u gksrs gq, Hkh laxe lkfgR; ml le;
dh lkekftd o vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk vR;ar izHkkoh 'kSyh esa o.kZu djrk gSA fVIi.kh dhft;sA
Though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history of South India,
the Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable
vividness. Comment. (200 'kCn) (10 vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
2. (d) vkjfEHkd Hkkjrh; f'kykys[kksa esa vafdr ^rk.Mo* u`R; dh foospuk dhft;sA
(a) Discuss the Tandava dance as recorded in the early Indian inscriptions.
(100 'kCn) (5 vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
([k) efUnj okLrqdyk ds fodkl esa pksy okLrqdyk dk mPp LFkku gSA foopsuk dhft;sA
(b) Chola architecture represents a high watermark in the evolution of temple architecture.
Discuss. (100 'kCn] 5 vad) (Hkkjr dh fojklr ,oa laLÑfr)
3. vk;q] fyax rFkk èkeZ ds caèkuksa ls eqDr gksdj] Hkkjrh; efgyk,¡ Hkkjr ds Lokèkhurk laxzke esa vxz.kh
cuh jghaA foospuk dhft;sA
Defying the barriers of age, gender and religion, the Indian women became the torch bearer
during the struggle for freedom in India. Discuss.
(200 'kCn] 10 vad) ¹vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)º
4. vusd fonsf'k;ksa us Hkkjr esa cldj] fofHkUu vkUnksyuksa esa Hkkx fy;kA Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk laxzke esa mudh
Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k dhft;sA
Several foreigners made India their homeland and participated in various movements. Analyze
their role in the Indian struggle for freedom.

(200 'kCn] 10 vad) ¹vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)º
5. ¶vusd izdkj ls ykWMZ MygkSth us vkèkqfud Hkkjr dh uhao j[kh FkhA¸ O;k[;k dhft;sA
In many ways, Lord Dalhousie was the founder of modern India. Elaborate.
(200 'kCn] 10 vad) ¹vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)º
6. vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos ds Hkwnku o xzkenku vkUnksyuksa ds mís';ksa dh lekykspukRed foospuk dhft;s
vkSj mudh liQyrk dk vkdyu dhft;sA
Critically discuss the objectives of Bhoodan and Gramdan movements initiated by Acharya
Vinoba Bhave and their success.
(200 'kCn] 10 vad) ¹vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ds i'pkr)º
7. ^t; toku t; fdlku* ukjs ds mn~Hko vkSj egÙkk ij ,d lekykspukRed ys[k fyf[k,A
Write a critical note on the evolution and significance of the slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan”.
(200 'kCn] 10 vad) ¹vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ds i'pkr)º
8. Lora=krk&iwoZ o Lora=krk mijkar Hkkjr esa ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktkn ds ;ksxnkuksa dh foospuk dhft;sA
Discuss the contribution of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad to pre-and post-independent India.
(200 'kCn] 10 vad) ¹vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)º
9. mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft;s ftuds dkj.k o"kZ 1966 esa rk'kdan le>kSrk gqvkA le>kSrs dh
fof'k"Vrkvksa dh foospuk dhft;sA
Analyze the circumstances that led to Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights
of the agreement. (200 'kCn] 10 vad) ¹vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ds i'pkr)º

104 ifCyds'kal
iz'u&laxzg
Notes lkekU; vè;;u&2013 (iz'ui=k&III)
1. lekos'kh fodkl dh j.kuhfr dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,] u, dEiuh fcy 2013 us ^lkewfgd lkekftd
mÙkjnkf;Ro* dks vizR;{k :i ls vfuok;Z dÙkZO; cuk fn;k gSA blds xaHkhjrk ls ikyu djkus esa visf{kr
pqukSfr;ksa dh foospuk dhft;sA bl fcy dh vU; O;oLFkkvksa vkSj mudh my>uksa dh Hkh ppkZ djsaA
With a consideration towards the strategy of inclusive growth, the new Companies Bill, 2013
has indirectly made CSR a mandatory obligation. Discuss the challenges expected in its
implementation in right earnest. Also discuss other provisions in the Bill and their implications.
(200 'kCn] 10 vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
2. foÙkh; nkf;Ro vkSj ctV izcaèku (FRBM) vfèkfu;e 2003 dks izkjEHk djus ds D;k dkj.k Fks\ mlds
izeq[k izkoèkkuksa vkSj mudh izHkkfork dk lekykspukRed foospu dhft;sA
What were the reasons for the introduction of Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management
(FRBM) Act, 2003? Discuss critically its salient features and their effectiveness.
(200 'kCn] 10 vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
3. ^dj [kpZ* (Tax Expenditure) dk D;k vFkZ gS\ x`g {ks=k dk mnkgj.k ysrs gq, foospuk dhft;s fd
;g 'kklu dh ctV&lacaèkh uhfr;ksa dks dSls izHkkfor djrk gS\
What is the meaning of the term ‘tax expenditure’? Taking housing sector as an example,
discuss how it influences the budgetary policies of the government.
(200 'kCn] 10 vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
4. [kk| lqj{kk fcy ls Hkkjr esa Hkw[k o dqiks"k.k ds foyksiu dh vk'kk gSA mlds izHkkoh dk;kZUo;u esa
fofHkUu vk'kadkvksa dh lekykspukRed foospuk dhft;sA lkFk gh ;g Hkh crk,¡ fd fo'o O;kikj
laxBu (WTO) esa blls dkSu&lh fpark,¡ mRiUu gks xbZ gSa\
Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss
various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated
in WTO. (200 'kCn] 10 vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
5. jk"Vªh; o jktdh; Lrj ij Ñ"kdksa dks nh tkus okyh fofHkUu izdkj dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk,¡ dkSu&dkSu
lh gSa\ Ñf"k vkfFkZd lgk;rk O;oLFkk dk mlds }kjk mRiUu foÑfr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa vkykspukRed
fo'ys"k.k dhft;sA
What are the different types of agriculture subsidies given to farmers at the national and at
state levels? Critically analyse the agricultural subsidy regime with reference to the distortions
created by it. (200 'kCn] 10 vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
6. Hkkjr esa csgrj iks"k.k o LokLF; lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s [kk| m|ksx esa xqykch Økafr izksUufr gsrq
mik;ksa dks lqn`<+ djus dh vko';drk gSA bl dFku ij vkykspukRed izdk'k Mkfy;sA
India needs to strengthen measures to promote the pink revolution in food industry for ensuring
better nutrition and health. Critically elucidate the statement.
(200 'kCn] 10 vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
7. Hkkjrh; LokfeRo okyh dEifu;ksa ij mnkjhdj.k ds izHkko dk ijh{k.k dhft;sA D;k os cgqjk"Vªh;
dEifu;ksa ls larks"ktud <ax ls izfrLièkkZ dj jgh gSa\ foospuk dhft;sA
Examine the impact of liberalization on companies owned by Indians. Are they competing
with the MNCs satisfactorily? Discuss. (200 'kCn] 10 vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)
8. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa lqèkkj] Ñf"k mRikndrk vkSj xjhch mUewyu ds chp lacaèk LFkkfir dhft;sA
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k vuqdwy Hkwfe lqèkkjksa ds :ikadu o vuqikyu esa dfBukb;ksa dh foospuk dhft;sA
Establish relationship between land reforms, agricultural productivity and elimination of
poverty in the Indian economy. Discuss the difficulties in designing and implementation of
agriculture – friendly land reforms in India. (200 'kCn] 10 vad) (vFkZO;oLFkk)

110 ifCyds'kal
 iz'u&laxzg

o"kZ 2013 ls 2016 rd flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk (lkekU; vè;;u [k.M) Notes
esa uohu ikB~;Øe ds vuqlkj fo"k;okj oxhZdj.k

lkekU; vè;;u iz'ui=k&1

Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk bfrgkl

Hkkjrh; fojklr ,oa laLd``fr

izkjfEHkd
1. ckS¼ Lrwi&dyk] yksd o.;Z&fo"k;ksa ,oa dFkkudksa dks fpf=kr djrs gq, ckS¼ vkn'kks± dh
liQyrkiwod Z O;k[;k djrh gSA fo'knhdj.k dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2016, 12½ vad)
2. fot;uxj ujs'k Ñ".knso jk; u osQoy Lo;a ,d oqQ'ky fo}ku Fks vfirq fo|k ,oa lkfgR; osQ egku
laj{kd Hkh FksA foospuk dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2016, 12½ vad)
3. ¶Hkkjr dh izkphu lH;rk] felz] ehlksiksVkfe;k vkSj xzhl dh lH;rkvksa ls] bl ckr esa fHkUu gS fd
Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dh ijaijk,¡ vkt rd Hkax gq, fcuk ifjjf{kr dh xbZ gSaA¸ fVIi.kh dhft;sA
(200 'kCn) (2015, 12½ vad)
4. ^Hkkjr dh eè;ik"kk.k f'kyk&dyk u dsoy ml dky ds lkaLÑfrd thou dks] cfYd vkèkqfud
fp=k&dyk ls rqyuh; ifj"Ñr lkSan;Z&cksèk dks Hkh] izfrfcafcr djrh gSA* bl fVIi.kh dk lekykspukRed
ewY;kadu dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2015, 12½ vad)
5. flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dh uxjh; vk;kstuk vkSj laLÑfr us fdl lhek rd orZeku ;qxhu uxjhdj.k dks
fuos'k (buiqV) çnku fd;s gSa\ ppkZ dhft;sA (150 'kCn) (2014, 10 vad)
6. xkaèkkj ewfrZdyk jksefuokfl;ksa dh mruh gh ½.kh Fkh ftruh fd og ;wukfu;ksa dh FkhA Li"V dhft;sA
(150 'kCn) (2014, 10 vad)
7. r{kf'kyk fo'ofo|ky; fo'o ds çkphure fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ls ,d Fkk ftlds lkFk fofHkUu f'k{k.k&fo"k;ksa
(fMflfIyUl) ds vusd fo[;kr fo}kuh O;fDrRo lEcfUèkr FksA mldh j.kuhfrd vofLFkfr ds dkj.k
mldh dhfrZ iQSyh] ysfdu ukyUnk ds foijhr] mls vkèkqfud vfHkçk; esa fo'ofo|ky; ugha le>k
tkrkA ppkZ dhft;sA (150 'kCn) (2014, 10 vad)
8. lwiQh vkSj eè;dkyhu jgL;oknh fl¼ iq#"k (lar) fgUnw@eqlyeku lektksa ds èkkfeZd fopkjksa vkSj
jhfr;ksa dks ;k mudh cká lajpuk dks i;kZIr lhek rd :ikarfjr djus esa foiQy jgsA fVIi.kh dhft;sA
(150 'kCn) (2014, 10 vad)
9. nf{k.k Hkkjr ds jktuSfrd bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls vfèkd mi;ksxh u gksrs gq, Hkh laxe lkfgR; ml le;
dh lkekftd o vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk vR;ar izHkkoh 'kSyh esa o.kZu djrk gSA fVIi.kh dhft;sA
(200 'kCn) (2013, 10 vad)
10. (d) vkjfEHkd Hkkjrh; f'kykys[kksa esa vafdr ^rk.Mo* u`R; dh foospuk dhft;sA (100 'kCn)
(2013, 5 vad)
([k) efUnj okLrqdyk ds fodkl esa pksy okLrqdyk dk mPp LFkku gSA foopsuk dhft;sA (100 'kCn)
(2013, 5 vad)

ifCyds'kal 119
iz'u&laxzg
Notes lkekU; vè;;u iz'ui=k% 2

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa 'kklu O;oLFkk

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku (fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa egÙoiw.kZ çkoèkku) ,oa

Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud ;kstuk dh vU; ns'kksa ls rqyuk
1. ^mn~nfs 'kdk (izLrkouk)* esa 'kCn ^x.kjkT;* osQ lkFk tqMs+ izR;sd fo'ks"k.k ij ppkZ dhft;sA D;k orZeku
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa os izfrj{k.kh; gS\a (200 'kCn) (2016, 12½ vad)
2. dksfgyks osQl esa D;k vfHkfuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k Fkk\ bl lanHkZ es]a D;k vki dg ldrs gSa fd U;kf;d
iqu£oyksdu lafoèkku osQ cqfu;knh vfHky{k.kksa esa ize[q k egÙo dk gS\ (200 'kCn) (2016, 12½ vad)
3. D;k Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e] 1935 us ,d ifjla?kh; lafoèkku fuèkkZfjr dj fn;k Fkk\ ppkZ dhft;sA
(200 'kCn) (2016, 12½ vad)
4. ppkZ dhft;s fd os dkSu&ls laHkkfor dkjd gSa tks Hkkjr dks jkT; dh uhfr osQ funs'kd rÙo esa iznÙk osQ
vuqlkj vius ukxfjdksa osQ fy, leku flfoy lafgrk dks vfHkfu;fer djus ls jksdrs gSAa (200 'kCn)
(2015, 12½ vad)
5. D;k LoPN i;kZoj.k osQ vfèkdkj esa nhokyh osQ nkSjku iVk[ks tykus osQ fofèkd fofu;e Hkh 'kkfey gS\a
bl ij Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 21 osQ] vkSj bl lacèa k esa 'kh"kZ U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ;@fu.kZ;ksa osQ izdk'k
esa ppkZ dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2015, 12½ vad)
6. vki ^oko~Q vkSj vfHkO;fDr Lokra=;* ladYiuk ls D;k le>rs gSa\ D;k bldh ifjfèk esa ?k`.kk oko~Q
Hkh vkrk gS\ Hkkjr esa fiQYesa vfHkO;fDr ds vU; :iksa ls rfud fHkUu Lrj ij D;ksa gSa\ ppkZ dhft;sA
(200 'kCn) (2014, 12½ vad)
7. lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 66A dh blls dfFkr lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn&19 ds mYya?ku ds
lanHkZ esa foospuk dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2013, 10 vad)
8. isVªksfy;e ,oa izkÑfrd xSl ea=kky; ds gky ds funs'kksa dks ^ukxkvksa* }kjk muds jkT; dks feyh fof'k"V
fLFkfr dks jí djus ds [krjs ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn&371A ds vkyksd
esa bldh foospuk dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2013, 10 vad)
la?kh; <k¡ps ls lacafèkr fo"k; ,oa LFkkuh; 'kklu
1. 69osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e osQ mu vR;ko';d rÙoksa vkSj fo"kerkvks]a ;fn dksbZ gks]a ij ppkZ dhft;s]
ftUgksua s fnYyh osQ iz'kklu esa fuokZfpr izfrfufèk;ksa vkSj mi&jkT;iky osQ chp gky esa lekpkjksa esa vk,
erHksnksa dks iSnk dj fn;k gSA D;k vkiosQ fopkj esa blls Hkkjrh; ifjla?kh; jktuhfr osQ izdk;Z.k esa ,d
ubZ izof` Ùk dk mn; gksxk\ (200 'kCn) (2016, 12½ vad)
2. Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 370] ftlosQ lkFk gkf'k;k uksV ¶tEew&d'ehj jkT; osQ lacèa k esa vLFkk;h
micaèk¸ yxk gqvk gS] fdl lhek rd vLFkk;h gS\ Hkkjrh; jkT;&O;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa bl micUèk dh
Hkkoh lEHkkoukvksa ij ppkZ dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2016, 12½ vad)
3. gky osQ o"kks± esa lgdkjh ifjla?kokn dh ladYiuk ij vfèkdkfèkd cy fn;k tkrk jgk gSA fo|eku lajpuk
esa vlqfoèkkvksa vkSj lgdkjh ifjla?kokn fdl lhek rd bu vlqfoèkkvksa dk gy fudky ysxk] bl ij
izdk'k Mkfy;sA (200 'kCn) (2015, 12½ vad)
4. lqf'kf{kr vkSj O;ofLFkr LFkkuh; Lrj 'kklu&O;oLFkk dh vuqifLFkfr esa ^iapk;rs*a vkSj ^lfefr;k¡* eq[;r%
jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡ cuh jgh gSa u fd 'kklu osQ izHkkoh midj.kA lekykspukiwod Z ppkZ dhft;sA
(200 'kCn) (2015, 12½ vad)

126 ifCyds'kal
iz'u&laxzg
Notes varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk

Hkkjr ,oa blds iM+kslh ns'k

1. ifj;kstuk ^ekSle* dks Hkkjr ljdkj dh vius iM+kfs l;ksa osQ lkFk lacèa kksa dks lqn<` + djus dh ,d vf}rh;
fons'k uhfr igy ekuk tkrk gSA D;k bl ifj;kstuk dk ,d j.khufrd vk;ke gS\ ppkZ dhft;sA
(200 'kCn) (2015, 12½ vad)
2. vkradoknh xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj ijLij vfo'okl us Hkkjr&ikfdLrku lacèa kksa dks èkwfey cuk fn;k gSA [ksyksa
vkSj lkaLÑfrd vknku&iznkuksa tSlh e`nq 'kfDr fdl lhek rd nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp ln~Hkko mRiUu djus esa
lgk;d gks ldrh gS\a mi;qDr mnkgj.kksa osQ lkFk ppkZ dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2015, 12½ vad)
3. nf{k.k phu lkxj ds ekeys esa] leqnzh HkwHkkxh; fookn vkSj c<+rk gqvk ruko leLr {ks=k esa ukSifjogu
dh vkSj Åijh mM+ku dh Lora=krk dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s leqnzh lqj{kk dh vko';drk dh
vfHkiqf"V djrs gSaA bl lanHkZ esa Hkkjr vkSj phu ds chp f}i{kh; eqíksa ij ppkZ dhft;sA (200 'kCn)
(2014, 12½ vad)
4. o"kZ 2014 esa varjkZ"Vªh; lqj{kk lgk;d cy (ISAF) dh viQxkfuLrku ls izLrkfor okilh {ks=k
ds ns'kksa ds fy;s cM+s [krjksa (lqj{kk my>uksa) Hkjk gSA bl rF; ds vkyksd esa ijh{k.k dhft;s
fd Hkkjr ds lkeus Hkjiwj pqukSfr;k¡ gSa rFkk mls vius lkefjd egÙo ds fgrksa dh j{kk djus dh
vko';drk gSA (200 'kCn) (2013, 10 vad)
5. ^eksfr;ksa ds gkj* (n fLVªax vkWiQ iYlZ) ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;g Hkkjr dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor
djrk gS\ bldk lkeuk djus ds fy;s Hkkjr }kjk mBk, x, dneksa dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk nhft,A
(200 'kCn) (2013, 10 vad)
6. caXykns'k ds <+kdk esa 'kkgckx LDok;j esa gq, fojksèk izn'kZuksa us lekt esa jk"Vªoknh o bLykeh 'kfDr;ksa
ds chp ekSfyd erHksn mtkxj fd;k gSA Hkkjr ds fy;s bldk D;k egÙo gS\ (200 'kCn)
(2013, 10 vad)
7. ekynho esa fiNys nks o"kks± esa gqbZ jktuSfrd ?kVukvksa dh foospuk dhft;sA ;g crkb, fd D;k ;s Hkkjr
ds fy;s fpark dk fo"k; gSa\ (200 'kCn) (2013, 10 vad)
8. Hkkjr&Jh yadk lacaèkksa ds lanHkZ esa] foospuk dhft;s fd fdl izdkj vkarfjd (ns'kh;) dkjd fons'k
uhfr dks izHkkfor djrs gSa\ (200 'kCn) (2013, 10 vad)
9. xqtjky fl¼kUr ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ D;k vkt bldh dksbZ izklafxdrk gS\ foospuk dhft;sA
(200 'kCn) (2013, 10 vad)
f}i{kh;] {ks=h; ,oa oSf'od lewg rFkk Hkkjr ds fgrksa ij fodflr
vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh uhfr;ksa dk çHkko] çoklh Hkkjrh;
1. 'khr;q¼ksÙkj varjkZ"Vªh; ifjn`'; osQ lanHkZ es]a Hkkjr dh iwoksUZ eq[kh uhfr osQ vk£Fkd vkSj lkefjd vk;keksa
dk ewY;koaQu dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2016, 12½ vad)
2. ¶Hkkjr esa c<+rs gq, lhekikjh; vkradh geys vkSj vusd lnL;&jkT;ksa osQ vkarfjd ekeyksa esa ikfdLrku
}kjk c<+rk gqvk gLr{ksi lkoZQ (nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx laxBu) osQ Hkfo"; osQ fy, lgk;d ugha
gSAa ¸ mi;qDr mnkgj.kksa osQ lkFk Li"V dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2016, 12½ vad)
3. vizQhdk esa Hkkjr dh c<+rh gqbZ #fp osQ ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed i{k gSAa lekykspukiwod Z ijh{k.k
dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2015, 12½ vad)
4. lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh le>kSrksa (ITA) dk mís'; gLrk{kjdrkZvksa }kjk lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh mRiknksa ij lHkh djksa
vkSj ç'kqYdksa dks de djds 'kwU; ij ykuk gSA ,sls le>kSrksa dk Hkkjr ds fgrksa ij D;k çHkko gksxk\
(200 'kCn) (2014, 12½ vad)

