Aerogeneradores

Learning Center for Power Electronics and MV Drives
Converter Technology
Converters for large wind turbines
© ABB Group
September 5, 2016 | Slide 1
Converter technology for large wind turbines

Table of contents
 Modern drive train concepts for large wind turbines
 Understanding the main converter components
 Understanding the main converter functionalities
 Understanding the converter mechanical integration
 Hints to components interfacing with the converter
 Q&A session
© ABB Group
Drive train concepts for wind turbines
All concepts at a glance
ASM squirrel cage (fixed speed) Induction Machine (0-100% speed)

frequency converter
generator switchgear
(power switch) main circuit breaker generator side line side
converter converter circuit breaker
DC
brake
10...24 kV, f = 50 Hz 10 ... 24 kV, f = 50 Hz
converter or 60 Hz
or 60 Hz
control
Getriebe 1:50
gearbox brake
start up
equipment line coupling
line coupling transformer
asynchronous generator transformer medium voltage
with squirrel cage rotor medium voltage asynchronous
switchgear
gearbox and two windings switchgear generator
wind turbine
control
f = constant pitch
n = constant drive
wind turbine control
rotor bearing rotor bearing
• simple and robust technology without frequency converter • simple and robust generator
• Obsolete for new turbine design, not supporting grid codes • 0…100% speed variability due to fullscale converter
Doubly fed ASM Machine (+/- 30% speed) Permanent Magnet Machine (0-100% speed)
frequency converter
10...24 kV, f = 50 Hz generator side line side
circuit breaker or 60 Hz
asynchronous converter converter
generator
with slip rings
DC
gearbox
line coupling
transformer 10 ... 24 kV, f = 50 Hz
frequency converter
converter or 60 Hz
medium voltage
brake switchgear control
generator grid side
converter converter
line coupling
transformer
rotor bearing pitch crowbar circuit breaker medium voltage
drive brake pitch switchgear
converter control
drive
permanent magnet
generator

• approx ± 30% speed variability due to frequency converter on rotor

winding (only 30% of turbine power) • efficient and reliable generator
• not supporting demanding grid codes
• 0…100% speed variability due to fullscale converter
© ABB Group

Most popular concept for power above 3.x MW
frequency converter
generator side line side
converter converter
DC
10 ... 24 kV, f = 50 Hz
converter or 60 Hz
control
line coupling
transformer
medium voltage
brake pitch switchgear
drive
permanent magnet
generator
• efficient and reliable generator

• 0…100% speed variability due to fullscale converter
© ABB Group
Most popular concept for power above 3.x MW
 Nacelle:
 Gearbox if used
 PM Generator
 Mechanical Brake
 Pitch Drive
 Lower section of the tower

 Wind Turbine Controller
 MV Converter
 Main Transformer
 Auxiliary distribution
 MV Switchgear
© ABB Group
Full scale converters for wind turbines

Typical layout for power above 3.xMW
A full scale converter consists of

different functional units like the
converter modules, breakers,
filters, control equipment, cooling
unit, brake chopper, aux.
equipment, …
© ABB Group
Table of contents
 Q&A session
© ABB Group
Full scale converters for wind turbines >3.xMW

Main tasks
 Active Power Control

 The generator will be loaded
with the torque value set by the
wind turbine controller
 Decoupling the generator from

the grid:
 Full control of the generator
speed and torque during
normal and fault ride through
operation
 Reactive Grid Power Control:

 Grid stabilization
 Operation at different power
factors
 Special Tasks:
 Rotor Positioning mode
 Back to Back test operation
© ABB Group
Full scale converters for wind turbines >3.xMW
The example: PCS6000 MV wind converter
For simplification purposes the next slides refer to the PCS6000 medium
voltage wind converter. This modular converter family has a range from 3
to 10MVA with an output voltage of 3.3kV or 4.16kV.
© ABB Group
Understanding the PCS6000 main components

The generator disconnector
 Individual operation according

customers need is possible.
 The generator disconnector
includes a grounding switch to
safely ground the generator for
maintenance purposes.
© ABB Group
The dv/dt filter
 The dv/dt filter reduces the

voltage slope and the peak
voltage on the generator
terminals.
 A typical dv/dt is 1.5kV/μs
 The filter is needed because of
the stray capacitance of the
generator and MV cable which
would result in voltage reflections
without the filter.
 The filter losses depend on the
switching frequency of the
converter.
1.5kV/μs
© ABB Group

