Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 General Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Justification

1.4 Aims and Objectives

1.5 Limitations of the study

1.6 Research methodology

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Case Study

3.1 Case Study 1

3.2 Case study 2

3.3 Case study 3

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Site Investigation Report

4.1 Location

4.2 Vegetation

4.3 Infrastructural Facilities

4.4 Soil Type

4.5 Size of the Land

4.6 Access and Circulation

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Design Brief

5.1 Brief Analysis

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 Recommendation & Conclusions

6.1 Recommendation

6.2 Conclusion

REFERENCES
 DECLARATION

This is to declare that this project works was carried out by me, Kayode Oluwarotimi Sola of

Architectural Technology with the regulation and instructions from my supervisor Arch. Mrs Oni

and other Architectural Technology department lecturers of Rufus Giwa Polytechnic Owo.
 CERTIFICATION

This project is titled Mass Housing proposed for the junior staff of Rufus Giwa Polytechnic,

Owo with matric number SO3/ARC/2016/1244. In partial fulfilment for the award of National

Diploma in Architectural Technology, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic,

Owo, Ondo State..

Arc Kehinde F. Date

__________________ __________________
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Housing (shelter) is unarguably one of the basic necessities of man. It is used to be ranked as the

second after food in the hierarchy of man’s need but according to Ebie (2009). It is the first and

most important of all rights. According to him, because of the importance attached to housing and

coupled with the fact that housing in all its ramifications is more than mere shelter then execution

of public sector housing embraces all social services and utilitis that go to make a community or

neighborhood a livable environment, this is now a right in Nigeria. This position is reinforced by

section 16 (1)(d) of 1999 constitution under the fundamental Objectives of state Policy which

compels the Nigeria state “to provide suitable and adequate shelter for all citizens”. Even though

this provision is not actionable, it reinforces the call for public sector driven mass housing

provision in nigeria. Housing being a righgt entails that all strata of a society, the old, the

disadvantaged, the wondering psychotics should own or have acces to descent, safe and sanitary

housing accommodation at affordable disposal prices or rental with secure tenure.

In every mass housing scheme the major component in the housing scheme are the housing units,

which is in line with what is obtainable in the case of privately commissioned housing. In mass

housing schemes the housing units are usually generic in nature which is not the situation in

personally designed houses. According to Pine (1993) generic products are a result of mass

production principle adopted in any manufacturing or production industry of which housing is a

part. The basic assumption in the production of a generic housing unit is that the house owner’s

needs can be standardized or generalized and a single design brief will suffice. This is not the

situation in individual housing where the designed house is a solution to a particular house owner’s

needs and aspirations regardless of how subtle the need might be. This is why a visit to any
residential area in Nigeria where the house owners built the houses themselves, will reveal that the

houses are often not the same in planning and certainly do not appear the same. The houses in

mass housing schemes do not meet the needs of the house owners while the reverse is what is

observable when it is houses built by house owners personally. A major difference in the two forms

of houses is that while the architect meets with the house owner in the individually built houses,

the architect usually meets with the financing party (government/private developer) however in

mass housing. It implies therefore that the brief in mass housing is never prospective house owner

oriented.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

From the analysis of responses made by officers interviewed in the mass housing agencies in

previous researches, a number of contextual (environmental) challenges militating against mass

housing provision in the study area were identified. All the interviewees noted that inadequate

supply of housing finance was a critical challenge in mass housing provisions in the study area.

They indicated that beginning from the post-independence era, mass housing schemes in the

country were funded mainly through revenue allocations from government even private sectors

are struggling to maintain the facilities in such investment. They observed that scarcity of housing

finance has become more critical now that fiscal and budgetary constraints have forced

government to reduce drastically the level of financial support given to its agencies to execute

mass housing projects.