132 ifCyds'kal
iz'u&laxzg
Notes lkekU; vè;;u iz'ui=k% 4
uhfr'kkL= rFkk ekuoh; lg lacaèk% ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa esa uhfr'kkL= dk lkj] blds
fuèkkZjd ifj.kke vkSj vk;ke] futh vkSj lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uhfr'kkL=] ewY; fodflr
djus esa ifjokj] lekt vkSj f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk
1. Li"V dhft;s fd vkpkj uhfr lekt vkSj ekuo dk fdl izdkj Hkyk djrh gSA
(150 'kCn) (2016, 10 vad)
2. fofèk ,oa vkpkj uhfr ekuo vkpj.k dks fu;af=kr djus okys nks midj.k ekus tkrs gSa rkfd vkpj.k dks
lH; lkekftd vfLrRo ds fy;s lgk;d cuk;k tk ldsA
(a) ppkZ dhft;s fd os bl mn~n's ; dh fdl izdkj iwfrZ djrs gSAa
(b) mnkgj.k nsrs gq, ;g crkb, fd ;s nksuksa vius mikxeksa esa fdl izdkj ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gSAa
(150 'kCn) (2016, 10 vad)
3. vki ,d ljdkjh dk;kZy; esa vius foHkkx ds funs'kd ds lgk;d ds :i esa dk;Zjr ,d ;qok
mPpkdka{kh ,oa fu"diV deZpkjh gSaA tSlk fd vkius vHkh in xzg.k fd;k gS] vkidks lh[kus ,oa
izxfr dh vko';drk gSA HkkX;o'k vkidk mPpLFk cgqr n;kyq ,oa vkidks vius dk;Z ds fy;s
izf'kf{kr djus ds fy;s rS;kj gSA og cgqr cqf¼eku ,oa iw.kZ tkudkj O;fDr gS] ftls fofHkUu foHkkxksa
dk Kku gSA la{ksi esa] vki vius ckWl dk lEeku djrs gSa rFkk mlls cgqr dqN lh[kus ds mRlqd gSaA
tSlk fd vkids lkFk ckWl ds lacaèk vPNs gSa] og vki ij fuHkZj djus yxk gSA ,d fnu [kjkc LokLF;
ds dkj.k mlus vkidks dqN vko';d dk;Z iwjk djus ds fy;s ?kj ij cqyk;kA vki mlds ?kj igq¡ps
,oa ?kaVh ctkus ls iwoZ vkius tksj&tksj ls fpYykus dk 'kksj lqukA vkius dqN le; izrh{kk dhA ?kj
esa izos'k djus ij ckWl us vkidk vfHkuUnu fd;k rFkk dk;Z ds ckjs esa cryk;kA ijUrq vki ,d vkSjr
ds jksus dh vkokt ls fujUrj O;kdqy jgsA vUr esa vkius vius ckWl ls iwNk ijUrq mlus lUrks"kizn
tokc ugha fn;kA
vxys fnu vki dk;kZy; esa blds ckjs esa vkxs tkudkjh djus dks m}sfyr gq, ,oa ekywe gqvk fd
mldk ?kj esa viuh iRuh ds lkFk O;ogkj cgqr [kjkc gSA og viuh iRuh dh ekjihV Hkh djrk gSA
mldh iRuh Bhd ls f'kf{kr ugha gS rFkk vius ifr dh rqyuk esa ,d ljy efgyk gSA vki ns[krs gSa
fd vkidk ckWl dk;kZy; esa vPNk O;fDr gS] ijUrq ?kj ij og ?kjsyw fgalk esa lafyIr gSA
bl fLFkfr esa] vkids lkeus fuEufyf[kr fodYi cps gSaA izR;sd fodYi dk ifj.kkeksa ds lkFk fo'ys"k.k
dhft;sA
(a) blds ckjs esa lkspuk NksM+ nhft,] D;ksfa d ;g mudk O;fDrxr ekeyk gSA
(b) mi;qDr izkfèkdkjh dks ekeys dks izfs "kr dhft;sA
(c) fLFkfr ds ckjs es vkidk Lo;a dk uoizorZudkjh n`f"Vdks.kA (250 'kCn) (2016, 20 vad)
4. (d) ^i;kZoj.kh; uSfrdrk* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ bldk vè;;u djuk fdl dkj.k egÙoiw.kZ gS\ i;kZoj.kh;
uSfrdrk dh n`f"V ls fdlh ,d i;kZoj.kh; eqís ij ppkZ dhft;sA (150 'kCn) (2015, 10 vad)
([k) fuEufyf[kr ds chp foHksnu dhft;sA (200 'kCn) (2015, 10 vad)
(i) fofèk vkSj uSfrdrk
(ii) uSfrd izcaèku vkSj uSfrdrk dk izcaèku
(iii) HksnHkko vkSj vfèkekuh cjrko
(iv) oS;fDrd uSfrdrk vkSj laO;kolkf;d uSfrdrk

142 ifCyds'kal
 iz'u&laxzg
'kklu O;oLFkk esa bZekunkjh% yksd lsok dh voèkkj.kk] lwpuk dk vfèkdkj] uhfr ijd Notes
vkpkj&lafgrk] ukxfjd ?kks"k.kk&i=] dk;Z laLd`fr] lsok dh xq.koÙkk] yksdfufèk] Hkz"Vkpkj
1. ^'kklu*] ^lq'kklu* vkSj ^uSfrd 'kklu* 'kCnksa ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a ( 150 'kCn) (2016, 10 vad)
2. f}rh; iz'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx }kjk fliQkfj'kd`r (vuq'kaflr) yksd lsok lafgrk dh foospuk dhft;sA
(150 'kCn) (2016, 10 vad)
3. ljLorh ;w-,l-,- esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh ,d liQy is'ksoj FkhA vius ns'k osQ fy;s oqQN djus dh
jk"Vª&Hkkouk ls izsfjr gksdj og okil Hkkjr vkbZA mlus xjhc xzkeh.k leqnk; osQ fy;s ,d ikB'kkyk
fuekZ.k osQ fy;s ,d tSls fopkjksa okys oqQN fe=kksa osQ lkFk feydj ,d xSj&ljdkjh laxBu cuk;kA
ikB'kkyk dk y{; ukeek=k dh ykxr ij mPp Lrjh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk iznku djuk FkkA mlus tYnh
gh ik;k fd mls dbZ ljdkjh ,stsfUl;ksa ls vuqefr ysuh gksxhA fu;e ,oa izfØ;k,¡ dkiQh vLi"V ,oa
tfVy FkhaA vuko';d nsfj;ksa] vfèkdkfj;ksa dh dBksj izo`fÙk ,oa ?kwl dh yxkrkj ek¡x ls og lcls
”;knk grksRlkfgr gqbZA mlosQ ,oa ml tSls nwljksa osQ vuqHko us yksxksa dks lkekftd lsok ifj;kstukvksa
dks ysus ls jksdk gqvk gSA
LoSfPNd lkekftd dk;Z ij ljdkjh fu;U=k.k osQ mik; vko';d gSaA ijUrq bUgsa ckè;dkjh ;k Hkz"V:i
esa iz;ksx esa ugha fy;k tkuk pkfg;sA vki D;k mik; ;g lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy;s lq>k,¡xsa fd ftlls
vko';d fu;U=k.k osQ lkFk usd bjknksa okys bZekunkj X+kSj&ljdkjh laxBu osQ iz;klksa esa ckèkk ugha vk,\
(300 'kCn) (2016, 25 vad)
4. gky esa gqbZ dqN izxfr;k¡] tSls fd lwpuk dk vfèkdkj (vkj-Vh-vkbZ-) vfèkfu;e] ehfM;k vkSj U;kf;d
lfØ;rk bR;kfn] ljdkj ds dk;ks± esa igys ls vfèkd ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ykus esa lgk;d lkfcr
gks jgh gSA fiQj Hkh] ;g Hkh ns[kk tk jgk gS fd dHkh&dHkkj bu lkèkuksa dk nq#i;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
,d vU; udkjkRed izHkko ;g gS fd vfèkdkjhx.k vc 'kh?kz fu.kZ; ysus ls Mjrs gSAa
bl fLFkfr dk foLrkjiwoZd fo'ys"k.k dhft;s vkSj lq>kb, fd bl f}Hkktu dk gy fdl izdkj fudkyk
tk ldrk gSA lq>kb, fd bu udkjkRed izHkkoksa dks fdl izdkj U;wurehÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(150 'kCn) (2015, 10 vad)
5. vkt ge ns[krs gSa fd vkpkj lafgrkvksa ds fuèkkZj.k] lrZdrk lsyksa@vk;ksxksa dh LFkkiuk] vkj-Vh-vkbZ-]
lfØ; efhfM;k vkSj fofèkd ;kaf=kdRoksa ds izcyu tSls fofHkUu mik;ksa ds ckotwn Hkz"Vkpkjiw.kZ deZ
fu;a=k.k ds vèkhu ugha vk jgs gSaA
(d) bu mik;ksa dh izHkko'khyrk dk vkSfpR; crkrs gq, ewY;kadu dhft;sA
([k) bl [krjs dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy;s vkSj vfèkd izHkkoh j.kuhfr;k¡ lq>kb,A (150 'kCn)
(2015, 10 vad)
6. vki ,d fo'ks"k foHkkx esa f”kyk iz'kklu ds 'kh"kkZfèkdkjh gSaA vkidk ofj"B vfèkdkjh vkidks jkT;
eq[;ky; ls iQksu djrk gS vkSj vkidks dgrk gS fd jkeiqj xk¡o esa ,d Hkw[kaM ij LowQy ds fy;s
,d Hkou dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk gSA nkSjs dh le;koyh cuk nh tkrh gS ftlds nkSjku og eq[;
bathfu;j vkSj ofj"B okLrqdkj ds lkFk LFky dk nkSjk djsxkA og pkgrk gS fd vki mlls lacafèkr
dHkh dkx”kkrksa dh tk¡p dj ysa vkSj lqfuf'pr dj ysa fd nkSjs dh O;oLFkk mfpr :i ls dh xbZ gSA
vki ml iQkby dks tk¡prs gSa] tks vkids foHkkx esa dk;ZHkkj laHkkyus ls iwoZ dh gSA Hkw[kaM dks LFkkuh;
iapk;r ls ukeek=k dh ykxr ij] mikftZr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj dkx”kkr n'kkZrs gSa fd ftu rhu
izkfèkdkfj;ksa dks Hkw[kaM dh mi;qDrrk dk izek.ki=k nsuk gksrk gS] muesa ls nks ds fn;s gq, vuqefr
izek.ki=k miyCèk gSaA okLrqfon~ dk dksbZ izek.ki=k iQkby esa miyCèk ugha gSA vki tSlk fd iQkby ij
dgk x;k gS fd lc oqQN Bhd gkyr esa gS] ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s jkeiqj tkus dk fu.kZ; ys

ifCyds'kal 153
iz'u&laxzg
Notes o"kZ 2013 ls iwoZ flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa
lkekU; vè;;u ds varxZr iwNs x, iz'uksa dk fo"k;okj oxhZdj.k

vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa laLÑfr

1857 dk fonzksg

1. ¶ftldh 'kq#vkr èkeZ ds fy;s yM+kbZ ds :i esa gqbZ mldk var Lora=krk laxzke ds :i esa gqvk] D;ksafd
bl ckr esa rfud Hkh lansg ugha gS fd fonzksgh fons'kh ljdkj ls NqVdkjk ikus vkSj iwoZ O;oLFkk dks
iqu%LFkkfir djus ds bPNqd Fks ftldk lgh izfrfufèk fnYyh ujs'k FkkA¸ D;k vki bl n`f"Vdks.k dk
leFkZu djrs gSa\ (1999, 15 vad)
o"kZ 1858 ds mijkUr Hkkjr esa dkSu ls iz'kklfud ifjorZu ykxw fd;s x,\ bu ifjorZuksa ds D;k
2.
mís'; Fks\ (2001, 30 vad)

lkekftd&èkkfeZd lqèkkj vkUnksyu

1. mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk¼Z esa Hkkjr us èkeZ vkSj lekt ds {ks=k esa lqèkkj dh izcy rjax ns[kh gSA
blesa izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls jktk jkeeksgu jk;] ds'kopUnz lsu vkSj U;k;ewfrZ ,e- th- jkukMs us D;k
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ\ (1980, 25 vad)
2. o.kZ O;oLFkk vkSj vLi`';rk dh izFkk lekt lqèkkj vkUnksyu ds }kjk fd;s x, vkØe.kksa ds izeq[k
y{; jgs Fks] tks 1857 ds fonzksg ds i'pkr~ vkSj lcy gks x,A mu izeq[k dkjdksa dk mYys[k dhft;s
ftuds dkj.k o.kZ&O;oLFkk èkhjs&èkhjs de egÙoiw.kZ gksrh jgh vkSj vLi`';rk dh cqjkb;ksa ij lcdk
è;ku fuf'pr :i ls vkÑ"V gksus yxkA vLi`';rk ds mUewyu esa egkRek xkaèkh th dh Hkwfedk D;k
jgh vkSj bl lacaèk esa os lafoèkku ds fuekZrkvksa vkSj ljdkjh uhfr dks dgk¡ rd izHkkfor dj lds\
vLi`';rk dks feVkus ds fy;s vkSj dkSu&dkSu ls dne mBkus pkfg;sa\ (1981, 25 vad)
3. mUuhloha 'krkCnh dks izk;% Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k dk le; crk;k tkrk gSA bl ;qx ds izeq[k lekt lqèkkj
vkUnksyu D;k&D;k Fks vkSj muls D;k&D;k ifjorZu gq,\ (1984, 35 vad)
4. mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk¼Z esa tks izeq[k lekt lqèkkj vkUnksyu gq,] mudh foospuk dhft;sA Hkkjr
ds jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds mn~Hko vkSj fodkl esa mudk ;ksxnku fdl :i esa jgk\ (1987, 35 vad)
5. jkeÑ".k fe'ku esa Lokeh foosdkuan dh Hkwfedk dks fo'ks"k :i ls è;ku esa j[krs gq, bl laLFkk dk
leh{kkRed ifjp; nhft,A (1990, 10 vad)
6. Hkkjr esa èkkfeZd vkUnksyu ds bfrgkl esa fFk;kslksfiQdy lkslkbVh dh Hkwfedk dk foospu dhft;sA
(1991, 10 vad)
7. Hkkjr ds lkekftd ,oa èkkfeZd vkanksyu esa vk;Z lekt ds D;k ;ksxnku Fks\ (1992, 10 vad)
8. mUuhloha lnh ds iwokZ¼Z esa bZLV bafM;k daiuh }kjk ykxw fd;s x, lkekftd foèkkuksa ds fofoèk i{kksa
dh foospuk dhft;sA (1995, 10 vad)
9. ^èkkfeZd ,oa lkekftd lqèkkjksa ds {ks=k esa jktk jke eksgu jk; dk uke loksZifj gSA* Li"V dhft;sA
(1997, 10 vad)
10. vkèkqfud Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k esa bZ'ojpUnz fo|klkxj ds va'knku dk vkdyu dhft;sA (1999, 10 vad)

156 ifCyds'kal
 iz'u&laxzg
2. 1987-88 ds izpaM lw[ks ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds dkSu&dkSu ls bykds eq[;r% izHkkfor gq,\ blds eq[; Notes
ifj.kke D;k Fks\ (1988, 20 vad)
3. y?kq unh ?kkVh ifj;kstukvksa dh rqyuk esa Å¡ps ck¡èk okyh fo'kky unh ?kkVh ifj;kstukvksa dh rdZiw.kZrk
dk viuk ewY;kadu nhft,A (1993, 15 vad)
4. fVIi.kh fy[ksaµjk"Vªh; vkink izcaèku izkfèkdj.k dh jk"Vªh; dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr dk la?kVu vkSj mlds
izdk;ZA (2011, 5 vad)
5. foifÙk izcaèku D;k gksrk gS\ izkÑfrd foifÙk;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy;s vko';d dneksa ij ppkZ dhft;sA
(2005, 30 vad)

ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oa i;kZoj.k rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu

1. tSo&fofoèkrk (ck;ks&Mk;oflZVh) D;k gS\ bldks lqjf{kr D;ksa j[kk tk,\
2. Hkkjr ds izeq[k 'kgjh dsUnzksa esa ok;qeaMyh; iznw"k.k ds Ïksr crkb;sA bl leL;k dks de djus ds fy;s
dkSu ls dne mBk, tk ldrs gSa\ (1979, 20 vad)
3. ikfjfLFkfrdh foKku ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ Hkkjr esa oU;tkr vkSj izkf.ktkr dks ifjjf{kr djus vkSj
izkf.k;ksa dh dqN fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dks [krjs ls cpkus ds fy;s D;k iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSa\ rhu ,slh
izkf.k tkfr;ksa ds uke crkb;s ftudks cpkus ds fy;s dqN fo'ks"k iz;kl fd;s x, gSaA bl lacaèk esa D;k
ifj.kke izkIr gks lds gSa\ (1981, 20 vad)
4. fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol izfro"kZ dc euk;k tkrk gS\ Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k dh fLFkfr dks ßkleku cukus esa
;ksxnku nsus okyh izeq[k ckrsa D;k gSa\ (1982, 20 vad)
5. ¶izkstsDV Vkbxj¸ dk egÙo le>kb,A (1983, 3 vad)
6. fodkl'khy vkSj fodflr ns'kksa esa i;kZoj.k dk iznw"k.k xaHkhj LokLF; ladV mRiUu djrk gSA i;kZoj.k
dks nwf"kr djus okys fofHkUu ekuo&dk;Zdykiksa dk o.kZu dhft;sA Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k&iznw"k.k dks fu;af=kr
j[kus ds fy;s ekxZ vkSj mik; lq>kb;sA (1984, 40 vad)
7. izdk'k esa iÙks gjs D;ksa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa\ (1984, 3 vad)
8. fpidks vkanksyu fdlds ckjs esa gS vkSj mldk D;k egÙo gS\ (1985, 3 vad)
9. ^^lqiks"k.k** ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ mlds D;k ifj.kke gksrs gSa\ (1987, 3 vad)
10. ikfjfLFkfrdh; larqyu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;g larqyu D;ksa vko';d gS\ bl larqyu dks cuk,
j[kus ds fy;s vkt Hkkjr esa D;k fd;k tk jgk gS\ (1987, 15 vad)
11. dqN fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; gS fd ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa tks ck¡èk vkSj tyk'k; gSa] muls vfiz; ifj.kke
gks ldrs gSaA ;s 'kadk,¡ dgk¡ rd lgsrqd gSa\ (1988, 20 vad)
12. ¶,y uhuks¸ D;k gS\ Hkkjr ds fy;s bldh izklafxdrk D;k gS\ (1988, 3 vad)
13. vfrek=k èofu ds gkfudkjd ifj.kke D;k&D;k gSa\ (1988, 3 vad)
14. vkstksu&iznw"k.k D;k gS\ (1988, 3 vad)
15. i;kZoj.k&iznw"k.k fdrus izdkj dk gksrk gS\ Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dh o`f¼ ds dkj.k ;g fdu&fdu
LFkkuksa ij gqvk gS\ (1988, 20 vad)
16. e#LFkyh; jk"Vªh; m|ku (MstVZ us'kuy ikdZ) Hkkjr esa dgk¡ fLFkr gS\ bldks D;ksa cuk;k x;k gS\
(1988, 3 vad)
17. ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk D;k gS\ mldks ysdj mRiUu fookn dk Lo:i D;k gS\ (1989, 10 vad)
18. fVgjh ck¡èk dgk¡ ij gS vkSj bl ifj;kstuk dk ifjy{; D;k gS\ bl ifj;kstuk ds lacaèk esa i;kZoj.k
fo'ks"kKksa dks D;k vkifÙk;k¡ gaS\ (1990, 5 vad)

ifCyds'kal 185
iz'u&laxzg
Notes 19. ^tho eaMy lap;* D;k gksrk gS\ mldk egÙo le>kb,A (1990, 3 vad)
20. vjkoyh ,oa fgeky;] nksuksa {ks=kksa esa O;kid fuoZuhdj.k ls mRiUu vusd i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dk
fooj.k nhft,A (1990, 15 vad)
21. vkstksu&laLrj dh j{kk ds fy;s ekafVª;y izksVksdky dh izeq[k vuq'kalk,¡ D;k gSa\ yanu esa gky gh esa
vk;ksftr dUosa'ku ls Hkkjr fdl :i esa izHkkfor gqvk gS\ (1990, 40 vad)
22. lkoZf=kd psrkouh (Xykscy okfu±x) ls D;k vk'k; gS\ mlds D;k izHkko gksrs gSa\ (1990, 3 vad)
23. ^vUVkdZfVdk* dgk¡ gS vkSj blds fo"k; esa ,slh D;k fof'k"V ckr gS\ vUVkdZfVdk esa [kkst ij yxs
fdlh izfrcUèk ds ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\ (1991, 6 vad)
24. Hkksiky xSl nq?kZVuk dk D;k vkdkj Fkk vkSj Hkksiky xSl nq?kZVuk ij mPpre U;k;ky; ds iQSlys dh
izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a¡ D;k Fkha\ (1991, 6 vad)
25. i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ fofHkUu izdkj ds iznw"k.kksa dks crkrs gq, ;g le>kb, fd
Hkkjr esa ekuo ds LokLF; ij mudk D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\ (1992, 15 vad)
26. Hkkjr esa cM+h ufn;ksa ds ty iznw"k.k dks de djus ds fy;s fdu uhfrxr dk;ks± dks izkjEHk fd;k x;k
gS\ (1993, 6 vad)
27. tho eaMy lap; D;k gS\ (1993, 3 vad)
28. ^izkstsDV Vkbxj* ds izeq[k y{k.k crykb,A blls phrs ds ifjlekfIr dks cpkus esa dgk¡ rd lgk;rk
feyh gS\ (1994, 20 vad)
29. ^,y fuuks* D;k gS\ (1994, 3 vad)
30. ^gfjrx`g izHkko* D;k gS\ bldk i`Foh ds i;kZoj.k ij D;k izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gS\ mls jksdus ds
fy;s D;k mik; fd;s tk jgs gSa\ (1995, 40 vad)
31. ,y fuuks (EI Nino) D;k gS\ bldh Hkkjr esa D;k izklafxdrk gS\ (1995, 3 vad)
32. vkstksu fNnz D;k gS\ ;g dSls curk gS vkSj bldk i`Foh ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\ (1996, 15 vad)
33. bLrkacqy esa gsfcVkV II lEesyu dh eq[; miyfCèk;ksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft;sA (1996, 10 vad)
34. euq"; ds dku ds fy;s lqjf{kr èofu Lrj D;k gS\ oS|qr (bysfDVªd) ?k.Vh ds jo dk izcyrk Lrj
(èofu Lrj) crkb,A (1997, 3 vad)
35. i;kZoj.k izHkko ds ewY;kadu ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ (1998, 3 vad)
36. vkstksu gksy D;k gS\ ;g fdl dkj.k gksrk gS vkSj i`Foh ij thou ij bldk D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\
(1999, 20 vad)
37. lh-,u-th D;k gS\ og fdl izdkj ok;q iznw"k.k dks de djrk gS\ (1999, 20 vad)
38. xzhu gkml xSl D;k gksrs gSa\ i`Foh dh tyok;q ij mudk D;k izHkko gksrk gS rFkk mldk iQy D;k
gksrk gS\ foLrkj ls crkb,A (2000, 15 vad)
39. i;kZoj.k foÑfr vkSj mlls lEcfUèkr leL;k,¡ foLr`r :i esa fpUrktud gSaA bl lacaèk esa vUrjkZ"Vªh;
izfrfØ;k dk ewY;kadu dhft;sA (2000, 15 vad)
40. eakfVª;y milafèk fdl fo"k; ij gS\ i`Foh ds i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk esa mldh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ dhft;sA
(2001, 15 vad)
41. ,y fuuks ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A (2001, 2 vad)
42. dkthjaxk jk"Vªh; m|ku ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A (2002, 2 vad)
43. IykfLVd [krjs&ppkZ dhft;sA (2002, 30 vad)
44. ^i;kZoj.k*] mlds ?kVdksa vkSj mlds lacaèk esa tkx:drk ij ppkZ dhft;sA (2002, 15 vad)