The generator side converter – general
 Typical generator nominal

frequency: 12-100Hz
 The used topology is a three
phase, three level IGCT power
stack.
 Hint for efficiency optimization:

The lower the generator nominal
frequency, the lower the
switching frequency of the
 The generator side converter’s converter and the less the losses
task is to transfer power from the on the generator side converter.
generator into the DC circuit.
 The generator converter loads  Before diving into details, lets
the generator with the torque set have a look how power gets
point coming from the wind transferred from the generator
turbine controller. into the DC circuit.
© ABB Group
The generator side converter – power transfer
 To understand the power transfer

from the generator into the DC
circuit, the equivalent circuit of
the permanent magnet
synchronous machine and the
voltage source converter has to
be known.
Xd = Xh + X1σ
Up IE U1
Up Rotary field voltage, Up = f( IE

U1 Generator terminal voltage
Xd Sum of leakage and air gap reactance
IE Excitation current (constant for PM machine)
© ABB Group

Xd I  The voltage source vector of the

converter gets set by the
converter controller in such a
Up UC way, that the resulting current
corresponds to the torque
setpoint from the wind turbine
controller.
Up Rotary field voltage, Up = f( IE
UC Converter voltage, UC = f(m,α,UDC
Xd
I
Sum of leakage and air gap reactance
Generator Current I = M / (2*pi*f*U* sqrt(3))
© ABB Group
 The resulting power at the voltage source UC (S = UC * I * sqrt(3)) is

flowing into the DC link, which is controlled to a fixed voltage by the
grid side converter. The active power part of the aparent power is
influencing the DC link voltage.
 Due to the voltage source converter’s high flexibility, all current to
voltage constellations can be set  4 Quadrant operation.
 Summarized:
The generator side converter loads the generator with the torque set
point given by the wind turbine controller and transfers the resulting
power into the DC link.
© ABB Group

The generator side converter – the voltage source
 The used semiconductor

switches can be turned on and
off whenever needed.
 The anti parallel diodes allow
dual current direction.
 The modulation strategy and
frequency depends on the actual
generator frequency.
© ABB Group
The generator side converter – the voltage source
 Example of a phase to phase

voltage shape during an
operation condition
 Typical current THDi on the
generator winding is 1-4%
depending on the generator
impedance Xd and the speed.
© ABB Group

The generator side converter – the IGCT
 The IGCT (Integrated Gate

PCS 6000 – Maximum Energy to the Grid Commutated Thyristor) is a
Converter For converter com
switch, which can be turned on

AC 800 PEC Very Fast I/O S800 I/O
Control maintenance and
and off by a fibre optic signal.

PM
The IGCT is a very robust design

Gen

in and has the best balance
between robustness, efficiency,
cost and reliability for medium
voltage converters.
 The IGCT is explosion safe and
optimal for load cycling as faced
in the wind industry.
 Reverse conducting 6kV IGCT’s
for the lower power range
(4.16kV AC) and asymmetric
4.5kV IGCT’s for the higher
power range (3.3kV AC) are
used
© ABB Group
The generator side converter – the IGCT
From an IGCT into a tower

integrated 9MVA full scale
converter.
© ABB Group

The DC link
 The most important functional

block of a DC link unit beside the
capacitors is the brake chopper,
respectively the voltage limiting
unit (VLU).
 The brake chopper unit allows
power transfer into a load
resistor.
 The chopper operation depends
on the DC link voltage  If the
DC link voltage (variation within the lower percentace of the DC link voltage)
DC link voltage reaches a certain
overvoltage, the chopper is
turned on and vice versa off.
Gen. Grid Gen. Resistor Gen. Grid
VLU Operation (The two VLU’s are controlled

Voltage indepenently)
Limitier Unit (VL
 The brake chopper is using
IGCTs.
 The average (<10ms) chopping
power is from 0 to 120% power
smooth controllable.
© ABB Group
The DC link
 Typical brake resistor ratings are

between 10 to 30MJ. This allows
to load the resistor by the power
integral over time E = ∫p(t)dt.
 The converter controller
supervises the resistor loading.
 The resistor is only needed if no
more power can be transferred
into the grid.
Hint for optimal design:
 The resistor MJ value is defined
by two parameters:
 Energy from generator to be
taken during fault ride through
 Energy from generator to be
taken during shutdown if no grid
is available (blackout)
© ABB Group

