EKC 493 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III

School of Chemical Engineering

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

OPEN ENDED LAB REPORT

GROUP 15
MUGELEN A/L RANGASAMY 133641
MYRA SHAHIRA LAU BINTI MUHAMMAD ASRAF 133651
NAJIHAH BINTI ROSLAN 133654
TING SING KIONG 133689

UO1: PLUG FLOW REACTOR (OEL)

SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR DR. AHMAD ZUHAIRI ABDULLAH

List of Tables
Table 1Rate Constant at 313.15K ............................................................................................ 14
Table 2 Rate constant at Different Temperature ...................................................................... 16
Table 3 Kinetic Data of Ethyl Acetate Saponification by Sodium Hydroxide. ....................... 17
List of Figures
Figure 1 Plug Flow Reactor in Industry ..................................................................................... 3
Figure 2 Zero Order of Reaction Linear Model ....................................................................... 11
Figure 3 First Order of Reaction Linear Model ....................................................................... 12
Figure 4 Second Order of Reaction Linear Model................................................................... 12
Figure 5 Conversion against Flow Rate ................................................................................... 13
Figure 6[1/(M-1)]ln[(M-X)/M(1-X)] vs  at Different Concentration .................................... 14
Figure 7Conversion against Flow Rate at Different Temperature ........................................... 15
Figure 8 [1/(M-1)]ln[(M-X)/M(1-X)] vs  at Different Temperature ...................................... 16
Figure 9 ln(k) vs 1/T ................................................................................................................ 17
Table of Content
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 General Introduction for Plug Flow Reactor ................................................................... 2

1.2 Industry Application ........................................................................................................ 2

1.3 Theory .............................................................................................................................. 4

1.3.1 Method to evaluate the order of the saponification reaction..................................... 5

1.3.2 Method to evaluate the rate constant of the saponification reaction ......................... 6

1.3.3 Method to determine the activation energy and pre-exponential factor ................... 7

1.4 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 8

1.5 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 8

2.0 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 9

2.1 General Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Experiment A: Determination of reaction order .............................................................. 9

2.3 Experiment B: Determination of rate constant .............................................................. 10

2.4 Experiment C: Determination of the activation energy and pre-exponential factor ...... 10

3.0 Result and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 11

3.1 Experiment A ................................................................................................................. 11

3.2 Experiment B ................................................................................................................. 13

3.3 Experiment C ................................................................................................................. 15

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 18

5.0 Reference ........................................................................................................................... 19

Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 21
Abstract
This experiment presents the study of the saponification reaction between sodium hydroxide
and ethyl acetate in plug flow reactor (PFR). Plug flow is cylindrical geometry that used in
designing chemical reactions in continuous flowing systems. As PFR is simple to operate and
able for continuous production with unvarying product quality, it is widely applied in industry.
The objective of this experiment is to determine the order of reaction, rate constant, activation
energy and pre-exponential factor of this saponification reaction. To obtain the order of
reaction, the saponification was conducted in a batch system with a room temperature of 30°C.
To obtain the rate constant of this reaction, the flow rate is varied throughout the experiment
1 M−X
in order to get enough information to plot graph of τ against M−1 ln M(1−X). In order to obtain

activation energy and pre-exponential factor, temperature and flowrate is varied throughout the
experiment in order to obtain the rate constant at different temperature. Thus, activation energy
and pre-exponential factor can be obtained by plot graph of graph of ln k against 1/T. Back
titration is used as analytical method for this experiment. Through experiment A, it is observed
that the saponification reaction is second order due to the data that obtained is satisfactorily fit
to the equation of 2nd order reaction linear model with highest R2 value (0.9008). Through
experiment B, the rate constant at 40C is 0.0107 L/mol.s. Through experiment C, the
activation energy and pre-exponential factor that obtained is 53.57 kJ/mol and 4.03 ×107
L/mol.s respectively. Thus, the Arrhenius equations obtained from this experiment is k (L/mol
−6586.3
7
s) = 4.03 × 10 𝑒 𝑇(𝑘) .

1
1.0 Introduction
1.1 General Introduction for Plug Flow Reactor
Plug flow reactor (PFR) or tubular reactor is a cylindrical geometry that used in
designing chemical reactions in continuous flowing systems. It is an ideal tubular reactor where
the fluid flow with laminar behaviour in the pipe at steady state condition without accumulation.
The dimensions of the reactor can be speculated through PFR by predicting the behaviour of
tubular chemical reactors. In the reactor, the reactant temperature is maintained at desired value
by accumulating water through the tank.

The main advantages of PFR are they have high volumetric conversion, they are
mechanically simple and able to operate for a long time without maintenance. Besides that,
they are good for large capacity usage and have very low pressure drop.[1] PFR also able to
approximate a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in operation through a recycle loop when
the concentration change is decreased due to a smaller fraction of the flow determined by the
feed.[2] However, the drawbacks of PFR are reactor temperature is hard to control which may
result in getting undesirable temperature gradients. Plus, the maintenance of PFR is
immoderate compared to CSTR maintenance.[2]

In PFR, the reactants are supplied to inlet of reactors and continuously pass through the
tube of reactor. In the tubing, the reactants convert progressively along the length of reactor
and is then consumed to form the product. The product is excreted at the end of the tubing in
the reactor. Since there is no radial variation in concentration, the rate of reaction, which is
function of concentration for all but zero-order reactions will vary axially.[3] As PFR is simple
to operate and able for continuous production with unvarying product quality, it is widely
applied in industry.

1.2 Industry Application

Chemical reactor is a prominent component in a chemical industry where to carry out either
endothermic or exothermic reactions. PFR is known as continuous tubular reactor which is an
important equipment in chemical industries. Plug flow reactors consists of a hollow pipes or
tubes which help the reactants to flow the reactor. One of the characteristics of an ideal plug
flow reactor is, it has perfect mixing in the radial dimension and there will be no mixing in the
axial direction. This type of reactors usually used in large-scaled in industries for the processes
which requires good heat and mass transfer.