186 ifCyds'kal
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Notes ekSfyd dÙkZO;
1. Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa ds cqfu;knh dÙkZO;&y?kq fVIi.kh fyf[k,A (1980, 25 vad)
2. gekjs lafoèkku esa fufo"V ewy dÙkZO;ksa ds Lo:i dk ifjp; nhft,A (1982, 3 vad)
3. ekSfyd dÙkZO; vkSj muds vk'k; D;k gSa\ (1993, 20 vad)
4. Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa fn;s x, fdUgha pkj ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dks fyf[k,A (1997, 3 vad)
5. izeq[k ewy dÙkZO;ksa dh igpku dhft;sA (2003, 15 vad)
6. 42osa la'kksèku ds ckn lafoèkku esa 'kkfey ewy dÙkZO;ksa dks fxukb,A (2008, 15 vad)
7. ^^lafoèkku ds Hkkx 4&d esa tks Hkh lekfo"V fd;k x;k gS] og lc vko';d :i ls Hkkjrh;
thou&i¼fr ds vaxHkwr dk;ks± dk lafgrkdj.k ek=k gSA** lekykspukiwoZd bl dFku dk ijh{k.k
dhft;sA (2011, 20 vad)

laoSèkkfud la'kksèku
1. 42osa la'kksèku dk vk'k; vfèkdkfèkd nks iafDr;ksa esa crkb,A (1979, 2 vad)
2. Hkkjr ds lafoèkku dk vkèkkjHkwr Lo:i D;k gS\ lafoèkku lHkk }kjk lafoèkku ds vaxhÑr gksus ds i'pkr~
mlesa fd;s x, egÙoiw.kZ la'kksèkuksa dk la{ksi esa iqujhZ{k.k dhft;s ,sls oqQN fo'ks"k la'kksèku crkb;s tks
ckn esa fujflr gq, gSa vkSj mudk dkj.k HkhA (1979, 75 vad)
3. gekjs lafoèkku dh mísf'kdk esa 1976 esa dkSu&lk la'kksèku fd;k x;k\ mlds egÙo dk foospu
dhft;sA (1983, 20 vad)
4. tk¡p vk;ksx (la'kksèku) foèks;d] 1986 dk mís'; D;k gS\ (1988, 3 vad)
5. efgyk jk"Vªh; ifjizs{; ;kstuk] 1988 dh izeq[k vuq'kalk,¡ D;k gSa\ lkafoèkkfud la'kksèku foèks;d (64ok¡
la'kksèku) esa ifjdfYir izklafxd vuq'kalk,¡ D;k gSa\ (1990, 20 vad)
6. Hkkjr ds lafoèkku dh la'kksèku&izfØ;k dh lkekU; fof'k"Vrk,¡A (1992, 40 vad)
7. nks la'kksèkuksa ds tfj, lafoèkku dh vkBoha lwph esa pkj vkSj Hkk"kk,a¡ tksM+h xb±A bu Hkk"kkvksa ds uke
rFkk la'kksèkuksa dh Øe la[;k crykb,A (1994, 3 vad)
8. Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds pkSchlosa la'kksèku dh egÙkk ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA (1999, 20 vad)
9. laoSèkkfud lqèkkj foèks;d vkSj vU; foèks;dksa esa izeq[k vUrj D;k gS\ (2001, 30 vad)
10. Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds 84osa la'kksèku dk D;k egÙo gS\ (2002, 2 vad)
11. Hkkjr dk lafoèkku dSls la'kksfèkr fd;k tkrk gS\ D;k vki ;g ekurs gSa fd la'kksèku dh dk;Zfofèk
lafoèkku dks dsUnz ds gkFkksa dk f[kykSuk cuk nsrh gS\ (2002, 30 vad)
12. Hkkjr ds lafoèkku ds pkSokyhlosa la'kksèku ds egÙo dks mtkxj dhft;sA (2003, 15 vad)
13. lafoèkku la'kksèku foèks;d vkSj lkèkkj.k foèkk;h foèks;d ds ikfjr fd;s tkus ds chp vki fdl izdkj
foHksnu djsaxs\ (2006, 15 vad)
14. lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds lacaèk esa] orZeku fLFkfr ds vuqlkj] 106osa vkSj 111osa lkafoèkkfud la'kksèku fcyksa
ds egÙoiw.kZ vfHky{k.k D;k gSa\ (2010, 12 vad)

vkikrdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;k¡
vusd
1. ns'k] ftUgksaus yM+kbZ ds ckn LorU=krk izkIr dh gS] ;k rks fujadq'k ra=k ds f'kdkj cu x, ;k
lSU; 'kklu dsA ,sls izcy rÙo dkSu ls Fks ftUgksaus Hkkjr dh yksdrU=k iz.kkyh dks cuk, j[kus esa enn
dh gS\ bl lacaèk esa] vius fopkj izLrqr djrs le;] Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa fuc¼ vkikr micUèkksa dks
è;ku esa jf[k;sA (1983, 40 vad)

192 ifCyds'kal
iz'u&laxzg
Notes pquko@pquko vk;ksx@ny&cny leL;k
pquko
1. vk;ksx ds dk;Z ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A (1979, 20 vad)
2. ^nycnyh* dk vFkZ D;k gS\ ^nycnyh* ij D;k ljdkjksa us dkuwu cuk;k gS\ (1980, 3 vad)
3. yksd lHkk vkSj foèkku lHkkvksa ds fy;s pquko dh izfØ;k esa vukpkj lacaèkh vkjksi yxk, tkrs jgs gSaA
jktuhfrd nyksa] tulapkj lkèkuksa vkfn ds }kjk crk, tkus okys izeq[k vukpkj D;k gSa\ bl lUnHkZ esa
eq[; pquko vk;qDr ds }kjk dkSu ls fuokjkRed mik; viuk, x,\ bl izdkj ds vukpkjksa dks nwj
djus ;k de djus ds fy;s tks vfrfjDr mik; fd;s tk ldrs gSa muds ckjs esa D;k vkidks oqQN
lq>ko nsus gSa\ (1982, 35 vad)
4. Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd ny&cny dh ?kVuk us gky gh ds oqQN o"kks± esa O;kid :i èkkj.k dj fy;kA bl
?kVuk dh o`f¼ esa tks dkjd mÙkjnk;h gSa] mudks O;Dr dhft;sA D;k ;g dguk lgh gS fd ny&cny
ij ikcanh yxkuk fopkj vkSj vkpj.k dh LosPNk dks nckus tSlk gS\ (1982, 45 vad)
5. fuokZpu vk;ksx dh lajpuk vkSj ÑR;ksa dk foospu dhft;sA (1984, 20 vad)
6. mu eq[; dkjdksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft;s ftUgksaus Hkkjr esa 1984 ds yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa ernku izfr:iksa
ij izHkko MkykA (1985, 20 vad)
7. lu~ 1985 ds ny cny fojksèkh foèkku dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ D;k gSa\ (1987, 20 vad)
8. jktuSfrd ny&cny dh leL;kvksa vkSj muds laHkkO; fuokj.k ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
(1987, 20 vad)
9. Hkkjr ds fuokZpu vk;ksx ds lkafoèkkfud nkf;Roksa dks le>kb;sA (1988, 20 vad)
10. Hkkjr dh orZeku fuokZpu&i¼fr dh leh{kk djrs gq, lq>kb, fd csgrj vkSj vfèkd LokLF;dj
jkT;&O;oLFkk dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s blesa D;k la'kksèku fd;s tk ldrs gSa\ (1990, 40 vad)
11. Hkkjr ds fuokZpu vk;ksx ds xBu vkSj dk;ks± dk o.kZu dhft;sA (1993, 20 vad)
12. jkT; lHkk ds lnL;ksa dh fuokl fo"k;d vgZrkvksa ds ckjs esa fuokZpu vk;ksx dk vkxzg D;k gS\
(1994, 10 vad)
13. jkT;ksa ds ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dh vkokl lacaèkh vgZrk ij pquko vk;ksx dh fLFkfr le>kb,A vki blds
ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSa\ (1994, 20 vad)
14. ny ifjorZu fojksèkh fofèk ds izeq[k y{k.kksa dk o.kZu dhft;sA (1995, 20 vad)
15. Hkkjr esa gky esa gq, fuokZpuksa ls 'kklu 'kSyh esa laHkkfor ifjorZu dh vko';drk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA
O;k[;k dhft;sA (1996, 6 vad)
16. Hkkjr esa lalnh; pqukoksa ds fy;s fuokZpu {ks=kksa dk ifjlheu fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS\
(1996, 20 vad)
17. fnus'k xksLokeh lfefr dh lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ fliQkfj'k D;k gS\ (1996, 3 vad)
18. lkoZf=kd fuokZpu] eè;kofèk fuokZpu rFkk mi&fuokZpu esa Hksn crkb, ,oa mldh egÙkk Li"V dhft;sA
(1998, 20 vad)
19. Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa vko';d fuokZpu lacaèkh lqèkkjksa dks bafxr dhft;sA (2000, 15 vad)
20. Hkkjr esa lalnh; pqukoksa ds fy;s fuokZpu&{ks=kksa ds ifjlheu ds rjhdksa dk o.kZu dhft;sA
(2002, 15 vad)
21. Hkkjr dk fuokZpu vk;ksx fdl izdkj xfBr fd;k tkrk gS\ (2004, 2 vad)
22. ;fn dksbZ míaM jkT; ljdkj foèkku lHkk pqukoksa dks Vky nsuk pkgrh gks rks fuokZpu vk;ksx D;k dne
mBk ldrk gS\ (2005, 15 vad)