The grid side converter - general
 The grid side converter has the

task to transfer power from the
DC link into the grid. In other
word: control strategy = DC link
Wind Park Grid
voltage constant.
 The grid side converter consists
of the same HW as the generator
side converter.
 Beside DC link voltage control,
the grid side converter has two
more tasks:
 Reactive power control during
normal operation.
 Fault ride through operation
 To understand the grid side

converter, lets have a look on the
Grid side Generator side equivalent circuit diagram.
converter converter
© ABB Group
The grid side converter – equivalent circuit
 The equivalent circuit of the grid

side converter together with the
grid looks nearly as the same as
the generator side converter and
Wind Park Grid

the generator.
XL XT ZG
ZF
UC UDC UC’ UT’ UG
UC Converter voltage, UC = f(m,α,UDC UG Grid voltage

UC’ Converter terminal voltage UT’ Transformer secondary voltage
XL AC line reactor (XL >> RL) XT transformer impedance (XT >> RT)
ZF AC filter impedance
UDC DC Link voltage (constant voltage)
© ABB Group

The grid side converter – power transfer
 The voltage source vector of the

converter gets set by the
converter controller in such a
way, that the resulting current
corresponds to a value, which
holds the DC link at its nominal
voltage and the reactive power
corresponds to the set point
given by the wind turbine
controller.
© ABB Group
The grid side converter – reactive power control
 Different grid code requirements regarding

reactive power control are faced by the wind
turbine.
 Unfortunately the grid codes are so far not
harmonized.
 Reactive power requirements influence the
transformer design and the maximum
converter power capability.
 The wind park topology (HVDC or AC
connection to shore) influence the
requirements
 Thumb rule: The more power is needed for
reactive power control, the less power is left
for active power control. This is because
each “voltage source” (converter) has a
power limitation which is defined by
S = Imax * Umax * 3
 Reactive power comes not for free
© ABB Group

The grid side converter – the P/Q diagram
 The performance at the wind park grid (typically between 10-33kV) of

the wind turbine can be visualized by using a P/Q diagram.
 Note: depending on the grid requirements, the used converter modules
and the transformer parameters, the P/Q diagram looks different.
Limitation because of maximal converter

voltage (for all 4 different grid voltages, the
converter operates at its maximum voltage)
Limitation because of
maximal generator power
Limitation because of
maximal converter current
Active Power
© ABB Group
The AC grid filter
 The AC filter is designed to filter

high frequency currents in such a
way that the applicable grid code
(typical codes: IEEE519, VDEW,
G5/4-1, IEC61000-2-12, … ) can
be fulfilled.
Grid side line

 Typical distortion at the grid is:
Grid side converter filter
THDv = 1.5%, THDi = 0.5-1.0%
0
0
0
0
0
Current 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
Voltage
0 0 002 0 004 0 006 0 008 0 01 0 012 0 014 0 016 0 018 00
Converter Filter Grid
© ABB Group

The AC grid filter – harmonic elimination
 The selection of the modulation scheme for the

grid side converter and the design of the filter has
to be hand in hand.
 There are different strategies which are followed:
PWM with/without over modulation, optimized
pulse pattern (OPP) and other confidential
modulation schemes. The goal is always to
transfer as much as power with minimal losses
and minimal harmonic currents into the grid.
Harmonics up to the 29th are eliminated with the help of a
dedicated control algorithm!
7 29
Spannungsharmonische in % der Grundwelle
0.2
0.1
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Harmonische von 50 Hz
© ABB Group
The cooling unit
 All components which create

losses are as directly as possible
water cooled. This ensures
minimized thermal impedances
Wind Park Grid

between the heat source and the
cooling media and thus
maximizes the cooling efficiency.
 The cooling unit is controlled by
the converter controller.
© ABB Group

The cooling unit
© ABB Group
The control hardware - overview
Cycle TASK LEVEL

 The AC 800 PEC (Power
Time
Electronic Controller) is used as  Slow Appllications
the main controller. The 600MHz (ABB Control Builder)
RISC 64-bit processor allows 1 ms
complicated control circuits  Fast Applications
(MATLAB/Simulink)
 All the control equipment is 100us
running on 24VDC and fiber  Very Fast Applications
optics. (VHDL)
25ns
© ABB Group

The control hardware
emergency off
Trip MCB
Turbine Controller
remote service
possible (Ethernet)
contact
S800 I/O-Cluster binary
Slow I/O 8 16 8 8 signals
data exchange
TB serial link (10ms)
BO BO BI BI
820
Closed loop control, state ON / OFF / Trip MCB
ON / OFF / Trip MCB coil 1 machine, protection functions, ...