2
One of the important industrial applications for PFR is to measure biodegradable dissolve
carbon (BDOC) in seawater. Molecular composition, chemical composition and the enzymatic
activity of bacteria are the factors of biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon. Plug flow
reactor is used as a component to assess the ambient concentration of BDOC available for
biological decomposition in marine ecosystems as previously found for lake waters[4]. One of
the major advantages of this process is it can be performed continuously in about 3-4 hours
instead of 20-30 days in batch mode[4]

Moreover, in the production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) a multi-zone plug flow reactor is
used by thermal hydrocracking. The operating temperature of this process is around 800 to
1200 °F and the operating pressure is around 200 psig. In this process, to achieve higher
conversion plug flow reactor is better than back-mixed reactor. Moreover, this plug floe reactor
is designed for thermal hydrocracking of the propane and heavier hydrocarbons. Required
hydrogen and vaporized hydrocarbon feed which cryogenically separated to provide recycle
hydrogen, which is the gas for hydrogen generation and the SNG product.[5]

Apart from that, for the treatment of groundwater and soils polluted with organic compounds.
However, there are some difficulties to dissect many microbial processes occurring in wetlands.
Therefore, with the use of plug flow reactors a micro-gradient-free flow is generated and an
efficient removal of organic carbon occurs. Moreover, plug flow reactors helps to study the
effect of different redox cycles on the contaminant removal from waste and ground-water.[6]

Tubular reactors are used as bioreactors for the production of algae. In this process, the algae
usually compressed and dried and can be used as feed for a biodiesel reactor. Tubular reactors
are one of the most common design available in industries. These reactors are usually
constructed with either glass or plastic tube as shown in diagram below[7].

Figure 1 Plug Flow Reactor in Industry

3
1.3 Theory
Material Balance for PFR is shown as below:

𝐼𝑁 − 𝑂𝑈𝑇 + 𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 = 𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑈𝑀𝑈𝐿𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁

𝑑𝑁𝐴
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴 + ∫ 𝑟𝐴 𝑑𝑉 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑁𝐴
At steady state, = 0 , thus equation can be rearranged as below:
𝑑𝑡

𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴 = − ∫ 𝑟𝐴 𝑑𝑉

𝑣𝑜 (𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 ) = − ∫ 𝑟𝐴 𝑑𝑉

Design equation for PFR is obtained as below:

𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑟𝐴
𝑑𝑉

Expressing concentration in term of conversion,

𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 (1 − 𝑋𝐴 )
Therefore, the design equation can be in following form:
𝑑𝐶𝐴𝑂 (1 − 𝑋)
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑟𝐴
𝑑𝑉
𝑑(𝑋)
𝑣𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑂 = −𝑟𝐴
𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑋𝐴𝑓
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑋𝐴
∫ =∫
𝑣𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑂 −𝑟𝐴
0 0
𝑋𝐴𝑓
𝑉 𝑑𝑋𝐴
=∫
𝑣𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑂 −𝑟𝐴
0

4
1.3.1 Method to evaluate the order of the saponification reaction
General equation below is used to determine the order of reaction, integration method is
common method that used to determine the order of reaction

𝑑𝐶𝐴
= 𝑟𝐴
𝑑𝑡

For the reaction is in zero order, rA= -k

𝑑𝐶𝐴
= −𝑘
𝑑𝑡

Integrating CA=CAO, at t=0,

𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝑘𝑡

If the reaction is zero order, straight line will be obtained by plotting graph of CA against t.

For the reaction is in first order, rA= -kCA

𝑑𝐶𝐴
= −𝑘𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡

Integrating CA=CAO, at t=0,

𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑘𝑡
𝐶𝐴

𝐶𝐴𝑂
If the reaction is first order, straight line will be obtained by plotting graph of 𝑙𝑛 against t.
𝐶𝐴

For the reaction is in second order reaction, rA= -kCA2

𝑑𝐶𝐴
= −𝑘𝐶𝐴 2
𝑑𝑡

Integrating CA=CAO, at t=0,

1 1
= 𝑘𝑡 +
𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴𝑂

1
If the reaction is first order, straight line will be obtained by plotting graph of 𝐶 against t.
𝐴

5
1.3.2 Method to evaluate the rate constant of the saponification reaction
It is a second order reaction with rate law: -rA = kCACB, since it is liquid hence, v=vo

𝐹𝐴 𝐹𝐴𝑂
𝐶𝐴 = = (1 − 𝑋) = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 (1 − 𝑋)
𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑜

𝑏
𝐹𝐵 𝐹𝐴𝑂 (𝑀 − 𝑎 𝑋) 𝑏
𝐶𝐵 = = = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 (𝑀 − 𝑋)
𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑎

While
𝐶𝐵𝑂 𝑏
𝑀= , =1
𝐶𝐴𝑂 𝑎
Therefore,

𝑟𝐴 = −𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑂 2 (1 − 𝑋)(𝑀 − 𝑋)

𝑋𝐴𝑓
𝑉 𝑑𝑋𝐴
=∫ 2
𝑣𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑂 𝑘𝐶𝐴0 (1 − 𝑋𝐴 )(𝑀 − 𝑋𝐴 )
0

After integrating,

1 M−X
τkCAO = ln
M − 1 M(1 − X)

𝑉
τ=
𝑣𝑜

1 M−X
Thus, to obtain the rate constant, graph of τ against M−1 ln M(1−X) will be plotted.

6
1.3.3 Method to determine the activation energy and pre-exponential factor
The Arrhenius equation can be used to analyze the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical
reaction for determine the minimum energy or activation energy needed.

𝐸𝑎
𝑘 = 𝐴 exp (− )
𝑅𝑇
Where: 𝑘: Rate constant (min-1)
𝐴: Pre-exponential factor (min-1, for first order rate law)
𝐸𝑎 : Activation energy (J/mol)
𝑅: Gas constant (8.314 J/(mol.K))
𝑇: Reactor temperature (K)

Linearization of Arrhenius equation:

𝐸𝑎 1
ln 𝑘 = − ( ) + ln 𝐴
𝑅 𝑇
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

1 𝐸𝑎
𝑦 = ln 𝑘 𝑥= 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑚 = − 𝑐 = ln 𝐴
𝑇 𝑅

Thus, to obtain the pre-exponential factor and activation energy, graph of ln k against 1/T will
be plotted.