202 ifCyds'kal
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75. fons'kksa
esa jks”kxkj izksUufr dh ifj"kn~ (lh ih vks bZ) ds lacaèk esa fyf[k,A (2008, 2 vad) Notes
76. ¶;kstuk vk;ksx ds fy;s] 12oha ;kstuk izys[k esa LokLF; ij vè;k; dk ifj'kksèku djus dh rqjUr
vko';drk gSA¸ fVIi.kh dhft;sA (2012, 15 vad)

fons'kh O;kikj ,oa Hkqxrku larqyu uhfr] mnkjhdj.k] #i;s dh ifjorZuh;rk

D;k
1. vki le>rs gSa fd ge viuh vk;kr&izfrLFkkiu vFkok fu;kZr&izo¼Zu uhfr ds ekè;e ls viuh
Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh leL;k dk lqn`<+ lekèkku fudky ldsaxs\ D;k gekjh fu;kZr&izo¼Zu uhfr vius mís';ksa
dh iwfrZ djus esa liQy gks ikbZ gS\ (1981, 40 vad)
Hkkjr dks ykSg v;Ld (dPps yksgs) dk fu;kZr D;ksa djuk iM+rk gS tcfd gekjs ;gk¡ izfr O;fDr
2.
bLikr dk mRiknu vc Hkh cgqr de gS\
D;k vki bl fopkj dks Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djsaxs fd gky ds o"kks± esa gekjh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dh
3.
izo`fÙk mnkjokfnrk dh vksj jgh gS\ (1986, 40 vad)
vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk iw¡ath yxkus ds fy;s izksRlkguksa dks nksgjkb,A ,sls fuos'k ls D;k&D;k laHkkfor
4.
ykHk vkSj gkfu;k¡ gSa\ (1986, 20 vad)
gekjs laiw.kZ fons'kh eqnzk vkjf{kr fufèk ds eq[; ?kVd D;k gaS\
5. (1986, 3 vad)
uhps fn;s x, vk¡dM+ksa dk vuq'khyu djds Hkkjr ds fu;kZr& fu"iknu esa ifjyf{kr izo`fÙk dk fo'ys"k.k
6.
dhft;sA (1987, 20 vad)
Hkkjr dk fu;kZr&vuqikr
  va'k → Hkkjr ds fu;kZr dk izfr'kr
o"kZ ↓ fo'o fu;kZr esa Hkkjr ds vk;kr esa Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa
1949 2.40 µ µ
1961 1.05 57.9 5.0
1971 0.65 93.9 4.5
1985 0.43 69.0 6.8
1987 0.40 62.6 6.6
Hkkjr
7. dh O;kikj uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dks Li"V dhft;sA (1991, 20 vad)
8. ^vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k ds u;s dk;ZØe esa Hkkjr dks* ,fDtV ikWfylh (fodkl uhfr) ds ekeys ls
èkhjs&èkhjs pyuk pkfg;s] D;k bl lq>ko ds ihNs mi;qDr dkj.k gS\ (1992, 40 vad)
9. #i;s dh vkaf'kd fofues;rk D;k gS\ blds ewy mís'; D;k gSa\ Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks blls dSSls
ykHk igqa¡psxk\ (1992, 20 vad)
10. Mady ewy elkSns esa] Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa] O;kikj lacafèkr ckSf¼d LokfeRo vfèkdkj ds eq[; fo"k;ksa
dh O;k[;k dhft;sA (1993, 40 vad)
11. ,l Mh vkj ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ blls ns'kksa dks fdl izdkj ykHk igq¡aprk gS\ (1993, 3 vad)
12. fo'oLrjh; xk¡ao dk rkRi;Z Li"V dhft;sA (1994, 6 vad)
13. ;wjks fuxZe D;k gS\ (1994, 6 vad)
14. ejkZds'k ?kks"k.kk D;k gS\ (1994, 6 vad)
15. ;wjksLVj D;k gS\ (1994, 6 vad)
16. uoksRikn D;k gS\ Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa vkids vuqlkj fdl izdkj dh vkfFkZd j.kuhfr;k¡ okLro esa uoksRikn
dks izksRlkfgr dj ldrh gSa\ (1994, 20 vad)

ifCyds'kal 213
iz'u&laxzg
Notes 17. Ñf=ke (synthetic) cht D;k gS\ (1993, 3 vad)
18. ^djuky izkS|ksfxdh* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldk iz;ksx fdlds fy;s gksrk gS\ (1995, 20 vad)
19. Hkkjrh; Ñf"k fodkl esa uohu rduhdh vkSj fuos'k dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dhft;sA ;g fdl izdkj
bDdhloha 'krkCnh esa [kk| lqj{kk esa lgk;d gksxk\ (1999, 40 vad)
20. ^okVj gkosZfLVax* D;k gS\ Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa bldk D;k egÙo gS\ O;k[;k dhft;sA (2000, 15 vad)
21. Ñfe&daiksfLVax D;k gS\ Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa blds egÙo ij ppkZ dhft;sA (2001, 15 vad)
22. vkuqoaf'kdr% vkifjofrZr cht ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A (2005, 2 vad)
23. lIiu ds lacaèk esa fyf[k,A (2008, 2 vad)
24. Hkkjr esa iQy mRiknu ds lacaèk esa fyf[k,A (2009, 3 vad)
25. ^osftVscy xksYM* ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A (2009, 3 vad)
26. Ñf"k&fodkl esa Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqlaèkku ifj"kn~ (vkbZlh,vkj) ds }kjk fd;s x, ;ksxnkuksa dk vkdyu
dhft;sA (2010, 24 vad)
27. fVIi.kh fy[ksa % fx¼ksa dh de gksrh tula[;kA (2011, 5 vad)
28. ^gfjr ds vjcksa dk;Z* (2011, 2 vad)

Hkkjr rFkk fo'o

Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr
xqV
1. fujis{krk dh uhfr dk izfriknu iafMr usg: ds }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g Lora=k Hkkjr dh
fons'k uhfr dh vkèkkjf'kyk cu xbZ gSA xqV fujis{krk uhfr ds vkèkkjHkwr fl¼kar D;k gSa D;k ;g uhfr
iQyizn jgh gS\ vius fopkj lgsrqd izdV dhft;sA (1980, 25 vad)
2. xqV fujis{k ns'kksa ds jkT;kè;{k@'kklukè;{k fdruh vofèk ds ckn ,d ckj feyrs gSa\ budk igyk
lEesyu dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk\ xqV fujis{k lEesyu (NAM) dk orZeku vè;{k dkSu gS\ jkT;kè;{kks@a 'kklukè;{kksa
ds lEesyu dh fiNyh cSBd esa fdu&fdu izeq[k ckrksa ij yksx lger gq, ftudks ¶ubZ fnYyh lans'k¸
esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS\ (1983, 35 vad)
3. fiNys xqV fujis{k lEesyu (NAM) esa daiwfp;k dk LFkku [kkyh D;ksa jgus fn;k x;k\
(1983, 3 vad)
4. ^xqtjky MkWfDVªu* (fl¼kUr) dk D;k vFkZ gS\ blds fof'k"V fl¼kUrksa dks fyf[k,A (1997, 3 vad)
5. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,% (2000, 10 vad)
(d) lekukUrj dwVuhfr dk D;k vFkZ gS\
([k) xqV&fujis{krk vko'drk gS] er ughaA Li"V dhft;sA
(x) 'kkafr&fuekZ.k vkSj 'kkafr&j{kk ds varj dks Li"V dhft;sA
(?k) fuokj.k D;k gS\
6. Hkkjr viuh vgLr{ksi dh fons'kuhfr dks mHkjrs gq, gLr{ksi ds vfèkdkj ls dSls lek;ksftr djrk gS\
(2000, 10 vad)
7. lkewfgd lqj{kk vkSj lg;ksxh lqj{kk ds varj dks Li"V dhft;sA (2000, 2 vad)
8. ^xqtjky fl¼kar* ls D;k vk'k; gS\ (2002, 2 vad)
9. ¶,u , ,e (fuxqZV vkanksyu) ,dèkqzoh; fo'o esa Hkh izklafxd gSA¸ fVIi.kh dhft;sA (2002, 15 vad)
10. iap'khy le>kSrk ds lacaèk esa fyf[k,A (2004, 2 vad)

238 ifCyds'kal
 iz'u&laxzg
Hkkjr&btjkby lacaèk Notes
Hkkjr
1. us btjkby ds lkFk dc vkSj D;ksa iw.kZ jktuf;d lacaèk LFkkfir fd;s\ (1992, 6 vad)
Hkkjr vkSj btjkby dks fudV ykus esa dkSu&lh gky dh ?kVuk,¡ mÙkjnk;h jgh gSa\ xr ,d o"kZ esa bl
2.
fn'kk esa D;k izxfr gqbZ gS\ foospu dhft;sA (1993, 35 vad)
Hkkjr&btjkby lg;ksx ds lacaèk esa fyf[k,A
3. (2004, 2 vad)
Ñf"k ds {ks=k eas Hkkjr&btjkby lg;ksx ds ckjs esa fyf[k,A
4. (2006, 2 vad)
D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gSa fd btjkby Hkkjr dk ^LokHkkfod fe=k jk"Vª* gS\ (2010, 12 vad)
5.

