Chapter II

Equipment
21. Geological Compass Brunton

2.1 Images of Brunton geological compass

The compass is a navigation tool to determine the direction of a magnetic pointer
arrow that freely harmonizes itself with the Earth's magnetic field accurately. The
compass provides a certain direction referral, so it is helpful in the field of
navigation. A Geological compass is a navigation tool to look for directions in the
form of a magnetic pointer arrow that freely harmonizes itself with the Earth's
magnetic field accurately. The geological compass, in addition can be used to
measure the direction component, also a large component angle.
The geological compass is two kinds, namely the Compass Quadrant type and
compass azimuth type.

Geological Compass Parts

The main parts of the Brunton type geological compass are shown inside. The
most important of them are:
1. Magnetic Needles

The northern tip of the needle has always

led to the North pole of Earth magnet (not the
North Pole geography). Therefore there is a
deviation from the northern position of the
geography we know as declination. The amount
of declination differs from one place to
another. In order for the compass to designate
the correct geographical position the
"graduated circle" should be rotated.

It is important to pay attention and then remember the sign used to get to
know the northern tip of the compass needle. Usually given color (red, blue or
white).

2. Circular Division (graduated circle)

Known 2 kinds of degree division in Geological Compass, which is the

compass Azimuth with the division of the degree begins in the North (n) until,
written contrary to the direction of the hour hand and the Compass Kwadran with
the division of the degree begins in the direction North (N) with the South (s),
towards the East (e) and West (W). (Figure 2.2)00 3600 00 900

3. Clinometer
 It is the compass to measure the magnitude of the inclination or slope of a
plane or slope. It is located at the base of the compass and comes with horizontal
and scale control bubbles. The distribution of such scales is expressed in degrees
and percent.

1. Mirror
The mirror is a compass part that is used to view objects on the field.

1. Compass Arm
The compass arm is commonly used to aim the target or object at the
moment in the field.

Azimuth and Back Azimuth

Azimuth is a large angle between magnetic north (zero degree) with the
point/target we are aiming for, azimuth is also often called compass angle,
calculation clockwise. There are three kinds of azimuth namely:

A) azimuth actually, ie the large angle formed between the North actually
with the target point;

B) The magnetic azimuth, which is a formed angle between the northern

compass and the target point;

C) azimuth map, ie a large angle formed between the north of the map with
the target point.

Back Azimuth is a large opposite angle/backward of azimuth. How to

calculate: when the angle of azimuth more than 180 degrees then the angle of
azimuth minus 180 degrees, when the angle of azimuth less than 180 degrees then
the angle of azimuth minus 180 degree, when the angle of azimuth = 180 degree
then back Azimuthnya is 0 degrees Or 360 degrees.

Turp and Intersection methods

Turp

The resection is a method for determining the position/positioning on the

map using two or more known terrain marks and is known for its position on the
map. The TURP technique requires an open landscape to be able to shoot the
terrain mark already known in its position on the map. It is not always two signs of
terrain to be shot, if we are on the banks of a river, along the road, or along a ridge,
then it is only necessary one other sign of terrain to be shot.

Turp steps:

1. Orienting the map using the compass

2. Find a minimum of two or more easily recognizable field
marks in the field and on the map and mark
3. With a ruler create a cross axis at the center of the terrain
signs for easy orientation
4. Shoot with the compass of the terrain signs from our
position, the angle of the shot of the compass is called
azimuth angle
5. Move the corners of the shot obtained onto the map,
then calculate the angle back azimuth that angle (the
corner back azimuth obtained by reducing/adding an
angle azimuth with 180, if the angle of azimuth greater
 than 180 fed back azimuthnya in the decrease 180 180
180
6. Pull the elongated line with the back azimuth angle from
the position of the familiar terrain mark to our unknown
position
7. The intersection of lines drawn from the back azimuth is
our position on the map.

Intersection

The principle of the intersection is to determine the position of a point

(object) on the map using two or more known field marks in the field. Intersection
is used to determine or ensure the position of an object that is seen in the field, but
difficult to achieve and not on the map. On the intersection, we are already
confident in our position on the map.