7
1.4 Problem Statement
The production process of sodium acetate is based on the saponification reaction between ethyl
acetate and sodium hydroxide in a plug flow reactor system as shown below.

CH3 COOC2 H5 + NaOH → CH3 COONa + C2 H5 OH

1. The rate expression for the pilot-scale plug flow reactor needs to be established for this
process and for this purpose, a set of data at steady state should be collected using the
pilot reactor under different reactants’ concentration and flow rates. In this experiment,
the concentration ratio between the two reactants can be varied with NaOH as the
excess reactant. Plan an experiment to achieve this objective.
2. For scale up purposes, the dependence of the reaction rate to the reaction temperature
also needs to be demonstrated by establishing the specific Arrhenius equation of the
reaction. Plan an experiment to achieve this objective.

1.5 Objective
The objectives of this experiment are as below:

a) To determine the order of the saponification reaction.

b) To evaluate the rate constant of the saponification reaction from the experiment which
operate at different flowrate.

c) To determine the activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the reaction from the rate
constant obtained at different temperatures.

8
2.0 Methodology
2.1 General Procedures:

Firstly, the ethyl acetate and the NaOH was simultaneously started pumping. The pump
was adjusted to give a minimum flow rate (flow meter reading: 10). At least 10 minutes waited
before the sample started to collect. Secondly, 10 ml of the 0.25 M HCl was measured in a
flask in the meantime. Thirdly, a 100 ml of sample was collected when reaction time reaches
10 minutes by opening the sampling valve and immediately added to the 30 ml of 0.25 M HCl
prepared in step 3 and mixed. The reaction between ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide was
quenched by the HCl. Fourthly, the mixture with 0.15 M NaOH was titrated to evaluate the
amount of un-reacted HCl. Fifthly, the procedure for reaction times of 15 and 20 minutes was
repeated and the amount of NaOH needed was recorded each time to titrate the un-reacted HCl.
If the amount of NaOH needs to titrate the mixture is almost the same at different reaction
times, then a steady state has reached by the system. Sixthly, steps 2 to 6 were repeated for
different residence times by adjusting the feed rates to the reactor. Lastly, all switches on the
control panel was switched off.

2.2 Experiment A: Determination of reaction order

Firstly, 250 mL of CH3COOC2H5 and NaOH was prepared and the solution was
simultaneously added into a 500 mL conical flask. Secondly, a stir bar was added into the
conical flask and placed on the magnetic stirrer. The magnetic stirrer has been switched on and
the stopwatch was started immediately. Thirdly, the sample of the reaction was waited for about
1 minute before collected it. Fourthly, 10 mL of the 0.25M HCl was measured while waiting
to collect the sample and poured it into a conical flask. Fifthly, for every 1-minute interval, 20
mL of the sample was collected and was added to the 0.25M HCl that is prepared in step 4.
The reaction between CH3COOC2H5 and NaOH was quenched by HCl. 3 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator was added to the sample. Sixthly, the sample with 0.15 M NaOH
was titrated to evaluate the amount of unreacted HCl in order to get the amount of unreacted
NaOH. Seventhly, the volume of NaOH needed to titrate unreacted HCl was recorded. Lastly,
steps 4 to 7 were repeated until the volume of NaOH used for the titration is constant.

9
2.3 Experiment B: Determination of rate constant

Firstly, the concentration of ethyl acetate was prepared at 0.1 M while in 20-liters of
separate tanks, the concentration of NaOH was at 0.15M as the feed reactants. Secondly, the
feed reactants were simultaneously pumped into the plug flow reactor (PFR). The reactor was
operated at 40 °C. Thirdly, a 100 ml of sample was collected when reaction time reaches 10
minutes by opening the sampling valve and immediately added to the 30 ml of 0.25 M HCl
prepared in step 3 and mixed. The reaction between ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide was
quenched by the HCl. Fourthly, the mixture with 0.1 M NaOH was titrated to evaluate the
amount of un-reacted HCl. Fifthly, the procedure for reaction times of 15 and 20 minutes was
repeated and the amount of NaOH needed was recorded each time to titrate the un-reacted HCl.
If the amount of NaOH need to titrate the mixture are almost the same at different reaction
times, then a steady state has reached by the system. Sixthly, steps 2 to 6 were repeated for
different residence times by adjusting the feed rates to the reactor. Flowmeter reading was
suggested at 10, 20, 30 and 40. Lastly, the experiment was repeated by changing the
concentration of NaOH at 0.2M and 0.3M.

2.4 Experiment C: Determination of the activation energy and pre-exponential factor

Firstly, the concentration of ethyl acetate was prepared at 0.1 M while in 20-liters of
separate tanks, the concentration of NaOH was at 0.15M as the feed reactants. Secondly, the
feed reactants were simultaneously pumped into the plug flow reactor (PFR). The reactor was
operated at 40 °C. Thirdly, a 100 ml of sample was collected when reaction time reaches 10
minutes by opening the sampling valve and immediately added to the 30 ml of 0.25 M HCl
prepared in step 3 and mixed. The reaction between ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide was
quenched by the HCl. Fourthly, the mixture with 0.1 M NaOH was titrated to evaluate the
amount of un-reacted HCl. Fifthly, the procedure for reaction times of 15 and 20 minutes was
repeated and the amount of NaOH needed was recorded each time to titrate the un-reacted HCl.
If the amount of NaOH need to titrate the mixture are almost the same at different reaction
times, then a steady state has reached by the system. Sixthly, steps 2 to 6 were repeated for
different residence times by adjusting the feed rates to the reactor. Flowmeter reading was
suggested at 10, 20, 30 and 40. Lastly, the experiment was repeated by changing the
temperature of 50°C and 60 °C.

