Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NOVEMBER 2005
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I whole heartedly thank all the academic and non-academic staff of the School
of Post Graduate Studies and the Civil Engineering Post Graduate Office of
University Teknologi Malaysia.
I am very grateful to all the respondents who participated in this study and
help me realize this master project, for it would not have been possible without all of
your contribution.
I also wish to thank Jasin Construction Development Sdn. Bhd. for allowing
me to conduct my study in one of their project without which I would not be able to
complete this study.
Last but not least I wish to thank my dear wife, Ho Chee Peng, and my
obedient and understanding daughters, Christine, Stephanie, Odelia and Gene who
unfailingly offered comfort and love throughout my studies.
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ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of study 4
1.3 Statements of problem 7
1.4 Objective of study 8
1.5 Scope of study 9
1.6 Significant of research 9
METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
CHAPTER V
5.1 General 60
5.2 Methodology Approach 61
5.2.1 Literature Review 61
5.2.2 Identifying problem statement 62
5.2.3 Survey Questionnaire 62
5.2.4 Time and Motion Recording Sessions 63
5.2.5 Interviews 63
5.2.6 Compilation of Findings, Analyses and 63
Conclusion
5.3 Methodology Work Flow and Time Frame 65
REFERENCES 100
APPENDICES 103
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LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDICES
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The earthwork starts with the demarcation of the site boundary and
preparation for the materials to be moved. Site clearing consist of clearing,
grubbing and stripping topsoil in the area designated in the drawings. Clearing
consist of cutting and/or taking down, removal and disposal of everything above
ground level. Grubbing consist of the removal and disposal of surface
vegetation, the bases of stumps, roots, the underground parts of structures, and
other obstructions to a depth of at least 0.5 metre below ground level.
Filling, consist of the excavation of suitable materials from high areas and
other approved sources is used for filling up of designated low areas to the
required levels in accordance with the drawings for formations of roads, open
spaces and building platforms. Filling can only be carried out after the original
ground has been cleared and any trees or organic materials removed. All materials
used in embankments and as fill is then compacted as soon as practicable after
being placed and spread.
Surface finish for the formations of roads and building platforms shall be
finished fair, free of potholes, gullies and depressions where water may
accumulate. The surface of slopes shall be trimmed to an even profile.
average values of arrival rate of trucks at the loader and loading rate by the
excavator. Experience, however, indicates that this procedure does not give
accurate results, and the performance as estimated is usually on the higher side.
The reason is that the arrival and the loading of the trucks at the excavator are
random phenomena which cannot be approximated by working with average
values.
groups (Automation in Construction 12 (2003) 1-13, Kim and Jeffrey), which are
closely correlated with each other:
Work characteristics
Job-site conditions
Weather
Soil types and conditions
Haul road and gradients.
Equipment characteristics
Management
There are several affecting factors associated with the job site conditions
which include weather, soil conditions, and road conditions. As for Malaysian
weathers which is unpredictable greatly affects the duration of the earthwork
operations. In general, bad weather decreases the efficiency of construction
equipment. Various types of soil create different levels of difficulty in stripping
and excavating soil, and are related to the rolling resistance that affects both
production rate and the financial investment of an earthwork contractor. The haul
road and gradient is related with the effectiveness of haul and return trip of
construction equipment.
soil to the fill area, there will be space interference that will result in the decrease
of productivity. To avoid this problem, the combination and number of
equipments to be used for interference free sequence of work tasks should be
planned in advance. Depending on the work environment and hauling distance, a
variable amount of construction equipment should be assigned to each equipment
fleet rather than a fixed amount throughout the earthwork operation process.
This study is to analyze and identify the different constrain that affect the daily
work output production rate and cost by earthwork contractors specialized in bulk
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excavation and filling platform for housing development in Malaysia. In this study
we shall only consider excavators and dump trucks.
The objectives of the study are:
This study focuses on the bulk earthwork excavation for private housing
development projects which has either been completed or currently in progress.
One of the project sites will be selected to conduct a time and motion study to
study the excavator and truck cycle time. The targeted participants would
comprise of contractors involved in earthwork for private housing development
projects in the state of Johore, Selangor and Negri Sembilan.
REFERENCE
1. Jagman Singh, Art of Earthmoving (1980), Second Edition, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. (New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta).
3. Dr. Mahesh Varma (1981), Construction Equipment And Its Planning And
Application, Third Edition, Metropolitan Book Co. (P) LTD. 1, Netaji
Subhash Marg, New Delhi – 110002 India.
15. Jonathan JingSheng Shi (2002), ‘Three Methods For Verifying And
Validating The Simulation Of A Construction Operation’. Construction
Management and Economics, 20, 483-491.
17. Chau Kwong Wing (1997), ‘Monte Carlo Simulation of Construction Costs
Using Subjective Data: Response’. Construction Management and
Economics, 15, 109-115.
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19. Leslie Black, 11th Edition, Builder’s Reference Book, Northwood Books,
London EC1V7QA.
21. Bell, J. (1997). Doing Your Research Project. 2nd ed. Great Britain: Open
University Press.
22. Mc Niff, J. (1988). Action Research: Principle and Practice. Hong Kong:
Mc Millan Education Ltd.