Fast I/O
Fieldbus (Slave)
AC 800PEC Controller
PP D113
FRT FRT PECINTM 2 FRT
Kombi I/O
1 x UA D141A01 PECINTM 1 PECINTM 3
2 x UA D142A01
12 2 2
UU D UU D 12
148 AE02 148 AE01
Modulator, very fast controlHVD FSCD FSCD FSCD FSCD

3 pcs. GUSP 3 pcs. GUSP HVD
and protection functions UDC+
ASE ASE
VLSCD1
20 kV GRB GEB
50Hz I I I I I I
I I I
NP
I I I
slope PM
filter GEN
3 x CT
3 x VT
VLSCD2
LC-Filter ARU UDC-

INU 1
VLU
© ABB Group
The control hardware – limited number of interfaces
Ethernet connection used

ETHERNET ANYBUS
for remote access and
Remote
Service
Wind Turbine Controller
support through ABB
service
Converter Control
Hardwired
PRODUCTION OPERATIONAL
FAULT SIGANLS
*EMERGENCY_STOP1
Profibus, Profinet,
Ethercat, Canbus or
CONVERTER CONTROL
MAIN CICUIT
BREAKER CLOSED
*EMERGENCY STOP2
other Anybus type used

GROUND ISOLATOR
CLOSED
PEC Controller
-X930
*EMERGENCY_NOFF
*EMERGENCY_STOP1
for control and status

GROUND ISOLATOR
TURBINE CONTROL
RELEASED
*EMERGENCY STOP2
data exchange
ROTOR LOCKED
*EMERGENCY_NOFF
24VDC
EOFF
48VDC
GRB IN TEST POSITION

GRB TRUCK INSERTED
Redundant fail safe
GND ISOLATOR OPEN
*TRIP REMOTE HW
CONVERTER
*TRIP LOCAL HW
OFF ON
*CONTROL TRIP
*OFF1_COMBI
*OFF2_Control
GRB CLOSED
GRB ERROR
safety signals
GRB READY
GRB OPEN
+48VDC
LOCAL SERVICE
CLOSE
CONNECTOR
+24VDC
LWL
RJ45 VT / CT GRB
LWL GEB (emergency stop, …)
-X200 -X910 -INT
Grid On and off commands to

3
AC DC DC AC
3 PMG the grid breaker
Grid
dU/dt
Filter
Cooling Grid current and voltage

Soft
33kV/400V Charging measurement used by
the converter controller
© ABB Group

Table of contents
 Q&A session
© ABB Group
Understanding the PCS6000 main functionalities
Operation states
 Production mode:
 The converter transfers power
from the generator into the grid
according the torque and reactive
power reference.
 VAR compensation mode:
 Converter operated as a pure
STATCOM on the grid. The
generator converter is off
 Standby mode:
 The converter is ready to transfer
to production or VAR compen-
sation within a few seconds
 I/f Mode:
 Positioning of the rotor to be able
to look mechanically the rotor.
 U/f Mode:
 Needed for generator test at wind
turbine manufacturing location.
© ABB Group

Control of operation – normal operation situation
 During normal operation

situations, the converter is
controlled by the wind turbine
controller through the anybus
link.
 The communication link should
run at a 10ms task
 This link contains all information
needed for operation and fault
analysis.
Transferred data:
INPUT OUTPUT
Signal Signal 
torque reference generator torque reference for generator
value omega reference actual generator electrical frequency  20 measurement values
reactive power value DC-link voltage
control register A generator current R, S, T (RMS)  80 status and alarm signals from
control register B generator voltage R-S, S-T, T-R (RMS)
generator speed ref UF grid converter current R, S, T (RMS) the converter control to the wind
reactive current ref UF grid voltage R, S, T (RMS) turbine controller
parameter register A *) active power grid side converter
reactive power grid side converter
grid frequency
 Approximately 10 commands and
status word A, B, C 10 parameters from the power
alarm word A, B plant controller to converter
cooling states
fault word converter controller.
maximum possible active power at operation point
maximum possible reactive power at operation point
© ABB Group
Control of operation – commissioning, service, …
 Service and commissioning

personnel can control the
converter locally by using the
ABB Commissioner software.
 The same functions are available
as with the control through the
anybus link.
 Interaction windows allow easy
control
© ABB Group