10
3.0 Result and Discussion
3.1 Experiment A
In this experiment, it was conducted in a batch system with a room temperature of 30°C. This
experiment is also conducted to determine the order of reaction. 250 mL of 0.1 M ethyl acetate
and 250 mL of 0.15 M NaOH was mixed in a conical flask using a magnetic stirrer. The purpose
of the experiment is to investigate the order of reaction. It is relatively important to know the
order of reaction in order to determine the rate constant, activation energy and pre-exponential
of the reaction. Excel is used to obtain the linear model equation for different order of reaction.
R2 is common method that used to access goodness-of-fit in a regression model. The higher the
R2, the better the closer the data are to the fitted regression line. Based on the figure 2, figure
3 and figure 4, it is observed that zero order of reaction linear model giving R2 value of
0.8599, while that first and second order linear model giving R2 value of 0.8819 and 0.9088
respectively. Thus, it can be deduced that the data that obtained is satisfactorily fit to the
equation of 2nd order reaction linear model due to higher R2 value that obtained. This result
is proved by Ekaterina Borovinskaya et al which also indicated that saponification reaction
between ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide is second order [8].

Zero Order of Reaction Linear Model

0.07
0.06
CA (MOL/L)

0.05
0.04
0.03 y = -0.0015x + 0.0558
R² = 0.8599
0.02
0.01
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
TIME (MIN)
Zero order Linear (Zero order)

Figure 2 Zero Order of Reaction Linear Model

11
 First Order of Reaction Linear Model
5.3
5.2
LN(CAO/CA)
5.1
y = 0.0309x + 4.8961
5
R² = 0.8819
4.9
4.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
TIME (MIN)

First order Linear (First order)

Figure 3 First Order of Reaction Linear Model

Second Order of Reaction Linear Model

30
25
20
1/CAO

15 y = 0.6383x + 17.72
10 R² = 0.9008
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
TIME (MIN)

Second Order Linear (Second Order)

Figure 4 Second Order of Reaction Linear Model

12
3.2 Experiment B
In this experiment, a saponification reaction of 0.1 M of ethyl acetate and also concentration
of NaOH at 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 mol/L was conducted with a different set of flowrates. The data
has been collected at a steady state condition with at fixed temperature of 40°C for all set of
flowrates.

Based on the figure 5, it is observed that when flow rate of the feed into reactor increase, the
conversion decrease. The scenario can be explained through the increase of flowrate will purely
reduce the retention time of the reactants in the plug flow reactor. Therefore, the conversion of
ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide into soap will reduce since less time spent in the reactor.
However, based on the figure 5, there are two point which circled is deviated from the
theoretical trend. This might due to some error occurred during the experiment.

Conversion against Flow Rate

0.8
CONVERSION

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
FLOWRATE (L/MIN)

Concentration=0.15M Concentration=0.20M Concentration=0.25M

Figure 5 Conversion against Flow Rate

The reaction rate constant at different temperatures can be obtained from the graph of [1/(M-
1)]ln[(M-X)/M(1-X)] vs . The gradient of the graph is used to calculate the rate constant of
the reaction at that particular concentration. Theoretically, the rate constant obtained should be
almost same since the operating are same. However, the result didn’t obey the theoretical fact.
The average rate constant that obtained through this experiment is 0.0107 L/mol.s which
deviated a lot from the published rate constant which is 0.28 L/mol.s[9]. The reliability of the
rate constant that obtained from this experiment is low due to the R2 for each linear model is
low thus the gradient that used to calculate the rate constant is not accurate as well.

13
 [1/(M-1)]LN[(M-X)/M(1-X)] vs 
1.4 y = 0.0038x + 0.8799
R² = 0.7572
[1/(M-1)]LN[(M-X)/M(1-X)]

1.2

1
y = 0.0008x + 0.5072
0.8 R² = 0.0496
0.6

0.4
y = 0.0007x + 0.3959
0.2 R² = 0.357
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
 (S)

Concentration=0.15M Concentration=0.20M Concentration=0.25M

Linear (Concentration=0.15M) Linear (Concentration=0.20M) Linear (Concentration=0.25M)

Figure 6[1/(M-1)]ln[(M-X)/M(1-X)] vs  at Different Concentration

Table 1Rate Constant at 313.15K

Temperature (K) Concentration (M) Gradient (KCAO) K (L/mol.s)

0.15 0.0038 0.0250
313.15 0.20 0.0008 0.0040
0.25 0.0007 0.0028
Average 0.0107

14
3.3 Experiment C
The purpose of the experiment is to determine the activation energy and pre-exponential factor
for this saponification process. In this experiment, it was conducted at different sets of
flowrates. Concentration of both reactants are fixed where ethyl acetate at 0.1 M while NaOH
at 0.15 mol/L. The experiment was also conducted by varying the temperature at 40°C, 50°C
and 60°C.

Based on the figure 7, it is clearly shown that the conversion decrease when the flow rate decrease
which is already discussed in Experiment B. On the other hand, it is observed that when temperature
increase, the conversion increase as well. The reason behind it is when the temperature increases
the collision frequency within particles also increases where the particles move faster which
can speed up the reaction. Therefore, the highly energetic particles will overcome the activation
energy barrier and converted to products.

Conversion against Flow Rate

1
CONVERSION

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
FLOW RATE (L/MIN)
Temperature=313.15K Temperature=323.15K Temperature=333.15K

Figure 7Conversion against Flow Rate at Different Temperature

To obtain the activation energy and pre-exponential factor for this saponification process, the
reaction rate constant at different temperatures is needed. Thus, graph of [1/(M-1)]ln[(M-
X)/M(1-X)] vs  is plotted. The gradient of the graph is used to calculate the rate constant of
the reaction at particular temperature. The rate constant is tabulated and shown at table 1. It is
observed that the rate constant is increase when the temperature increase. Rate constant is
strongly dependence on temperature as rate constant measured at different temperature will
results in different value. When temperature increase, the rate constant increase. This is due to
the increase in temperature of a reaction generally speeds up the process.[10] Most of the
chemical reactions is strongly depending on molecular collisions.[11] Therefore, the frequency

15
of molecules to collide increases with increased in temperature. However, as temperature
increases, the kinetic energy of molecule also increases which increase the probability of
collision that leads to a reaction. [11] In other words, the rate of reaction increases when the
rate constant also increases with temperature.

