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Presion de Fractura Anaco 3 PDF
Presion de Fractura Anaco 3 PDF
Pressure (ISIP)=initial
pressure decline after
hole
Fracture Re-opening
Pressure (Pr)=re-opening
ping
Formation
of fractures therefore no the intersection of two tangents to the pressure versus mud
Pum
Bleed off
Leak off Re-open during the XLOT has affected casing-shoe integrity. In
general, casing-shoe integrity is maintained if appropriate
drilling fluid (mud) has been used (Morita et al., 1997).
Start Start Start
pumping pumping pumping
Calculation of minimum principal stress by using LOT–
Time
XLOT data depends on the assumption that a new fracture is
Figure 4. Suggested procedures for conducting XLOT to determine
the magnitude of the minimum principal stress. created in a plane perpendicular to the minimum principal
stress by the pumping pressure and that pre-existing
second and third test cycles are unnecessary����������������
,���������������
as a reliable fracture(s), weakness(s), anisotropy, and heterogeneity of
measure of the minimum principal stress will not be the formation have no significant influences. Therefore,
possible. knowing with certainty the attitude of the new fracture
produced is very helpful to determine direction of the
(2) In the second injection cycle, pumping continues for at minimum principal stress. For this purpose, Fullbore
least 1 min beyond formation breakdown, and the well is then Formation Microimager (FMI) and/or Ultrasonic Borehole
shut-in. If formation breakdown is not achieved but pressure Image (UBI) logs or impression packer before and after the
decreases during pumping (indicating fracture propagation, test can be conducted to acquire borehole images in cases of
perhaps from a pre-existing fracture), then pumping should hydraulic fracturing which is conducted not at the borehole
continue until the volume of fluid injected reaches at least bottom (casing shoe). However, it should be difficult in case
several barrels (e.g., 3 bbl, or about 450 �������������������
L������������������
) and the well is of an XLOT before the test because its test interval is too
shut in. short to allow installing of FMI- or UBI-type logs. Additionally,
in many cases the resolutions of FMI or UBI images are too
(3) The well then remains shut-in while pressure is moni-
low to see a hydraulic fracture. Also, given the low
tored for at least 10 min or until the pressure ceases to decay.
probability of success, it is hard to justify the expense and rig
The well is then bled off.
time for running a log to image a 1–3 m section of borehole.
(4) To evaluate the pressure versus volume curve during
bleed-off, flow-back volume is monitored with a flow meter. The minimum principal stress determinate by an XLOT
The curve shown in Fig. 5 is an idealized relation between is equivalent to minimum principal horizontal stress in
pumping pressure and volume, and������������������������
it���������������������
indicates the total normal and strike-slip faulting environments; and hydraulic
amount of fluid lost into the formation (or through other fracture is induced in a vertical plane. In contrast,
���������������������
in ��������
reverse
system leaks) during the test. Raane et al. ������������
(2006) �����
also faulting environments the minimum principal stress is
mentioned that pump-in/flow-back test appears to give a equivalent to vertical stress; the fracture is formed in a
robust estimate of the minimum principal stress. horizontal plane. In general, it is difficult to identify if the
minimum principal stress is vertical or horizontal stress
(5) The third cycle repeats steps 2–4 and allows without knowing attitude of hydraulic fracture induced. Only
comparison of the pressure parameters obtained during the in cases where�������������������������������������������
������������������������������������������������
the minimum principal stress from an XLOT
second cycle. is significantly lower in magnitude than the calculated
vertical stress, can
�������������������������������������������
the
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minimum principal stress be identi-
(6) Comparison of the pressure decline curves of the third
fied as the minimum
and second cycles provides information about the state of the
horizontal stress.
borehole. For example, if the pressure decline after shut-in Break down Shut-in
during the third cycle is comparable to that observed in Leak off
A drawback of the
earlier cycles, then the cement bond has not been damaged��,�
XLOT procedure that
Pressure
and with the test interval permeability has not been Bleed off
we have recommended
significantly affected.
is that it cannot be
(7) If required, a fourth cycle of pumping can be used to determine the
undertaken to investigate borehole integrity, including the magnitude of maxi-
extent of formation permeability during the test. In this case, mum principal stress,
the casing shoe is again pressurized to the maximum pres- Flow-back volume which is also difficult
sure of the first cycle. The well is then shut������������������
�����������������
in���������������
,��������������
and the pres- to determine using the
sure and fluid volume monitored. Comparison of the pres- Volume standard hydraulic
sure build-up rate (pressure versus volume) during injection Figure 5. Relationship bet ween fracturing test (Ito et
pumping pressure and injected volume al., 2007).
and the pressure decline after shut-in during this cycle with
corresponding to the 2nd cycle in Fig. 4.