Steps do the intersection:

1. Do terrain orientation, and make sure our position on the map

2. Shoot the object we observe and want to find its position on the map
3. Move the azimuth angle that we can map and draw an elongated line from
our position map to the position of an object that is not known for sure
4. Move to another position, and make sure the position is on the map, then
do step 2 and 3
5. The intersection of the extension line from the two angles is the position of
the object in the map.
Strike and Dip

Strike and dip are methods that depict the orientation of the aircraft in three
dimensions. Usually applied to the orientation tilt of the stone layer.

Dip is the angle of tilt, measured from horizontal.. Dip angle is measured in
degrees. Strike is the direction level of the line on the slope surface. It is more
difficult to visualize, but easy to remember as it is always perpendicular to the
direction of the dip.

A. Strike

Representation of strike on
geological maps. Any tilted
surface has the direction it is
horizontal. Strike is a masonry
orientation. Compass the
direction along which the bed of the trend rocks (with respect to the north) is called
strike. The stone Strike's bed or foliation is the direction of the line level on the
surface a line level in an aircraft measured as acute angle from the north
B. Dip

Representations of the dip on the

geological map. The DIP is a taper angle
between the oblique plane and the
imaginary horizontal plane, measured
perpendicular to the strike. The DIP is
o o
measured as angle and direction, and varies from 0 (horizontal) to 90
(vertically). Dip is how steep the bedrock or foliation downhill decreases. Unless
the aircraft is vertical, the dip direction should be detailed as an additional number
of indentations (N, E, S, W, NE, NW, SE, SW).

How to measure rock-lining strike and dip

Strike and dip measurements

Compass Ranger

Measuring strike and dip with the Rangers is 6 step process:

1. Compass to take strike position

 Use Bull's eye, hold the compass and place level a longer base plate side to
the surface to be measured.

2. Dial in Strike

Keep the compass at position # 1, turn the bezel up the orientation arrow
line with the needle. Get the habit of Red Antre red (north to north) as it is how the
bearing is taken. To attack, however, no matter what the ends are oriented arrows
and needles lined up.

3. Compass for ploting strike position

Move the compass to the map and without changing your strike just Dialedin
(don't touch the panels!), rotate the base plate so that your northsouth line
compass lines with North and south on the map (use longitude, UTM,
Townshiprange, Road, Building edge, or whatever is available). Find your position
on the map and place a long compass side over the temporary point while keeping
NS stripes on the compass parallel to the NS on the map.

4. Plot strike

Draw a line against the long side of your compass through your position on
the map to represent the strike direction.

5. Ensure the compass is ready to measure dip

With the mirror completely open, hold the compass with the mirror facing
you on the left. Rotate the bezel until the n is up and the E and W are in the center.

6. Dip measurement
 Straighten the southern edge of the compass with the direction sauce and
place it against the plane to be measured. Remember that dipping straight against
the attack. It is also the direction in which the water will flow (ball roll etc), and
therefore the direction at which the maximum dip amount is measured. Read the
dip where the point on the scale tendency.

Examples of strike and dip commonly used on geological maps:

2.2 GPS

GPS is more advanced now than ever before, with more satellites being launched to enable greater
accuracy & a wider area. Garmin has long been the top name in this field, and we can offer their GPS
range from basic devices that display an accurate 6 digit grid reference to more advanced models that
come with a built-in camera, the ability to geotag images, wireless data transfers & has a very sensitive
receiver that can pick up satellite signals more easily than before.

Steps to use the 76CSx Garmin GPS.

1. Battery Installation

76CSx is operated with 2 AA type batteries, which are mounted on the back of the GPS. To install
the battery, open the battery cover by turning the D key on the back of the GPS quarter turn
counter clockwise. Insert the battery by paying attention to the existing polarity. Close the battery
cover again by turning the D key in a quarter-turn clockwise.

2. First step

Before you can really use 76CSx for navigation, you must first determine your exact position at
that time. To do this, bring your 76CSx out into a wide open space. Press and hold the POWER
button to turn on GPS. 76CSx requires at least 3 strong satellite signals to determine your
position.
 3. Light Screen And Image Clarity Level

To turn on the display light, press and then release the POWER button on the screen. The display
light has been set to turn on for 30 seconds to save battery power. To adjust the level of clarity of
the image on the screen press and then release the POWER button, then press the DOWN button
to make the screen darker, and press the UP button to make the screen brighter.

4. Choose Page

All information needed to operate 76CSx can be found on the main page (display screen). These
pages include Satellite, Trip Computer, Maps, Compas, Altimeter and Main Menu. To select these
pages press the PAGE button until you find the desired page.