1.2 JUSTIFICATION

Government intervention points to the imperfections of the occupants, the need to cater for

some groups in society who may not be able to make provision for themselves, and the need for

the state to intervene in their need in order to provide costly but essential support networks and
infrastructure. The imperfections which characterize mass housing arise from this factor, which

prevent the mass housing from operating in the smooth way that other infrastructural projects are

generally expected to do.

 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Leaman (2004) and Fatoye (2009) viewed buildings as systems that have many interacting

systems and subsystems both as part of the physical infrastructure and show how human activities

are organized within and related to them. They also have clear hierarchic properties in which

constraints are handed down from one layer to the other. Different professions such as architecture,

engineering, estate surveying valuation and town planning tend to operate at different levels in this

hierarchy.

At the bottom of the hierarchy is the user, who lives with the consequences of all these

decisions (Leaman, 2004). Architects, planners and consultants may come and go but users spend

their lives in the creations of the designers. Barrett and Baldry (2003) observed that very few

organizations ask users whether a building meets their requirements even-though the people that

understand a building best are the people that use it every day. In most cases, the people concerned

and affected by the design are never involved or considered in the design process. Design and

decision-making is rather concentrated, fragmented and involves only a small group of experts

(Danny, 2003). This process sees many consultants working in isolation, resulting to inadequate

briefs, with many variables that have considerable/significant effects on their designs.

It is generally known that organizations simply identify their need to build and go through

the process of planning, briefing, design, construction and final occupancy. This process is linear

and usually repeated for every new building project that the organization may undertake (Barrett

and Baldry, 2003). Although this is the typical process, it is not necessarily the best. Absence of

evaluation does not allow organizations to make use of their staff (users), which is a valuable

resource at their disposal; this gap limits the opportunity to learn from the users how well the
building is performing in terms of user needs. Data and information from evaluation can be used

as a feed-back/feed-forward into designs for new buildings or improvement of existing ones

(Preiser, 1995). This shows that there is a nexus between design brief, evaluation and feedback.

Evaluation and feedback provide the necessary information for good brief, which in turn contribute

to high building performance and overall organizational effectiveness. Unfortunately, Leaman

(2004) and Mayaki (2005) observed that feedback is not better used because most designers and

builders tend to be territorial in defending their perceived areas of expertise and often go on to the

next job without learning from the one they have just done. Evaluation of buildings provides

opportunity for organizations to see how well a particular building facility meets their

requirements.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 CASE STUDIES

A case study is a research process necessary to have a wide scope of the project to be

embarked on. It is done to see into past similar project to observe and deduce the necessary

facilities to improve on the proposed project. In this project, I embarked on two local case studies

and one international.

3.1 CASE STUDY 1: Greater Tomorrow International College, Agbalukun

Fig. 1: Location map from Rufus Giwa Polytechnic Owo to Greater Tomorrow International

College
 Fig 2 a & b: Picture of the staff-quarters Greater Tomorrow

Observation:

i. There is no enough vehicular access.

ii. Drainages are not properly landscaped

iii. There is general water purifying plant

iv. Interlocking is not well landscaped

Deduction:

i. Communal facilities should be provided for occupants

ii. There should be at least a parking space for each building.

iii. Green area is should be well landscaped within the compound to ensure the reduction of

heat.

3.2 CASE STUDY 2: FUTA ESTATE ILARAMOKIN

Picture of Houses in Futa Estate Ilaramokin, Ondo State

Observations:

i. The building are well aligned

ii. The site is easily accessible

iii. There are adequate vehicular

Deductions:

i. Enough drainage should be planned and provided.

ii. A general soak-away should be replaced with much which would waste maintenance

cost.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT

A site investigation is the process of collecting information is the process of collecting

information, assessment of the data and reporting potential hazards beneath a site which are

unknown.

The objective of a site investigation is to gather the information needed to carry out the risk

assessment in order to be in a position to assess their presence and significance of contamination

of land.

Location: The site is located at Rufus Giwa Polytechnic Junior Staff Quarters.