Control of operation – trouble shooting
Customer
Network PCS 6000 Wind Converter
IPC AC 800PEC
Controller
PCS 6000 Wind Converter
IPC AC 800PEC
Controller
Service PC
 There is alo the possibility to

control the converter through
remote dial in. www.
 This possibility is used for ABB Network
advanced monitoring and for

trouble shooting purposes
Remote PC
© ABB Group
Transient recorder functionality
 The PEC controller has an

included transient recorder, with
which a number of selected
signals can be recorded.
 All kind of signals are available,
starting from currents, voltages,
temperatures until PI controller
values, etc.
 The transient recorder files allow
easy fault analysis.
 The files can be important into
any software because they are
available as ASCI.
© ABB Group

Low and high voltage fault ride through
VGrid  Grid codes require the wind

turbine to stay online for a certain
time in a case of a voltage drop
in the grid.
 Special control algorithms are
included to fulfill the challenging
requirements.
 The voltage limiting unit holds
t the DC link voltage within the
Voltage dip in
the Grid allowed limits by dissipating
power into the resistor.
 No special control by the wind
turbine controller is needed.
 These special algorithms are
 Negative sequence control
 Very fast current control
 Special modulator strategies
Refer to the session “Converter simulation

models for verification and certification” to
get more details about voltage ride through.
© ABB Group
Low and high voltage fault ride through
© ABB Group

Real time temperature models
 The temperatures of all the

important components are
supervised with real time
temperature models.
 If a component gets too hot,
when operated out of its SOA
(safe operating area), the AC
current will be automatically
reduced to allow the component
to cool down.
 This operation scheme allows to
operate the converter with a
reduced power also for higher air
or water temperatures without
having a shut down.
© ABB Group
Table of contents
 Q&A session
© ABB Group
Understanding the PCS6000 Mechanical Integration

The modular concept
 The new PCS6000 converter is based on a modular concept specially

developed for the heavy duty wind industry requirements.
 The converter has the highest power density available in the market.
 The converter footprint can be adapted to the size of the wind tower.
 All kind of shapes are possible: Inline, back to back, L-Shape,
separated cabinets.
 The converter has well defined interfaces.
 The modular concept allows to adapt to customers need with having
always the same base modules.
© ABB Group
The possible mechanical layouts
© ABB Group

Main power interface - Pfisterer© P3 PLUG System
 Pre-manufactured and tested

cables with plug
 No opening of cubicles during
installation
 100% water proof
© ABB Group
Table of contents
 Q&A session
© ABB Group
Hints to components interfacing with the PCS6000

Overview
 Different components are interfacing with the PCS6000 converter.

 By adapting all interfaces to each other an optimized electrical drive
train can be built.
 The main components interfacing are:
 The generator
 The main transformer
 The environment (air, water)
 Following slides will give hints about the interfacing components
© ABB Group
The permanent magnet generator
 The generator nominal voltage is typically 3.3kV or 4.1kV depending

on the power range
 Each wind turbine is designed for another maximum over speed,
where the converter has to stay in operation. The machine is normally
operated above nominal speed in field weakening operation.
 The rotary field voltage of the machine is a function of the speed.
 The optimal generator voltage is a function of following parameters:
Maximum over speed, maximum generator current, generator power,
machine impedance, maximum converter current and voltage.
130
 Important to know: The higher
125
the over speed, the lower the
generator nominal voltage, the
120
higher the generator current, the
117 higher the generator and
converter losses!
110
 Chose the over speed wisely
105
 ABB can help you finding the

100
3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 optimum.
Generator nominal voltage [V]
© ABB Group

The main transformer
 There are mainly three values of the transformer which are influenced
 Transformer impedance
 The transformer impedance can be seen as a part of the AC filter. If the
impedance is not selected the right way, then resonance phenomena can
occur. Additionally the converter also requires a minimal impedance.
 Voltage ratio
 Typically a voltage ratio of about 3.3kV:33kV would be selected as a first
shoot from the hip.
 As learned on slide 24, the transformer needs over voltage on the converter
side to transfer reactive power into the grid depending on the used grid code.
 Assumption: transformer impedance: 12%, grid voltage: 105%, active power:
100%, power factor: 0.925
 The power factor results in a needed reactive current of 41.1%
 The reactive current together with the transformer impedance results into
a needed voltage drop of 41.1% * 12% = 4.9%
 This voltage drop results in an needed secondary transformer voltage of
105% + 4.9% = 109.9%.
 The reactive current requirement leads now to following transformer
voltage ratio: 33kV:(3.3kV/109.9%*100%) which is 33kV:3.0kV
© ABB Group
The main transformer
 Flux density at nominal voltage

