TM3202

TEKNIK PEMBORAN II
TUGAS WELL CONTROL

NAMA / NIM : Babas Samudera Hafwandi (22219907)

DOSEN : Dr.-Ing. Bonar Tua Halomoan Marbun

ASISTEN : 1. Andrew Vincent Soelaiman (12216038)

2. Ajie Pangestu (12216075)
3. One Salwa Dinar Kandi (12216089)
4. Erick Wicaksono Ramas (12216097)

TANGGAL PENYERAHAN: 23 April 2020

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN DAN PERMINYAKAN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2020
1. Leak-off test (LOT) is conducted by pumping into the shut-in well until mud is lost to the
formation. It is noted by a non-linear relationship between volume pumped and pressure
increase.

Leak-off test is used to determine the pressure at which the rock in the openhole section of
the well just starts to break down (or “leak off”). In this type of test the operation is
terminated when the pressure no longer continues to increase linearly as the mud is pumped
into the well (See Figure below).

P-V behaviour during a leak off test

In practice, the pressure and volume pumped is plotted in real time, as the fluid is pumped
into the well. When it is seen that the pressure no longer increases linearly with an increase
in volume pumped (Point C), it is assumed that the formation is starting to breakdown.
When this happens a second, smaller amount of mud (generally ¼ bbl) is pumped into the
well just to check that the deviation from the line is not simply an error (Point D).

Leak-off Test Procedures :

Before starting, gauges should be checked for accuracy. The upper pressure limit should
be determined.
1. The casing should be tested prior to drilling out the shoe
2. Drill out the shoe and cement, exposing 5-10 ft of new formation
3. Circulate and condition the mud, check mud density in and out
4. Pull the bit inside the casing, line up cement pump and flush all lines to be used for test
5. Close BOP’s
6. With the well closed in, the cement pump is used to pump a small volume at a time into
well typically a quarter or half barrel per minute. Monitor the pressure build up and
accurately record the volume of mud pumped. Plot pressure versus volume of mud
pumped.
7. Stop the pump when any deviation from linearly is noticed between pump pressure and
volume pumped
8. Bleed off the pressure and establish the amounts of mud, if any, lost to the formation

Examples of Leak-off Test Plot Interpretation

In Non-consolidated or highly permeable formations fluid can be lost at very low pressures.
In this case the pressure will fall once the pump has been stopped and a plot such as that
shown in figure a will be obtained. Figure b and c show typical plots for consolidated
permeable and consolidated impermeable formations respectively.

Idealised Leak-Off Test Curves

 Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure (MAASP) is the maximum closed in
(not circulating) pressure that can be applied to the annulus (drillpipe x BOP) at surface
before the formation just below the casing shoe will start to fracture (leak off). and MAASP
was used to determine the strength of the formations below the casing shoe.

The Formation Breakdown Pressure = an applied surface pressure + hydrostatic pressure

of mud in the casing.

The applied surface pressure at which leak-off occurred is the maximum allowable annular
surface pressure with the mud weight in use at that time. MAASP is the maximum surface
pressure that can be tolerated before the formation at the shoe fractures.

The MAASP can be determined from the following equation:

MAASP = Maximum Allowable pressure at the formation just below the shoe minus the
Hydrostatic Pressure of mud at the formation just below the shoe.

2. Formation Integrity Test (FIT) is conducted by pumping until a predetermined imposed

(pump) pressure is obtained, without any loss of mud into the formation.

Formation Integrity Test is the method to test strength of formation and shoe by increasing
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) to designed pressure. FIT is normally conducted to ensure
that formation below a casing shoe will not be broken while drilling the next section with
higher BHP or circulating gas influx in a well control situation. Normally, drilling
engineers will design how much formation integrity test pressure required for each hole
section. There is no intention to break the formation with FIT. You will do FIT to ensure
that you will be able to drill to section target depth and will be able to control the well in
case of well control situation without underground blow out. The main reasons for
performing a formation integrity test are to:
• Investigate the strength of the cement bond around the casing shoe and to ensure that
no communication is established with higher formations.
• Determine the fracture gradient around the casing shoe and therefore establish the
upper limit of the primary well control for the open hole section below the current
casing.
• Investigate well bore capability to withstand pressure below the casing shoe in order
to validate or invalidate the well engineering plan regarding the casing shoe setting
depth.
FITs also serve several other purposes, including:
• Knowing optimum mud weight and equivalent mud weights for drilling the next
section
 • Minimizing risk of loss circulation in drilling trouble zones
• Deepening the next casing set point, perhaps eliminating a casing string
• Determining whether planned casing running speeds will destabilize the wellbore •
Acquiring actual (e.g., not predicted) data inputs for cementing simulating models
• Reducing the risk of inducing a fracture during cementing operations.

The formula below demonstrates you how to calculate required FIT pressure.

Pressure required for FIT (psi) = (Required FIT in ppg – Current Mud Weight in ppg) x
0.052 x True Vertical Depth of shoe in ft

3. Primary well control is maintained by ensuring that the pressure due to the colom of mud
in the borehole is greater than the pressure in the formations being drilled i.e. maintaining
a positive differential pressure or overbalance on the formation pressures.

Primary Control – Pressure due to mud column exceeds Pore Pressure

Secondary well control is required when primary control has failed (e.g. an unexpectedly
high pressure formation has been entered) and formation fluids are flowing into the
wellbore. The aim of secondary control is to stop the flow of fluids into the wellbore and
eventually allow the influx to be circulated to surface and safely discharged, while
preventing further influx downhole.

Procedure for secondary well control:

• First step is to close the annulus space off at surface, with the BOP valves, to
prevent further influx of formation fluids (Figure 2).
 Secondary Control – Influx Controlled by Closing BOP's

• The next step is to circulate heavy mud down the drillstring and up the annulus, to
displace the influx and replace the original mud (which allowed the influx in the
first place).

REFERENCE

University, Heriot Watt. 2017. “Drilling Engineering”. Vol. I. New York: Create Space
Independent Publishing Platform.

Hughes, Baker. 1995. “Drilling Engineering Workbook”. USA: Baker Hughes INTEQ.

Lapeyrouse, N.J., 2002. Formulas and calculations for drilling, production and workover, Boston:
Gulf Professional publishing.

Bourgoyne, A.J.T., Chenevert, M.E. & Millheim, K.K., 1986. SPE Textbook Series, Volume 2:
Applied Drilling Engineering, Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Mitchell, R.F., Miska, S. & Aadny, B.S., 2011. Fundamentals of drilling engineering, Richardson,
TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Abeerdeen Drilling Schools.,2002. Well Control Training Manual