Hkkjr&bZjku lacaèk
Hkkjr&bZjku
1. lacaèkksa dh vkf[kjh izkoLFkk dk ijh{k.k dhft;sA (2001, 15 vad)
2. Hkkjr&bZjku xSl ikbiykbu ds jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd fufgrkFkks± dks Li"V dhft;sA (2005, 15 vad)
3. bZjku ds fo#¼ ;w-,l- vuq'kkfLr;ksa us bZjku ds lkFk Hkkjr ds f}i{kh; lacaèkksa dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor
fd;k gS\ (2012, 10 vad)

Hkkjr&usiky lacaèk
ifjxr
1. O;kikj (VSªulsV VsªM) ds iz'u ds izfr Hkkjr vkSj usiky dh eukso`fÙk;ksa esa varj fdu ckrksa esa
gS\ ;g iz'u vU;kU; ekeyksa ds dkj.k tfVy dSls cu x;k gS\ (1989, 35 vad)
2. usiky ds yksdra=k&leFkZd vkanksyu dk laf{kIr ifjp; nsrs gq, mldh v|ru fLFkfr crkb,A
(1990, 10 vad)
3. fdl ek;us esa Hkkjr&usiky lg;ksx nksuksa ns'kksa dh jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ds fy;s egÙoiw.kZ gS\
(2003, 2 vad)
4. Hkkjr&usiky lacaèkksa dh nqcZyrkvksa ds ckjs esa mÙkj nhft,A (2004, 2 vad)
5. mu fooknkLin eqíksa ij ppkZ dhft;s] ftUgksaus usiky esa yack lkafoèkkfud vojksèk iSnk dj fn;k gSA
(2012, 25 vad)

Hkkjr&vesfjdk lacaèk
VsDuksykWth
1. varj ds fo"k; esa gky gh esa fd;k x;k Hkkjr&vesfjdh le>kSrk] vkidh jk; esa gekjs fy;s
dgk¡ rd lgk;d gks ldrk gS\ bldh D;k gkfu;k¡ gSa\ (1985, 10 vad)
lqij&301 D;k gS\ Hkkjr bl fo"k; eas fpfrar D;ksa gS\ bl ij Hkkjr dh izfrfØ;k D;k jgh\
2.
(1989, 35 vad)
Hkkjr }kjk gky gh esa NksM+h xbZ ^vfXu* felkby dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk;sa D;k gSa\ ;g dc vkSj dgk¡ ls
3.
NksM+h xbZ\ la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh D;k izfrfØ;k Fkh\ (1992, 6 vad)
xr nks o"kks± esa Hkkjr&vesfjdk ds vkilh lacaèk fdl izdkj lqèkjs gSa\ foospu dhft;sA
5.
(1993, 10 vad)
Hkkjr&vesfjdk lacaèkksa dh orZeku voLFkk dk ijh{k.k dhft;sA bu nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp ds lacaèkksa esa
6.
izeq[k {kksHktud rF; D;k gSa\ (1994, 35 vad)
dkywpd dh ?kVukvksa ds i'pkr~ tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; esa lhek ikj ls vkradokn dh leL;k ij
7.
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk us fdl izdkj vuqfØ;k dh Fkh\ (2002, 15 vad)

ifCyds'kal 243
 iz'u&laxzg
fo'o O;kikj laxBu (MCY;w-Vh-vks-) Notes
1. MCY;w-Vh-vks-
ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ (2002, 2 vad)
2. MCY;w-Vh-vks-
(fo'o O;kikj laxBu) D;k gS\ mlds lexz izdk;Z.k ij Hkkjr dh D;k vkifÙk;ka¡ gSa\
(2004, 10 vad)
3. ckrphr ds ^nksgk nkSj* ls ge D;k le>rs gSa\ (2006, 10 vad)

fofoèk
1. ;wxksLykfo;k ds jkT;kè;{k dk uke crkb;sA (1979, 1 vad)
2. uohu vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds lacaèk esa fyf[k,A (1979, 10 vad)
3. fn;sxks xkflZ;k }hi dgk¡ ij gS\ og fdl ns'k dk gS\ og fdl dke ds fy;s iz;qDr gksrk gS\ lekpkjksa
esa mls egÙo D;ksa feyk\ (1980, 15 vad)
4. LokLF; fodkl ds fy;s ,f'k;kbZ vfèkdkj&i=k ij y?kq fVIi.kh fyf[k,A (1980, 10 vad)
5. usiky esa gky gh esa tuer laxzg D;ksa djk;k x;k\ mldk ifj.kke D;k gqvk\ mlls Hkkjr vkSj usiky
ds chp dk f}i{kh; lacaèk fdl :i esa izHkkfor gksrk gS\ lgsrqd mÙkj nhft,A (1980, 10 vad)
6. fuEukafdr ij laf{kIr fVIif.k;k¡ fyf[k,A vkids mÙkj ds vUrxZr vU; ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk izR;sd ds
uhps nh xbZ ckrsa Hkh vkuh pkfg;sa% (1982, 15 vad)
(a) iQkdySaM ;q¼% }hiksa dh vofLFkfr% la?k"kZjr ns'k% la?k"kZ dh eq[; ckrsa% yM+us okys vkSj mudk
leFkZu djus okys ns'kksa ij ;q¼ dk izHkko% Hkkoh lSU;rU=k ij izHkkoA (20 vad)
(b) Hkkjr }kjk vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (vkbZ-,e-,iQ-) ls ½.k lgk;rk ek¡xus ds dkj.k% eatwj dh xbZ
½.k dh ek=kk% v- eq- dks- (vkbZ-,e-,iQ-) }kjk vc rd Hkqxrku dh xbZ jdesa% v-eq- dks- (vkbZ-
,e-,iQ-) ds lkFk Hkkjr dh ckrphr ds vuqlj.k esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fd;s x, ifj'kksèkkRed
mik;A
7. if'peh 'kfDr;ksa }kjk iztkfroknh izhVksfj;k 'kklu ds fo#¼ vfèkns'kh vkfFkZd 'kkfLr vfèkjksi.k dk
fojksèk djus ds dkj.kksa dks laf{kIr esa fyf[k,A ;s rdZ dgk¡ rd oSèk gSa\ (1986, 20 vad)
8. Vh-,u-oh- ds lkFk gqbZ f=ki{kh; lgefr ij fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gLrk{kj fd;s x,\ mlds izeq[k
fopkj.kh; fo"k; D;k gSa\ (1988, 20 vad)
9. tujy uh fou dks fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vius in dk ifjR;kx djuk iM+k\ mlds rkRdkfyd ifj.kke
D;k gq,\ (1988, 10 vad)
10. fo'o ds lkr lEiUure vkS|ksxhÑr jk"Vksa ds uke crkb,A gky gh esa ;s dc vkSj dgk¡ feys\ bl
cSBd esa fdu&fdu ckrksa ij eksVs rkSj ij lgefr gqbZ\ (1990, 5 vad)
11. E;kaekj esa dkSu&lh egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk ?kVh\ bl ?kVuk dk laHkkO; ifj.kke D;k gks ldrk gS\
(1990, 5 vad)
12. cqYxkfj;k esa fiNys pkj n'kdksa esa igyh ckj xSj&dE;qfuLV usrk dkSu pqus x,\ blds jktuhfrd
ifj.kke D;k gks ldrs gSa\ (1990, 5 vad)
13. ;wxksLyko esa vlarks"k dh mRifÙk D;ksa gqbZ\ blds izfr ;wjksih; leqnk; dh D;k izfrfØ;k jgh\ (yxHkx
75 'kCn) (1991, 10 vad)
14. ^,xj esl* (Eager Mace) D;k gS\ blds mís'; D;k jgs gSa vkSj bldh vkykspuk D;ksa gqbZ gS\
(1992, 15 vad)
15. ,fjVª;k ds fuekZ.k ds fo"k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\ bldh leL;kvksa dk vkdkj D;k gS\ (izR;sd ij
yxHkx 50 'kCn) (1993, 10 vad)

ifCyds'kal 255
 iz'u&laxzg

vkarfjd lqj{kk ,oa lacafèkr eqís Notes

mÙkj&iwohZ
1. jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.k djds ;g crkb, fd bu jkT;ksa dh lkefjd fLFkfr] ogka¡ ij
jgus okys fofHkUu leqnk;ksa vkSj oxks± ds yksxksa dh fgr fpark vkSj vkdka{kkvksa rFkk jk"Vªh; leSD; ds
lokZfèkd egÙo dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,] ogka¡ ij lkekU; fLFkfr ykus ds fy;s dkSu ls dne mBk, tk
jgs gSa vkSj mBk, tk ldrs gSa\ (1980, 65 vad)
2. izknsf'kd lsuk D;k gS\ fdu dkj.kksa ls mldk laxBu fd;k x;k gS\ mlesa 'kkfey gksus ds fy;s dkSu
ik=k gSa\ izknsf'kd lsuk ds lnL;ksa dks D;k izksRlkgu feyrk gS\ (1981, 15 vad)
3. vdkyh ny dh izeq[k ekaxs D;k&D;k gSa ftuds vkèkkj ij mUgksaus vkanksyu 'kq: fd;k gS\ bu ekaxksa
ds izfr Hkkjr ljdkj us dkSu&lk joS;k viuk fy;k gS rFkk os dkSu&dkSu ls ekeys gSa ftudk lekèkku
gksuk vHkh ckdh gS\ budk lekèkku fudkyus esa dkSu&dkSu lh dfBukb;ka¡ eglwl dh tk jgh gSa\
(1983, 25 vad)
4. iatkc leL;k ds leqfpr vkSj U;k;ksfpr lekèkku ds fy;s iatkc ij izLrqr ^'osr i=k* esa D;k&D;k
ekin.M fuèkkZfjr gSa\ blesa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd dsUnz jkT; lacaèkksa ds ckjs esa vdkyh ny ds }kjk
vkuaniqj lkgc ladYi esa lfEefyr izLrko jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dh cqfu;knh Hkkouk ds fo#¼
gSa vkSj blhfy;s vLohdk;Z gSaA bl LFkkiuk dks le>kb,A (1984, 35 vad)
5. vdkyh ny ds lkFk iatkc&le>kSrk djus ls igys Hkkjr ljdkj us D;k mik; fd;s Fks\ izèkkuea=kh
vkSj vdkyh ny ds vè;{k us 24 tqykbZ] 1985 dks ftl le>kSrk&Kkiu ij gLrk{kj fd;s Fks] mlds
eq[; fcanq D;k gSa\ (1985, 35 vad)
6. fetksje le>kSrk ij dc gLrk{kj gq,\ bl le>kSrs ds Kkiu ds izeq[k lw=k D;k Fks\ os eq[; vkèkkj
crkb, ftuds }kjk foi{kh nyksa us fetksje le>kSrs dh vkykspuk dhA (1986, 35 vad)
7. ljdkj ds lkFk xksj[kk jk"Vªh; eqfDr ekspkZ (th-,u-,y-,iQ-) dh lgefr dh izeq[k ckrksa dk fooj.k
nhft,A xksj[kk jk"Vªh; eqfDr ekspkZ dh ewy ekaxksa ls ;g fdu ckrksa esa fHkUu gS\ (1988, 10 vad)
8. xksj[kk jk"Vªh; foeqfDr ekspkZ D;k pkgrk gS\ mudh ekaxs igys dh fetks jk"Vªh; ekspZ dh ekaxksa rFkk
[kkfyLrku dh ekax ls fdl :i esa fHkUu gSa\ (1987, 35 vad)
9. cksMks dkSu gSa\ gky gh esa buesa v'kkafr D;ksa iQSyh\ (1989, 10 vad)
10. bafM;u ,;jykbUl esa ,&320 ok;q;ku ds lapkyu ds lacaèk esa ,;j ek'kZy jknkl dh vè;{krk esa xfBr
rduhdh lfefr dh izeq[k vuq'kalk,a¡ D;k gSa\ (1990, 5 vad)
11. laln lnL;ksa us gky gh esa Hkkjr esa ,d jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk djus ds egÙo ij fdu dkj.kksa
ls tksj Mkyk gS\ (1995, 10 vad)
12. jk"Vªh; lqj{kk lykgdkj cksMZ }kjk fufeZr elkSnk ukfHkdh; fl¼kar dh eq[;&eq[; ckrsa D;k gSa\ bl
lacaèk esa ehfM;k fjiksVks± esa fdu dfe;ksa dh vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k x;k gS\ (1999, 35 vad)
13. us'kuy flD;wfjVh ,Mokbtjh cksMZ (NSAB) ij uksV fy[ksaA (2009, 5 vad)