 A transformer can begin to saturate if the flux density is too high.
 A good transformer design should not go above a density of about 1.6T
during operation.
 The reactive power transfer has influence to the flux density.
 The example on the page before would lead to a flux density of 1.45T at
nominal voltage
 Good to know: Reactive power transfer requirements are influencing
the transformer ratio and the flux density. The more reactive power
transfer is needed, the more expensive the transformer.
 Because the transformer is beside the generator and the converter a
central part of the electrical drive train, the converter supplier is
specifying the important transformer parameters to ensure best fit to
the drive train.
© ABB Group

Environmental conditions – water and air
 The PCS6000 is designed in such a way that all kind of different water
and air temperature requirements can be fulfilled.
 The strategy we follow is based on that we know for each module, for
each water and air temperature, exactly the safe operating area.
 If customers power requirements cannot be fulfilled anymore, then an
additional module will be taken.
 First, lets have a look what Fourier presented in 1822
© ABB Group
 Now lets have a look from the component side:

 A current creates losses in each component which are equal to I2 * R
 If the current gets doubled, the losses are quadrupled
 Considering Fourier’s law, a quadrupled heat transfer means a
quadrupled temperature difference between the cooling media and the
component
 Each component has an absolute temperature limit:
 Semiconductors (between 125°C to 140°C)
 Capacitors (foil winding at about 80°C)
 Insulation material of resistors and reactors (depending on insulation material)
 Operation above the absolute temperature might turn into faster aging
or destruction.
© ABB Group

 Taking the component temperature limits, the Fourier’s law and the
flexible temperature models of the PCS6000 into account, then
following conclusion can be done:
 The lower the cooling media temperature, the higher the allowed
current through a component, the higher the power capacity of the
PCS6000.
 Its recommended to define two temperature ranges:
 One where nominal operation should be possible
 The other one, where operation with reduced power is allowed
 The re-cooling circuit can be either done with a water to air heat
exchanger or much more effective with a water to water heat
exchanger if seawater or industrial water is available.
 Note:
 The wind speed is normally lower at high temperatures.
 The converter can be operated up to 50°C of cooling water inlet temperature
with reduced capacity. Higher temperatures also possible on request.
 An optimal cooling water temperature for nominal operation is between 30°C
to 40°C depending on the design.
 ABB is happy helping defining the optimal operation temperatures
© ABB Group
Table of contents
 Q&A session
© ABB Group

Questions / discussion
Questions
© ABB Group
© ABB Group

Benefits and system aspects
Capabilities & Features Advantages & Benefits
Thee-level converter technology. Low harmonics creation. Smooth frequency

conversion. Therefore low torque ripple and smooth
operation of rotating devices. Low wear & tear.
Therefore extended lifetime of mechanical
components. Low maintenance and service cost.
High quality and little number of power electronic High system reliability. High MTBF. Therefore low
components. Built to last components. maintenance and service cost. Extended system
uptimes and production.
Fuse-less power electronic design. Immediate restart possible. No on-site service