5. Define Waypoints

Waypoint is a location where you can plot (save in memory) as a direction for navigation later. To
determine the waypoint is by:

1. Press the ENTER button until the mark waypoint page appears.

2. Change the waypoint name and waypoint symbol to your liking, by pressing enter on the
waypoint name and symbol, then change the waypoint name and symbol to your liking.

3. After all is finished, select OK then press ENTER.

6. How to make a Track

To make a track is to broadcast as follows:

1. Press the MENU button twice> select Track

2. Select clear (if the precentage of memory in use is not yet 0%)> press ENTER. Then a
confirmation will appear and select OK

3. After the track becomes 0%, the new track is ready to use.

4. To create a new track is to select ON> press ENTER.

5. After the track is complete, save it by selecting SAVE> press ENTER.

7. How to make a Route

How to create a route is as follows:

1. Press MENU twice> Routes.

2. Select New> <Select Next Point>.

3. Use the Find Menu to select Route Waypoint from one of the Find groups.
 4. Select Select next point to add the waypoint to Route> waypoint to be used in Recent Finds /
Waypoints / Cities / Geocache / Marine> select the waypoint you want then ENTER and select Use>
press ENTER. (and so on until all the waypoints you need are all there)

5. Select Navigate> press ENTER

6. Select Follow Road (if the route is made to follow the road) or Off Road (if the route is not made to
follow the road)

Here are the steps:

1. Turn on your 76CSx GPS and wait until the satellite signal is connected to GPS, if the satellite signal
indicator has appeared and the position / coordinates already exist means that the GPS is ready to use.

2. By default the feature / page count is not available on your GPS, for the page to be set manually by:

1. Press the MENU button twice, the main menu page will appear, after that select SETUP.

2. Press the ENTER button

3. Select Page Sequence then ENTER,

4. The added page appears, press the Rocker button down until the Add Page option then ENTER. Select
the Calculation Area and end with the ENTER button.

3. After adding pages, the next step is to press the PAGE button several times until the Area Calculation
page appears.

4. Press the Start Button on the Area Calculation page, after you ENTER the Start button changes to the
Stop button, if so it means that the GPS is ready to be used to calculate Area Area.

5. Please walk in the area to calculate the area, from point A (start) to return to point A again (end).

6. After surrounding the measured area, then you press the Stop button. Under the Stop button will
appear

2.3 Geological Hammer

The geological Hammer is a tool used to take rock samples. Geological Hammer has a wide head shape because
it is adjusted to its function. In general, we know there are two types of hammer heads are pointed and
flattened.

The Geological Hammer is a tool used to take rock samples. Geological Hammer has a wide head shape because
it is adjusted to its function. In General, we know there are two types of hammer heads are pointed and
flattened.

Pointed geological hammer-Sharp geological hammer

Is a hammer with a pointed head tip that serves to sample hard/massif rock samples such as Frozen rocks and
metamorphic rocks.

Is a hammer with a pointed head tip that serves to sample hard/massif rock samples such as Frozen rocks
and metamorphic rocks.

Flat-Flattened geological hammer

Is a hammer with a flattened head tip that is slightly curved into the function to hook the rock layer, this type
of hammer is used for soft-textured rocks such as sedimentary rocks.

Is a hammer with a flattened head tip that is slightly curved into the function to hook the rock layer, this type
of hammer is used for soft-textured rocks such as sedimentary rocks.

Here are some basic tips on using a geological hammer. 1. part of the hammer used before using the geological
hammer, should be observed and estimated first, which part will be used to ' hit ' The Rock sample.

Usually, the blunt front is used in sedimentary rocks, while the sharp back is used in frozen rocks. This usage
difference is important because it can give a significant effect to our own safety and comfort.

2. The stone to be taken SampelnyaDalam rock research, samples of stones taken should be in a fresh or new state.
The stone has a harsh nature hence the fresh rock samples are somewhat difficult to capture. But in every stone
there is a more soft or fragile part, therefore for our own convenience it would be good if we take a sample of rocks
from the tip of her or the part of her recation.

3. Required personnel do not use the geological hammer too hard, because the rupture can harm the user's own
hammer or those around him. Estimate enough energy to take samples, also note the angle between the hammer
with the rocks and the safe distance to minimize the risk of exposure to rock fragments or the reciprocal reaction of
the hammer.