Vegetation: The site is covered with grasses, shrubs and trees planting.

Topography: The site has a normal percolating capacity.

Accessibility: The site is accessible top both vehicle and pedestrian

Shape: The site is rectangular in shape.

Size: The site is of size 180000mm X 162000mm

Existing services: There are electricity and telecommunication services.

The atmospheric condition of the site is wet and favorable.

4.1.0 SITE ANALYSIS

This reveals what is existing on the site. It take critical analysis of existing conditions on

site, it takes critical interest in rainfall, temperature, winds and humidity.

Rainfall: using the macro climate of Owo, the average rainfall is about 1340 with rainfall in July

and September respectively.

Wind: this is air in motion. There are two predominant types of wind in the region-north-east crate

wing (NETW) and south west trade wings (SWTW)

NETW has the following characteristics

1. It brings discomfort.

2. It is hot and dusty

3. It originated from desert

SETW has the following characteristics

1. It brings comfort

2. It is originated from Atlantic ocean

3. It is cool and wet

Temperature: This is the degree of hotness and coldness of a body, using the macro climate of

Owo, Owo has a mean annual temperature of about 300C while the mean immune temperature is

about 220C

Humidity: this is the amount of water vapor content in the air, there is an inverse relationship

between the relative humidity, the lower the temperature, the humidity of the community range

between 850/0 to 92% between the months of June to September.

 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 BRIEF DESIGN

In order to improve the commitment, availability and punctuality of the staff (junior) of higher

institutions, I have been assigned to design affordable and convenient 2-bedroom flat of twenty

(20) units to be located within the school premises.

5.1 BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA

In a 2-bedroom bungalow, spaces should be designed such that occupants can rest, enjoy their

privacy, entertain guest, dine, store and cook. It also should be design that there will not be conflict

in movement from a zone (public, private and semi-private) to the other. There could be

transitional spaces like lobby and entrance porch

5.2 SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS

The following spaces are provided in the cafeteria to make it functional:

i. Bedrooms

ii. Living room

iii. Dining room

iv. Kitchen

v. Visitors toilet

vi. Pantry

vii. Lavatory

5.3 ZONING

The design is zoned into Public, Semi-private and Private

The proposed cafeteria is zoned into two areas:

1. Public:

i. Living room

ii. Visitor’s toilet.

2. Semi Private:

i. Dining-room

ii. Kitchen

iii. Store.

3. Private

i. Bedrooms

ii. Lavatories

iii. Toilets

5.4 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP

This shows how the function of each of space are related to each other with the purpose of

establishing the necessary flow pattern or the relationship of event within the building.

5.5 FLOW CHART

This shows the direction of movement in the cafeteria without distraction or confusion.

5.6 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

This is an itemized list of accommodation facilities and provisions required by the user of a

building project. It will usually be developed by the consultant team during the concept design

stage. This usually specify precisely the number and size of rooms, the finishes, equopments,
furniture that will fit the room for its functional purpose and the environmental conditions that will

fit the room for its functional purpose and the environmental conditions that will assist the purpose.

The schedule of accommodation prepared by architects with the aid some books like Neufert

architectural data, time saver etc.

5.7 GENERAL SERVICES.

In other to achieve maximum result of the functionality and conveniences. Building

services influence the sustainability and energy demand of a building as well as the health and

well-being of its occupants. Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make them

comfortable, functional, efficient and safe. They can include fire safety, HVAC (heating,

ventilation and air conditioning), lighting, plumbing, ICT (information and communications

technology), and so on.

Building services play a central role in contributing to the design of a building, not only in

terms of overall strategies and standards to be achieved, but also in façade engineering, the weights,

sizes and location of major plant and equipment, the position of vertical service risers, routes for

the distribution of horizontal services, drainage, energy sources, sustainability, and so on

Ventilation: In every warm condition, cooling can be archieved by adequate provision of

ventilation. Large opening providing cross ventilation is required from natural means and it is
achievable by the use of windows and doors. Artificial means can be through fans and air-
conditions. All these are to achieve maximum comfort in the pen house and will also be included
to achieve maximum comfort in the residence.