fofoèk
1. cSaxyksj esa fLFkr pkj izeq[k ifCyd lsDVj ds vkS|ksfxd miØeksa ds uke crkb;sA (1979, 3 vad)
2. fuEufyf[kr ds uke crkb;sµ (1979, 10 vad)
(a) Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;kfèkifr
(b) jkT; ds ;kstuk vk;ksx dk mikè;{k
(c) jkT; lHkk dk lHkkifr
(d) Hkkjr ds psEcj vkWiQ dkWelZ dk vè;{k

ifCyds'kal 263
Hkkx&[k
 iz'u&laxzg

o"kZ 1993 ls 2016 rd flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa iwNs Notes
x, fuca/kks dk o"kZokj ladyu
o"kZ&1993
1. lu~ 2001 ds Hkkjr dh esjh dYiukA
2. mHkjrh gqbZ jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd fo'o O;oLFkkA
3. ¶vkRekuq'kklu djus okyk rFkk Hkkokosx] bPNk o Hk; dks o'k esa j[kus okyk O;fDr jktk ls Hkh cM+k
gksrk gS¸A
4. lEiw.kZ uSfrdrk dk vkèkkj gS % d#.kkA
5. iq#"k rks vliQy gks x,_ vc efgyk,¡ gh ckxMksj FkkesaA
6. forj.k&U;k; ds fcuk] vkfFkZd çxfr vo'; gh fgalk dks tUe nsrh gSA
7. ikfjfLFkfrd fopkj fodkl esa ckèkd gksa] ;g vko';d ughaA
8. oaQI;wVj % ,d ekSu Økafr dk vxznwrA

o"kZ&1994
1. cpiu Hkwy gS] ;kSou la?k"kZ rks cq<+kik i'pkrkiA
2. Hkkjrh; lekt vleatl esaA
3. flfoy deZpkjh ds lEeq[k vkt pqukSfr;k¡A
4. vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj ik'pkR;hdj.k ,d ugha gSaA
5. fujFkZd thou rks vdky e`R;q gSA
6. jktuhfr O;olk; vkSj vfèkdkjhrU=k&,d ?kkrd f=kHkqtA
7. cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe&j{kd ;k vUrèoZldA

o"kZ&1995
1. uSfrdrk foghu jktuhfr vuFkZdkjh gksrh gSA
2. mHkjrh gqbZ ukjh 'kfDr lgh oLrqfLFkfrA
3. tc vFkZ cksyrk gS rc lR; ekSu gks tkrk gSA
4. Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dgk¡ tk jgk gS\
5. Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh iqu% lajpukA
6. fu"dke ckSf¼d ftKklk ;FkkZFk lH;rk dk thou jl gSA
7. ftruk ge vius deks± dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa] mruk gh gekjs deZ gesa fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA

o"kZ&1996
1. lk{kjrk esa vR;Ur rhoz xfr ls o`f¼ gks jgh gS fdUrq mlds vuq:i f'k{kk dk fodkl ugha gks jgkA
2. orZeku dh okLrfodrkvksa ds ifjçs{; esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh iqu%lajpukA

ifCyds'kal 277
iz'u&laxzg
Notes 2. D;k izfrLièkkZ dk c<+rk Lrj ;qokvksa ds fgr esa gS\
3. D;k ekudhÑr ijh{k.k 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk ;k izxfr dk cf<+;k eki gS\
4. 'kCn nks&èkkjh ryokj ls vfèkd rh{.k gksrs gSaA
[k.M&'B'
1. D;k ;g uhfr&xfrghurk Fkh ;k fd fØ;kUo;u xfrghurk Fkh] ftlus gekjs ns'k dh lao`f¼ dks eaFkj
cuk fn;k Fkk\
2. D;k fLVax vkWijs'ku futrk ij ,d izgkj gS\
3. vksyfEid esa ipkl Lo.kZ ind% D;k Hkkjr ds fy;s ;g okLrfodrk gks ldrh gS\
4. i;ZVu% D;k Hkkjr ds fy;s ;g vxyk cM+k izsjd gks ldrk gS\

o"kZ&2015
fuEu [kaM A o B izR;sd ls ,d fo"k; pqudj nks fucaèk fyf[k;s tks izR;sd 1000–1200 'kCnksa
ds gksaA
[k.M&'A'
1. fdlh dks vuqnku nsus ls] mlds dke esa gkFk c¡Vkuk csgrj gSA
2. iQqrhZyk fdUrq larqfyr O;fDr gh nkSM+ esa fot;h gksrk gSA
3. fdlh laLFkk dk pfj=k fp=k.k] mlds usr`Ro esa izfrfcfEcr gksrk gSA
4. ewY;ksa ls oafpr f'k{kk] tSlh vHkh mi;ksxh gS] O;fDr dks vfèkd prqj 'kSrku cukus tSlh yxrh gSA
[k.M&'B'
1. izkS|ksfxdh]
ekuo'kfDr dks foLFkkfir ugha dj ldrhA
2. Hkkjr ds lEeq[k ladV & uSfrd ;k vkfFkZdA
3. os lius tks Hkkjr dks lksus u nsaA
4. D;k iwathokn }kjk lekosf'kr fodkl gks ikuk laHko gS\

o"kZ&2016
fuEu [k.M A o B izR;sd ls ,d fo"k; pqu dj nks fucaèk fyf[k,] tks izR;sd yxHkx
1000&1200 'kCnksa osQ gksA
[k.M&'A'
1. Ïh&iq#"k osQ leku ljksdkjksa dks 'kkfey fd, fcuk fodkl ladVxzLr gS
2. vko';drk yksHk dh tuuh gS rFkk yksHk dk vkfèkD; uLysa cckZn djrk gS
3. la?kh; Hkkjr esa jkT;ksa osQ chp ty&fookn
4. uoizorZu vk£Fkd laof` ¼ vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k dk vifjgk;Z fuèkkZjd gS
[k.M&'B'
1. lgdkjh la?kokn % feFkd vFkok ;FkkFkZ
2. lkbcjLisl vkSj baVjusV % nh?kZ vofèk esa ekuo lH;rk osQ fy, ojnku vFkok vfHk'kki
3. Hkkjr esa yxHkx jkstxkjfoghu laof` ¼ % vk£Fkd lqèkkj dh folaxfr ;k ifj.kke
4. fMftVy vFkZO;oLFkk % ,d lerkdkjh ;k vk£Fkd vlerk dk Ïksr

282 ifCyds'kal
 iz'u&laxzg

fiNys o"kks± dh ijh{kkvksa esa Notes

iwNs x, fucaèkksa dk fo"k;okj oxhZdj.k

fyax@ukjh lacaèkh fo"k;

1 995 mHkjrh gqbZ ukjh 'kfDr% lgh oLrqfLFkfrA
1 997 dsoy vfèkdrj jktuhfrd vfèkdkj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lqèkkj ugha yk ldrkA
1998 ukjh bZ'oj dh loZJs"B Ñfr gSA
1999 efgyk 'kfDrlEiUuhdj.k % pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj lEHkkouk,¡A
2001 dsoy 'kfDr vkSj vfèkdkj gh vkSjrksa dh enn ugha dj ldrsA
2004 efgyk eqfDr fdl vksj\
2005 ;fn efgyk,¡ lalkj ij 'kklu djrha!
2006 efgyk vkj{k.k foèks;d Hkkjr esa efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dks izos'k djk,xkA
2012 dkedkt vkSj ?kj dh laHkkyµ D;k Hkkjrh; dkedkth efgyk ,d U;k;ksfpr cjrko izkIr dj jgh gS\
2 016 Ïh&iq#"k osQ leku ljksdkjksa dks 'kkfey fd, fcuk fodkl ladVxzLr gS

vFkZO;oLFkk o lkekftd&vk£Fkd U;k; ls tqM+s fo"k;

1994 cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe µ j{kd ;k èoaldA
1999 vkj{k.k] jktuhfr ,oa 'kfDrlEiUuhdj.kA
2005 U;k; dks xjhc rd igq¡puk gh pkfg;sA
2006 oS'ohdj.k Hkkjr esa y?kq m|ksxksa dks lekIr dj nsxkA
2007 Hkkjr esas ch-ih-vks- rs”khA
2008 fo'ks"k vk£Fkd {ks=k (”kksu) % ojnku ;k vfHk'kkiA
2009 D;k gekjs ijaijkxr gLrf'kYiksa dh fu;fr esa eaFkj e`R;q fy[kh gS\
2009 ¶LokLF; ns[kHkky dk iQksdl gekjs lekt ds le`¼ksa ds i{k dh vksj vfèkdkfèkd fo"ke curk tk jgk gSA¸
2010 D;k ns'k ds tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa lHkh uwru [kuuksa ij vfèkLFkxu ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg;s\
2012 D;k vkykspuk fd fodkl ds fy;s yksd&futh lk>snkjh (ih-ih-ih-) dk ekWMy Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa
ojnku ls vfèkd 'kki gS] vkSfpR;iw.kZ gS\
2013 ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) ds lkFk&lkFk ?kjsyw [kq'kgkyh (GDH) ns'k dh lEiUurk ds ewY;kadu ds
lgh lwpdkad gksaxsA
2014 D;k ;g uhfr&xfrghurk Fkh ;k fd fØ;kUo;u&xfrghurk Fkh] ftlus gekjs ns'k dh laof` ¼ dks eaFkj
cuk fn;k Fkk\
2014 i;ZVu % D;k Hkkjr ds fy;s ;g vxyk cM+k izsjd gks ldrk gS\
2015 fdlh dks vuqnku nsus ls] mlds dke esa gkFk c¡Vkuk csgrj gSA
2015 D;k iwathokn }kjk lekos'kh fodkl gks ikuk laHko gS\
2 016 uoizorZu vk£Fkd laof` ¼ vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k dk vifjgk;Z fuèkkZjd gS
2 016 Hkkjr esa yxHkx jkstxkjfoghu laof` ¼ % vk£Fkd lqèkkj dh folaxfr ;k ifj.kke
2016 fMftVy vFkZO;oLFkk % ,d lerkdkjh ;k vk£Fkd vlerk dk Ïksr

ifCyds'kal 283