[1/(M-1)]LN[(M-X)/M(1-X)] vs 
[1/(M-1)]LN[(M-X)/M(1-X)]

2 y = 0.0133x + 0.7532
R² = 0.9607 y = 0.0117x + 0.6495
1.5
R² = 0.9933
1
y = 0.0038x + 0.8799
0.5 R² = 0.7572
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
 (S)
Temperature 313.15K Temperature 323.15K Temperature 333.15K

Linear (Temperature 313.15K) Linear (Temperature 323.15K) Linear (Temperature 333.15K)

Figure 8 [1/(M-1)]ln[(M-X)/M(1-X)] vs  at Different Temperature

Table 2 Rate constant at Different Temperature

Temperature (K) Gradient (KCAO) K (L/mol.s)

313.15 0.0038 0.025
323.15 0.0117 0.078
333.15 0.0133 0.089

By assuming that the rate constant obeys Arrhenius law, the activation energy of the process
can be estimated by plotting a graph of ln(k) against inverse of absolute temperature. The
gradient and y-intercept can be used to determine the reaction activation energy and pre-
exponential factor.

16
 ln(k) vs 1/T
0
0.00295 0.003 0.00305 0.0031 0.00315 0.0032 0.00325
-0.5
-1
-1.5
LN(K)

-2 y = -6586.3x + 17.511
R² = 0.8392
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
1/T
Series1 Linear (Series1)

Figure 9 ln(k) vs 1/T

 The slope, m = - E/R

From the graph, m = -6586.3
Let Gas Constant, R= 8.314 J/K.mol
Activation energy, E = 6568.3 × 8.314= 53572.96 J/mol = 53.57 kJ/mol
 The intercept, c = ln(A)
From the graph, c = 17.511
Pre-exponential factor, A = exp (17.511) = 4.03 ×107 L/mol.s
Thus, the Arrhenius equations obtained from this experiment is k (L/mol s) = 4.03 ×
−6586.3
7
10 𝑒 𝑇(𝑘)

The activation energy and pre-exponential factor that obtained in this experiment deviated from
the published data. This might due to the error that occurred in this experiment. For instance,
lack of appropriate titration skills. over-titrates always occurred and the colour levels are much
higher. This shows that end point is exceeded and the subsequent calculations are affected.
Table 3 Kinetic Data of Ethyl Acetate Saponification by Sodium Hydroxide.

Activation energy (kJ/mol) Pre-exponential factor (L/mol.s) Source

41.40 2.18 ×106 [9]
48.00 2.86 ×107 [12]
45.38 1.00 ×106 [8]
53.57 4.03 ×107 Present

17
Conclusion
The experiment is studied through the saponification process between sodium hydroxide and
ethyl acetate in order to investigate the behaviour of tubular reactor as well as to determine the
order of the reaction, rate constant and activation energy of this reaction. From the analysis of
the experimental data, it is found that the saponification reaction is second order due to the data
that obtained is satisfactorily fit to the equation of 2nd order reaction linear model with
highest R2 value (0.9008). Through experiment B, it is found that the rate constant at 40C is
0.0107 L/mol.s. Through experiment C, the activation energy and pre-exponential factor that
obtained is 53.57 kJ/mol and 4.03 ×107 L/mol.s respectively. Thus, the Arrhenius equations
−6586.3
obtained from this experiment is k (L/mol s) = 4.03 × 107 𝑒 𝑇(𝑘) . At the same time, it is
observed that when flow rate of the feed into reactor increase, the conversion decrease. The
scenario can be explained through the increase of flowrate will purely reduce the retention time
of the reactants in the plug flow reactor. On the other hand, it is found that when temperature
increase, the conversion increase as well. The reason behind it is when the temperature increases
the collision frequency within particles also increases where the particles move faster which
can speed up the reaction.

18
5.0 Reference
[1] “Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs).” [Online]. Available:
http://umich.edu/~elements/asyLearn/bits/pfrfinal/index.htm. [Accessed: 29-Nov-2019].

[2] “Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE) | Chemical Engineering Assignment Help | PFR
- Plug Flow Reactor | Chemical Engineering Solutions.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.assignmenthelp.net/assignment_help/chemical-reaction-engineering-PFR. .
[Accessed: 29-Nov-2019].

[3] “Plug Flow Reactor | Vapourtec Ltd.” [Online]. Available:

https://www.vapourtec.com/flow-chemistry/plug-flow-reactor/. [Accessed: 12-Nov-
2019].

[4] C. De Vittor, C. Larato, and S. F. Umani, “The application of a plug-flow reactor to

measure the biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in seawater,” Bioresour.
Technol., vol. 100, no. 23, pp. 5721–5728, 2009.

[5] N. Sanni Babu and S. M. Reddy, “Impact of solvents leading to environmental pollution,”
J. Chem. Pharm. Sci., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 974–2115, 2014.

[6] P. M. Martínez-Lavanchy et al., “Microbial toluene removal in hypoxic model

constructed wetlands occurs predominantly via the ring monooxygenation pathway,”
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 81, no. 18, pp. 6241–6252, 2015.

[7] “Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering.” [Online]. Available:

http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/Reactors/PFR/PFR.html. [Accessed:
04-Dec-2019].

[8] E. Borovinskaya, V. Khaydarov, N. Strehle, A. Musaev, and W. Reschetilowski,

“Experimental studies of ethyl acetate saponification using different reactor systems:
The effect of volume flow rate on reactor performance and pressure drop,” Appl. Sci.,
vol. 9, no. 3, 2019.

[9] K. Das, P. Sahoo, M. Sai Baba, N. Murali, and P. Swaminathan, “Kinetic studies on
saponification of ethyl acetate using an innovative conductivity-monitoring instrument
with a pulsating sensor,” Int. J. Chem. Kinet., vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 648–656, Nov. 2011.

[10] T. Hughbanks, “Reaction Rates and Temperature; Arrhenius Theory.” [Online].

Available:

19
 https://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/hughbanks/courses/102/slides/slides17_2.pdf.
[Accessed: 29-Nov-2019].