Refuse: Waste shall be collected through the use of refuse collection stand/bins while proper
arrangement will be made to ensure constant evacuation of the bins to avoid offensive pollution to
the entire mass housing environment.
Sewage: water waste from sink, water closets ets, will be tightly collected through the waste pipe
to the manhole and inspector chamber, which will be collected in the main septic tank/soak away
pit.

Plumbing: an adequate and safe supply of water under pressure will be provided for each unit
building in the mass housing environment, the main sources being from the main water pipes or a
private sink borehole for the control building located a distance from general large septic tank and
soak away to prevent contamination.

Fire and safety protection: it is important that adequate and effective fire prevention measure
should be taken into consideration.

Therefore, the following steps will be taken to ensure safety:

a. Untreated flammable materials wil not be recommended or used in the construction of the
building
b. Fire alarms should be provided and installed in strategic areas e.g car lots, kitchen, lobbies,
etc.
c. Water sprinklers and hose reel should be installed in areas such as and where people can
reach in case of fire outbreak.
 CHAPTER SIX

6.0.0 CONSTRUCTION METHOD

6.1.0 FOUNDATION

The choice of foundation type to be used depends solely on the type of soil on the site. The
soil on the proposed site is mixture of gravel and sand which has good load bearing capacity, there
strip foundation is to be employed. The depth of which will be determined by structural engineer.
Materials to be used are granite, sand cement, steel bars.

6.2.0 FLOORS

150mm thick reinforced concrete floor slab will be laid on 300mm rubble stone hardcore
with 150mm over-site concrete covering to receive finishes.

Hard concrete or similar floors are recommended even in low cost building made of local
materials. The floor should provide insulation against both cold and damp. Also the nature of the
floor surface is important. If the surface is too smooth and slippery in lavatories or other
conveniences, the occupants may slip off and further lead to injuries or bruise. However, it it is
too rough opr abrasive. This can result in damage of feet.

6.3.0 WALLS

Hollow sandcrete block walls of 225mm will be used with cement mortar binder for both external
and partition internal walls. All walls will be rendered and painted with specified paints or finishes.
Smooth walls are most ideal.

The wall should be strong enough to resist wind pressure and rain penetration. It gives required
degree of thermal insulation. It shall be constructed to provide sufficient openings for the
admittance of natural daylight and ventilation.

6.4.0 ROOF

Durability, weather exclusion, fire protection, thermal insulator and good appearance are
characteristics of a good roofing system.
This is for shade and protection of the pigs from rain, sun,etc. they cn be made of iron sheet, steel
bars, hard wood, asbestos etc which are ideal in the tropics from insulation view point. They have
the advantage of keeping the house cooler.

Roofing materials wili include steel trusses, long span shown on the drawing.

Other important construction method shall be fully analyzed in the specification.

 CHAPTER SEVEN

7.1.0 CONCLUSION

The environment of the portion allocated (i.e Junior staff quarters) for the Mass-housing
project is okay and climatically conducive. However, the actualization of such standard mass
housing may not be fully accomplished due to insufficient funds from government. There are
already existing incomplete project in the institution due to this factor and if those ones which cost
of each is not up mass housing project are yet to be completed how much more the embankment
on standard mass housing.

7.2.0 RECOMMENDATION

I recommend this project for the institution for the sake of enhancement of effective

operations and the availability of staff members unto their service. Full attention should be directed

towards the project without mincing or managing materials. Therefore materials to be used for the

construction should be quality materials and management of works should be dexterous

REFERENCE

Ebie, S.P.OF. (2009, May). Public sector driven achievements and problem. Paper presented at the

2009 Faculty of environmental sciences /annual lecture, Nnamdi Azikwe University, Awka