required to do replacement. Extended system
uptimes and production.
Motor drive operation of generator for workshop Extended workshop heat-run trial test and workshop
full current test run. / Accurate rotor hold & validation. Therefore easier and faster
positioning for service purpose. commissioning. / Good serviceability of rotating
components.
Engineered solution for reactive grid power Frequency converter gives power quality system
control in operation- or standby-mode. Supply of benefits! Reactive power compensation. Grid
leading / lagging possible (Statcom functionality). stabilization.
Grid loss fault ride through with dynamic rotor Generator overspeed protection. No damage to rotor
braking and generator power dissipation. blades, generator and gear box. Longer lifetime of
mechanical components.
© ABB Group
Enduring generator connection (no fuse, no Generator overspeed protection. No damage to rotor
breaker). No generator disconnection in case of blades, generator and gear box. Extended lifetime of
failure and keeping converter load by protection mechanical components.
firing.
Small currents due to MV technology. Small cable Low cabling effort. Low losses. High productivity.
size. Small generator. No generator double
winding design required.
Grid friendly converter and transformer pre- Stress-free transformer switch-on. Grid code
charging and synchronization. No inrush. No compliance.
flicker.
Engineered filter circuits matching generator, Matching cable type and length criteria. Stress-free
cable & grid requirements. generator and cable operation. Grid code
compliance.
Quick and easy semiconductor change. Not full No need to open hydraulic cooling system. No de-
modules to be replaced. No hoist gear required. aeration required. Good MTBR. Low service cost.
Robust capacitor bank (film capacitors). High system reliability. High MTBF.
Door interlocks. Grounding switch. Personal health and safety.
Redundant integrated pump stand. Engineered Fully engineered cooling system. All inclusive
fully single closed loop cooling circuit with water- cooling with provided external water-to-air heat-
to-air heat-exchanger. No need for raw-water exchanger. No need for cooling raw-water.
supply. Operation below freezing point possible.
Temperature control with by-pass valve
integrated.
© ABB Group

Sophisticated control algorithm for permanent Flexibility in best matching generator design.
magnet synchronous and asynchronous
generator.
Fully integrated, flexible industrial controller Easy customization possible when needed.
platform. High performance AC800 PEC controller
and I/O devices. Std high level programming and
diagnostic tools.
Customer specific engineered application. No further engineering by customer needed.
Built-in converter control dedicated redundant Always safe operation and shut-down. No damage
DC-UPS. due to uncontrolled operation. Shut-down event log
for diagnostic available.
Humidity condensation protection logic. Save start-up. No damage electronic boards.
Integrated remote control access. Remote diagnostic und configuration possible. No

on-site service required. Time and cost saving.
Integrated high-speed data-logger functionality. Root-cause diagnostic.

Remotely accessible.
Active drive train damping control. Low torque ripple and smooth operation of rotating
devices. Extended lifetime of mechanical
components. Trouble-free operation.
Engineered, integrated switchgear / circuit- Safe and Trouble-free operation. No further

breaker control. Interlocked converter state engineering by customer needed.
control.
© ABB Group

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Learning Center for Power Electronics and MV Drives

Converter technology for large wind turbines

 Modern drive train concepts for large wind turbines

 Understanding the main converter components

 Understanding the main converter functionalities

 Understanding the converter mechanical integration

 Hints to components interfacing with the converter

ASM squirrel cage (fixed speed) Induction Machine (0-100% speed)

wind turbine control

• approx ± 30% speed variability due to frequency converter on rotor

Drive train concepts for wind turbines

wind turbine control

• efficient and reliable generator

 Lower section of the tower

Full scale converters for wind turbines

A full scale converter consists of

 Modern drive train concepts for large wind turbines

 Understanding the main converter components

 Understanding the main converter functionalities

 Understanding the converter mechanical integration

 Hints to components interfacing with the converter

Full scale converters for wind turbines >3.xMW

 Active Power Control

 Decoupling the generator from

 Reactive Grid Power Control:

Understanding the PCS6000 main components

 Individual operation according

 The dv/dt filter reduces the

Understanding the PCS6000 main components

 Typical generator nominal

 Hint for efficiency optimization:

 To understand the power transfer

Up Rotary field voltage, Up = f( IE

Understanding the PCS6000 main components

Xd I  The voltage source vector of the

 The resulting power at the voltage source UC (S = UC * I * sqrt(3)) is

Understanding the PCS6000 main components

 The used semiconductor

 Example of a phase to phase

Understanding the PCS6000 main components

 The IGCT (Integrated Gate

switch, which can be turned on

and off by a fibre optic signal.

The IGCT is a very robust design

From an IGCT into a tower

Understanding the PCS6000 main components

 The most important functional

VLU Operation (The two VLU’s are controlled

 Typical brake resistor ratings are

Understanding the PCS6000 main components

 The grid side converter has the

 To understand the grid side

 The equivalent circuit of the grid

Wind Park Grid

UC UDC UC’ UT’ UG

UC Converter voltage, UC = f(m,α,UDC UG Grid voltage

Understanding the PCS6000 main components

 The voltage source vector of the

 Different grid code requirements regarding

Understanding the PCS6000 main components

 The performance at the wind park grid (typically between 10-33kV) of

Limitation because of maximal converter

 The AC filter is designed to filter