[11] “Rate Constants Are Usually Strongly Temperature Dependent - Chemistry LibreTexts.”
[Online]. Available:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbo
ok_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_(McQuarrie_and_Simon)/28%3A_Chemical
_Kinetics_I_-
_Rate_Laws/28.7%3A_Rate_Constants_Are_Usually_Strongly_Temperature_Depend
ent. [Accessed: 30-Nov-2019].

[12] I. Danaee, M. Jafarian, and F. Forounzandeth, “Kinetic Studies of Glucose

Electrocatalytic Oxidation on GC/Ni Electrode,” Int. J. Chem. Kinet., vol. 14, pp. 1–6,
2008.

20
Appendix
Experiment A

Mole of
Mole of
Time Volume of titrated reacted Volume of Volume of mole of excess Concentration of
unreacted conversion
(min) NaOH (ml) NaOH with unreacted HCl reacted HCl NaOH excess NaOH
HCl
HCl
1 9.0 0.0014 0.0014 0.0054 0.0046 0.0012 0.0575 0.6167
2 9.5 0.0014 0.0014 0.0057 0.0043 0.0011 0.0538 0.6417
3 10.0 0.0015 0.0015 0.0060 0.0040 0.0010 0.0500 0.6667
4 10.3 0.0015 0.0015 0.0062 0.0038 0.0010 0.0478 0.6817
5 10.5 0.0016 0.0016 0.0063 0.0037 0.0009 0.0463 0.6917
6 10.6 0.0016 0.0016 0.0064 0.0036 0.0009 0.0455 0.6967
7 10.8 0.0016 0.0016 0.0065 0.0035 0.0009 0.0440 0.7067
8 10.6 0.0016 0.0016 0.0064 0.0036 0.0009 0.0455 0.6967
9 11.0 0.0017 0.0017 0.0066 0.0034 0.0009 0.0425 0.7167
10 11.0 0.0017 0.0017 0.0066 0.0034 0.0009 0.0425 0.7167

21
 Ratio of
Concentration Volume
Mole of Volume Volume
bbbn of of Mole of Concentration Steady
Flowrate Retention Time reacted of of Mole of
NaOH to titrated unreacted of excess conversion state
(L/min) time (s) (min) NaOH unreacted reacted excess NaOH
Concentration NaOH HCl NaOH conversion
with HCl HCl HCL
of ethyl (ml)
acetate
0.22 78.39 10 18.3 0.0027 0.0027 0.0110 0.0190 0.0048 0.0476 0.6830
15 18.9 0.0028 0.0028 0.0113 0.0187 0.0047 0.0467 0.6890
20 19.1 0.0029 0.0029 0.0115 0.0185 0.0046 0.0464 0.6910 0.7026
25 23.0 0.0035 0.0035 0.0138 0.0162 0.0041 0.0405 0.7300
30 22.0 0.0033 0.0033 0.0132 0.0168 0.0042 0.0420 0.7200
0.46 37.49 10 13.0 0.0020 0.0020 0.0078 0.0222 0.0056 0.0555 0.6300
15 13.5 0.0020 0.0020 0.0081 0.0219 0.0055 0.0548 0.6350
20 18.0 0.0027 0.0027 0.0108 0.0192 0.0048 0.0480 0.6800 0.6770
25 22.5 0.0034 0.0034 0.0135 0.0165 0.0041 0.0413 0.7250
30 21.5 0.0032 0.0032 0.0129 0.0171 0.0043 0.0428 0.7150
1.5
0.74 23.30 10 16.3 0.0024 0.0024 0.0098 0.0202 0.0051 0.0506 0.6630
15 18.2 0.0027 0.0027 0.0109 0.0191 0.0048 0.0477 0.6820
20 17.3 0.0026 0.0026 0.0104 0.0196 0.0049 0.0491 0.6730 0.6668
25 16.2 0.0024 0.0024 0.0097 0.0203 0.0051 0.0507 0.6620
30 15.4 0.0023 0.0023 0.0092 0.0208 0.0052 0.0519 0.6540
0.92 18.75 10 13.2 0.0020 0.0020 0.0079 0.0221 0.0055 0.0552 0.6320
15 12.0 0.0018 0.0018 0.0072 0.0228 0.0057 0.0570 0.6200
20 11.5 0.0017 0.0017 0.0069 0.0231 0.0058 0.0578 0.6150 0.6224
25 12.3 0.0018 0.0018 0.0074 0.0226 0.0057 0.0566 0.6230
30 12.2 0.0018 0.0018 0.0073 0.0227 0.0057 0.0567 0.6220

22
 Ratio of Volume
Concentration Mole of Volume Volume
of Mole of Concentration Steady
of NaOH to Flowrate Retention Time reacted of of Mole of
Concentration titrated unreacted of excess conversion state
of ethyl (L/min) time (s) (min) NaOH unreacted reacted excess NaOH
NaOH HCl NaOH conversion
acetate with HCl HCl HCL
(ml)
2 0.22 78.39 10 17.2 0.0034 0.0034 0.0138 0.0362 0.0091 0.0906 0.5470 0.5846
15 18.0 0.0036 0.0036 0.0144 0.0356 0.0089 0.0890 0.5550
20 20.3 0.0041 0.0041 0.0162 0.0338 0.0084 0.0844 0.5780
25 22.3 0.0045 0.0045 0.0178 0.0322 0.0080 0.0804 0.5980
30 27.0 0.0054 0.0054 0.0216 0.0284 0.0071 0.0710 0.6450
0.46 37.49 10 28.0 0.0056 0.0056 0.0224 0.0276 0.0069 0.0690 0.6550 0.6470
15 26.5 0.0053 0.0053 0.0212 0.0288 0.0072 0.0720 0.6400
20 27.0 0.0054 0.0054 0.0216 0.0284 0.0071 0.0710 0.6450
25 25.5 0.0051 0.0051 0.0204 0.0296 0.0074 0.0740 0.6300
30 29.0 0.0058 0.0058 0.0232 0.0268 0.0067 0.0670 0.6650
0.74 23.30 10 27.5 0.0055 0.0055 0.0220 0.0280 0.0070 0.0700 0.6500 0.6024
15 23.7 0.0047 0.0047 0.0190 0.0310 0.0078 0.0776 0.6120
20 18.0 0.0036 0.0036 0.0144 0.0356 0.0089 0.0890 0.5550
25 22.0 0.0044 0.0044 0.0176 0.0324 0.0081 0.0810 0.5950
30 22.5 0.0045 0.0045 0.0180 0.0320 0.0080 0.0800 0.6000
0.92 18.75 10 12.5 0.0025 0.0025 0.0100 0.0400 0.0100 0.1000 0.5000 0.5036
15 16.3 0.0033 0.0033 0.0130 0.0370 0.0092 0.0924 0.5380
20 12.5 0.0025 0.0025 0.0100 0.0400 0.0100 0.1000 0.5000
25 12.2 0.0024 0.0024 0.0098 0.0402 0.0101 0.1006 0.4970
30 10.8 0.0022 0.0022 0.0086 0.0414 0.0103 0.1034 0.4830

