Formulae for A‑level Mathematics

AS Mathematics (7356)
A‑level Mathematics (7357)

v1.2 First issued August 2017

For the new specifications for first teaching from September 2017.

This booklet of formulae is required for all AS and A‑level Mathematics exams.
There is a larger booklet of formulae and statistical tables for all AS and A‑level Further
Mathematics exams.

Page Bros/E7 MFB8

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Contents
Page

Pure mathematics 4

Mechanics 6

Probability and statistics 6

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Pure mathematics
Binomial series
 n  n  n
(a + b) n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2b2 + … +   a n − r b r + … + b n (n ∈ )
 1  2  r
 n n!
where   = n Cr =
 r r!(n − r )!
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1) … (n − r + 1) r
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x +…+ x + … ( x < 1, n ∈ )
1.2 1.2… r

Arithmetic series
1 1
Sn =  n (a + l) =  n [2a + (n − 1)d]
2 2

Geometric series

a (1 − r n )
Sn = 
1− r
a
S∞ =  for | r | < 1
1− r

Trigonometry: small angles

For small angle θ, measured in radians:
sin θ ≈ θ
θ2
cos θ ≈ 1 −
2
tan θ ≈ θ

Trigonometric identities
sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B   sin A sin B
tan A ± tan B 1
tan (A ± B) =    (A ± B ≠ (k + )π)
1  tan A tan B 2
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Differentiation
f(x) f ′(x)
tan x sec2 x
cosec x −cosec x cot x
sec x sec 
x tan x
cot x −cosec2 x
f ( x) f ( x) g( x) − f ( x) g( x)
g( x) (g( x))2

Differentiation from first principles

f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
h→0 h

Integration
dv du
∫ u dx ∫
dx = uv −   v dx
dx
f ( x)
∫  f ( x)
d x = ln | f ( x) | + c

f(x) ∫ f(x) dx
tan x ln | sec x | + c
cot x ln | sin x | + c

Numerical solution of equations

f ( xn )
The Newton-Raphson iteration for solving f (x) = 0: xn+1 = xn −
f ( xn )

Numerical integration
b 1 b−a
The trapezium rule: ∫a y dx ≈ 2
h{(y0 + yn) + 2(y1 + y2 + … + yn−1)}, where h =
n
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Mechanics
Constant acceleration

s = ut + 1 at 2 s = ut + 1 at 2
2 2

s = vt − 1 at 2 s = vt − 1 at 2
2 2

v = u + at v = u + at

s = 1 (u + v)t s = 1 (u + v)t

2 2

v 2 = u2 + 2as

Probability and statistics

Probability
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B | A)

Standard deviation

Σ( x − x)2 Σ x2
= − x2
n n

Discrete distributions

Distribution of X P(X = x) Mean Variance

 n x n − x
Binomial B(n, p)  x p  (1 − p) np np(1 − p)

Sampling distributions
For a random sample of n observations from N( μ, σ 2):

X −μ
~ N(0, 1)
σ
n

End of formulae
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