23
 Ratio of Volume
Concentration Mole of Volume Volume
of Mole of Concentration Steady
of NaOH to Flowrate Retention Time reacted of of Mole of
Concentration titrated unreacted of excess conversion state
of ethyl (L/min) time (s) (min) NaOH unreacted reacted excess NaOH
NaOH HCl NaOH conversion
acetate with HCl HCl HCL
(ml)
10 17.5 0.0035 0.0035 0.0140 0.0360 0.0090 0.0900 0.6400
15 13.8 0.0028 0.0028 0.0110 0.0390 0.0097 0.0974 0.6104
0.22 78.39 20 14.2 0.0028 0.0028 0.0114 0.0386 0.0097 0.0966 0.6136 0.6240
25 15.8 0.0032 0.0032 0.0126 0.0374 0.0093 0.0934 0.6264
30 16.2 0.0032 0.0032 0.0130 0.0370 0.0093 0.0926 0.6296
10 9.5 0.0019 0.0019 0.0076 0.0424 0.0106 0.1060 0.5760
15 10.0 0.0020 0.0020 0.0080 0.0420 0.0105 0.1050 0.5800
0.46 37.49 20 9.8 0.0020 0.0020 0.0078 0.0422 0.0105 0.1054 0.5784 0.5818
25 9.8 0.0020 0.0020 0.0078 0.0422 0.0105 0.1054 0.5784
30 12.0 0.0024 0.0024 0.0096 0.0404 0.0101 0.1010 0.5960
2.5
10 7.7 0.0015 0.0015 0.0062 0.0438 0.0110 0.1096 0.5616
15 9.8 0.0020 0.0020 0.0078 0.0422 0.0105 0.1054 0.5784
0.74 23.30 20 10.3 0.0021 0.0021 0.0082 0.0418 0.0104 0.1044 0.5824 0.5696
25 7.4 0.0015 0.0015 0.0059 0.0441 0.0110 0.1102 0.5592
30 8.3 0.0017 0.0017 0.0066 0.0434 0.0108 0.1084 0.5664
10 19.7 0.0039 0.0039 0.0158 0.0342 0.0086 0.0856 0.6576
15 15.0 0.0030 0.0030 0.0120 0.0380 0.0095 0.0950 0.6200
0.92 18.75 20 7.0 0.0014 0.0014 0.0056 0.0444 0.0111 0.1110 0.5560 0.6118
25 14.0 0.0028 0.0028 0.0112 0.0388 0.0097 0.0970 0.6120
30 14.2 0.0028 0.0028 0.0114 0.0386 0.0097 0.0966 0.6136

24
Experiment C

Mole
Volume
of Volume Mole
of Mole of Volume of Concentration Steady
Temperature Flowrate Retention Time reacted of of
titrated unreacted unreacted of excess conversion state
(C) (L/min) time (s) (min) NaOH reacted excess
NaOH HCl HCl NaOH conversion
with HCL NaOH
(ml)
HCl
10 18.3 0.0027 0.0027 0.0110 0.0190 0.0048 0.0476 0.6830
15 18.9 0.0028 0.0028 0.0113 0.0187 0.0047 0.0467 0.6890
0.22 78.39 20 19.1 0.0029 0.0029 0.0115 0.0185 0.0046 0.0464 0.6910 0.7026
25 23.0 0.0035 0.0035 0.0138 0.0162 0.0041 0.0405 0.7300
30 22.0 0.0033 0.0033 0.0132 0.0168 0.0042 0.0420 0.7200
10 13.0 0.0020 0.0020 0.0078 0.0222 0.0056 0.0555 0.6300
15 13.5 0.0020 0.0020 0.0081 0.0219 0.0055 0.0548 0.6350
0.46 37.49 20 18.0 0.0027 0.0027 0.0108 0.0192 0.0048 0.0480 0.6800 0.677
25 22.5 0.0034 0.0034 0.0135 0.0165 0.0041 0.0413 0.7250
30 21.5 0.0032 0.0032 0.0129 0.0171 0.0043 0.0428 0.7150
40
10 16.3 0.0024 0.0024 0.0098 0.0202 0.0051 0.0506 0.6630
15 18.2 0.0027 0.0027 0.0109 0.0191 0.0048 0.0477 0.6820
0.74 23.30 20 17.3 0.0026 0.0026 0.0104 0.0196 0.0049 0.0491 0.6730 0.6668
25 16.2 0.0024 0.0024 0.0097 0.0203 0.0051 0.0507 0.6620
30 15.4 0.0023 0.0023 0.0092 0.0208 0.0052 0.0519 0.6540
10 13.2 0.0020 0.0020 0.0079 0.0221 0.0055 0.0552 0.6320
15 12.0 0.0018 0.0018 0.0072 0.0228 0.0057 0.0570 0.6200
0.92 18.75 20 11.5 0.0017 0.0017 0.0069 0.0231 0.0058 0.0578 0.6150 0.6224
25 12.3 0.0018 0.0018 0.0074 0.0226 0.0057 0.0566 0.6230
30 12.2 0.0018 0.0018 0.0073 0.0227 0.0057 0.0567 0.6220

25
 Mole
Volume
of Volume Mole
of Mole of Volume of Concentration Steady
Temperature Flowrate Retention Time reacted of of
titrated unreacted unreacted of excess conversion state
(C) (L/min) time (s) (min) NaOH reacted excess
NaOH HCl HCl NaOH conversion
with HCL NaOH
(ml)
HCl
10 29.1 0.0044 0.0044 0.0175 0.0125 0.0031 0.0314 0.7910
15 28.0 0.0042 0.0042 0.0168 0.0132 0.0033 0.0330 0.7800
0.22 78.39 20 28.2 0.0042 0.0042 0.0169 0.0131 0.0033 0.0327 0.7820 0.7792
25 27.5 0.0041 0.0041 0.0165 0.0135 0.0034 0.0338 0.7750
30 26.8 0.0040 0.0040 0.0161 0.0139 0.0035 0.0348 0.7680
10 19.4 0.0029 0.0029 0.0116 0.0184 0.0046 0.0459 0.6940
15 18.8 0.0028 0.0028 0.0113 0.0187 0.0047 0.0468 0.6880
0.46 37.49 20 21.6 0.0032 0.0032 0.0130 0.0170 0.0043 0.0426 0.7160 0.6924
25 18.1 0.0027 0.0027 0.0109 0.0191 0.0048 0.0479 0.6810
30 18.3 0.0027 0.0027 0.0110 0.0190 0.0048 0.0476 0.6830
50
10 14.0 0.0021 0.0021 0.0084 0.0216 0.0054 0.0540 0.6400
15 12.5 0.0019 0.0019 0.0075 0.0225 0.0056 0.0563 0.6250
0.74 23.30 20 12.5 0.0019 0.0019 0.0075 0.0225 0.0056 0.0563 0.6250 0.6278
25 13.5 0.0020 0.0020 0.0081 0.0219 0.0055 0.0548 0.6350
30 11.4 0.0017 0.0017 0.0068 0.0232 0.0058 0.0579 0.6140
10 12.3 0.0018 0.0018 0.0074 0.0226 0.0057 0.0566 0.6230
15 13.3 0.0020 0.0020 0.0080 0.0220 0.0055 0.0551 0.6330
0.92 18.75 20 10.0 0.0015 0.0015 0.0060 0.0240 0.0060 0.0600 0.6000 0.6212
25 11.5 0.0017 0.0017 0.0069 0.0231 0.0058 0.0578 0.6150
30 13.5 0.0020 0.0020 0.0081 0.0219 0.0055 0.0548 0.6350

26
 Mole
Volume
of Volume Mole
of Mole of Volume of Concentration Steady
Temperature Flowrate Retention Time reacted of of
titrated unreacted unreacted of excess conversion state
(C) (L/min) time (s) (min) NaOH reacted excess
NaOH HCl HCl NaOH conversion
with HCL NaOH
(ml)
HCl
10 27.5 0.0041 0.0041 0.0165 0.0135 0.0034 0.0338 0.7750
15 30.2 0.0045 0.0045 0.0181 0.0119 0.0030 0.0297 0.8020
0.22 78.39 20 32.0 0.0048 0.0048 0.0192 0.0108 0.0027 0.0270 0.8200 0.8094
25 32.0 0.0048 0.0048 0.0192 0.0108 0.0027 0.0270 0.8200
30 33.0 0.0050 0.0050 0.0198 0.0102 0.0026 0.0255 0.8300
10 27.0 0.0041 0.0041 0.0162 0.0138 0.0035 0.0345 0.7700
15 23.5 0.0035 0.0035 0.0141 0.0159 0.0040 0.0398 0.7350
0.46 37.49 20 23.5 0.0035 0.0035 0.0141 0.0159 0.0040 0.0398 0.7350 0.7446
25 24.0 0.0036 0.0036 0.0144 0.0156 0.0039 0.0390 0.7400
30 24.3 0.0036 0.0036 0.0146 0.0154 0.0039 0.0386 0.7430
60
10 11.8 0.0018 0.0018 0.0071 0.0229 0.0057 0.0573 0.6180
15 18.5 0.0028 0.0028 0.0111 0.0189 0.0047 0.0473 0.6850
0.74 23.30 20 17.4 0.0026 0.0026 0.0104 0.0196 0.0049 0.0489 0.6740 0.6626
25 17.6 0.0026 0.0026 0.0106 0.0194 0.0049 0.0486 0.6760
30 16.0 0.0024 0.0024 0.0096 0.0204 0.0051 0.0510 0.6600
10 14.7 0.0022 0.0022 0.0088 0.0212 0.0053 0.0530 0.6470
15 15.1 0.0023 0.0023 0.0091 0.0209 0.0052 0.0524 0.6510
0.92 18.75 20 14.0 0.0021 0.0021 0.0084 0.0216 0.0054 0.0540 0.6400 0.6546
25 16.0 0.0024 0.0024 0.0096 0.0204 0.0051 0.0510 0.6600
30 17.5 0.0026 0.0026 0.0105 0.0195 0.0049 0.0488 0.6750

27
Taking experiment A as example

Volume of Titrated NaOH at 1st min = 9 ml

Mole of reacted NaOH with HCl

= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

0.15 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿
= × 9𝑚𝑙 × = 0.0014
𝐿 1000𝑚𝑙

Mole of unreacted HCl

= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 0.0014

Volume of unreacted HCl

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝐶𝑙

=
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙

0.0014 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
= = 0.0054𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
0.25 𝐿

Volume of unreacted HCl

= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝐶𝑙 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝐶𝑙

= 0.01𝐿 − 0.0054𝐿 = 0.0046𝐿

28
Mole of exceed NaOH

= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙

𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.0046𝐿 × 0.25 = 0.0012 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐿

Concentration of excess NaOH

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

0.0012𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000𝑚𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙

= × = 0.0575
20𝑚𝑙 1𝐿 𝐿

Conversion

𝐶𝐴
=1−
𝐶𝐴𝑂

0.0575
=1− = 0.6167
0.15

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