MicroTrap VOD Operations Manual Revision 4

VOD Operations Manual
Edition 4.0
IMPORTANT COMPATIBILITY NOTICE:

The MicroTrap shipped with this Operations Manual is only compatible with
MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software Version 6.0 and later. Version 6.0 and later
versions of the MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software are fully compatible with
earlier model MicroTraps and with data files collected by earlier model MicroTraps.
Manufactured By:
MREL GROUP OF COMPANIES LIMITED
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK.
VOD Operations Manual - Edition 4.0 Page i
MREL Specialty Explosive Products Limited (MREL) warrants that the product is free from Manufacturer’s defects
for a period of two (2) years from the date of shipment to the Customer. This Warranty covers all parts and
labour.
MREL does not warrant that the product will meet the Customer's requirements, or that it will operate in the
combinations which may be selected by the Customer.
MREL does not and cannot warrant the performance or results that may be obtained by using the product.
Accordingly, the product and its documentation are sold "as is" without warranty as to their performance,
merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. The Customer assumes the entire risk as to the results and
performance of the product.
The MREL logo is a registered trademark of Mining Resource Engineering Limited. The MicroTrap logo is a
registered trademark of MREL Specialty Explosive Products Limited. Windows is a registered trademark of
Microsoft Corporation. All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective companies.
© Copyright 2003, MREL Specialty Explosive Products Limited. This Operations Manual and accompanying
MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software supersedes any earlier editions. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction or
adaptation of any part of this documentation or Software without written permission of the Copyright owner is
unlawful.
Page ii VOD Operations Manual – Edition 4.0
ABOUT THIS MANUAL

Congratulations on your acquisition of the MicroTrap VOD/Data Recorder, manufactured by MREL Specialty
Explosive Products Limited (MREL). The instructions in this VOD Operations Manual serve as a reference for the
operation of the MicroTrap for recording the continuous velocity of detonation (VOD) of explosives and hole/deck
delay times. The VOD Operations Manual is divided into the following Chapters:
CHAPTER 1: GETTING STARTED

This Chapter assists those new to the operation of the MicroTrap to ensure that:
1. All of the MicroTrap hardware has been received.
2. The MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software is installed and that communications is confirmed between the
Operator’s computer and the MicroTrap.
3. The MicroTrap’s Recording Parameters are adjusted by the Operator to settings that are appropriate for the
Operator’s testing requirements.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION
This Chapter addresses the general features of the MicroTrap. It outlines some safety considerations related to
the use of instrumentation in a blasting environment; and describes the main field applications of the MicroTrap
for recording the VOD of explosives and the delay times between blastholes and decks of explosives.
CHAPTER 3: HARDWARE
This Chapter covers issues related to the various hardware components of the MicroTrap. It briefly describes the
main features of the MicroTrap's front panel; provides details on the MicroTrap power source; and outlines
instructions for recharging and long term storage of the MicroTrap. Also included are descriptions of the different
types of VOD resistance probes available from MREL. A summary of the technical specifications of the
MicroTrap is also presented.
CHAPTER 4: RECORDING VOD AND HOLE/DECK DELAY TIMES

This Chapter describes issues related to VOD testing of explosives in the field, and introduces the resistance wire
technique for testing small explosive samples and explosives in blastholes. Also presented are safety
considerations, lay out and protection of the VOD resistance probes, and the setup procedure for the MicroTrap in
the field.
CHAPTER 5: MICROTRAP SOFTWARE

This Chapter presents the methods for retrieving data from the MicroTrap to a computer and selecting a data file
for analysis. All the features and menu functions of the Software required for analysis and presentation are
described.
CHAPTER 6: EXAMPLES OF VOD DATA ANALYSIS

This Chapter provides a detailed analysis of VOD information, starting with the selection of the data and followed
by its analysis and formatting for presentation. Several examples are discussed including VOD of small explosive
samples and explosives in blastholes as well as the determination of the delay times between blastholes and
decks of explosives.
CHAPTER 7: CONTACTING MREL FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT

This Chapter provides detailed contact information for MREL’s Blasting Instrumentation Team. It also provides
instructions for emailing MicroTrap files to MREL for complimentary analysis support.
VOD Operations Manual - Edition 4.0 Page iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 Ensuring that all MicroTrap Hardware has been Received 1.1
1.2 Installing the MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software 1.1
1.2.1 Computer System Requirements 1.1
1.2.2 Installing the Software 1.1
1.3 Communicating with the MicroTrap 1.2
1.3.1 Parallel Port (Printer Port) Configurations 1.2
1.3.2 Testing Communications between the Computer and the MicroTrap 1.2
1.4 Viewing and Programming the MicroTrap’s VOD Recording Parameters 1.3
1.5 Troubleshooting MicroTrap Communications Errors 1.7
2.1 Background 2.1
2.2 Safety Considerations 2.2
2.3 VOD Applications of the MicroTrap 2.2
2.3.1 Testing of Explosive Samples 2.2
2.3.2 Testing of Explosives in Blastholes 2.2
2.4 Scope Applications of the MicroTrap with Scope Upgrade Installed 2.3
CHAPTER 3: MICROTRAP HARDWARE

3.1 Hardware Components 3.1
3.1.1 MicroTrap 3.1
3.1.2 Carrying Case 3.5
3.1.3 Battery Charger 3.5
3.1.4 Communications Cable 3.5
3.1.5 BNC Adapters 3.5
3.2 MicroTrap Internal Rechargeable Battery 3.6
3.3 Testing the MicroTrap Power Status 3.6
3.4 Recharging the MicroTrap 3.6
3.5 Operating the MicroTrap from External Power Sources 3.7
3.6 Long Term Storage Considerations 3.7
3.7 VOD Resistance Probes Used by the MicroTrap 3.8
3.7.1 VOD ROBEROD 3.8
3.7.2 VOD PROBECABLE 3.8
3.8 MicroTrap Technical Specifications 3.9

4.1 Safety Considerations for Selecting an Explosive Testing Site 4.1
4.2 The Resistance Wire Technique for Measuring VOD 4.1
4.3 Installing PROBERODs for Testing Samples of Explosives 4.2
4.4 Installing PROBECABLE for Testing Explosives in Blastholes 4.3
4.4.1 Preparation of PROBECABLE for Single Blasthole Recording 4.3
4.4.2 Preparation of PROBECABLE for Multiple Blasthole Recording 4.5
4.5 PROBECABLE and Coaxial Cable Protection 4.6
4.6 MicroTrap Setup Procedure for VOD Measurements 4.6
4.7 Probe Resistance Out of Range 4.9
4.8 Utilizing the External Trigger 4.10
Page iv VOD Operations Manual – Edition 4.0
4.9 Additional Information on Memory and Triggering 4.11

4.9.1 Memory 4.11
4.9.2 Triggering 4.12

5.1 Retrieving Data from the MicroTrap 5.1
5.2 Selecting Data Files for Analysis 5.3
5.3 Introduction to Analysis 5.4
5.4 Desktop 5.4
5.5 Tools Bar 5.5
5.6 Current Point Tools Bar 5.6
5.7 Menu 5.7

6.1 Sample of Explosives – Detonating Cord Example 6.1
6.2 Sample of Explosives – Other Examples 6.7
6.3 Explosives in Blastholes – Multiple Decked Holes Example 6.9
6.4 Explosives in Blastholes – Other Examples 6.16

7.1 Contacting MREL 7.1
7.2 Emailing MicroTrap Files to MREL 7.1
VOD Operations Manual - Edition 4.0 Page 1-1

All of the steps detailed in this Chapter should be completed before the Operator goes into the field to
conduct a VOD test:
1. Ensure that all MicroTrap components have been received and are available.
2. Install the MicroTrap Software on the Operator’s computer.
3. Ensure that the Operator’s computer and MicroTrap are able to communicate with each other.
4. Program the MicroTrap’s internal Recording Parameters using the MicroTrap Software.
1.1 ENSURING THAT ALL MICROTRAP HARDWARE HAS BEEN RECEIVED

Photographs of these hardware components are contained in Section 3.1.
4. MicroTrap VOD/Data Recorder.
5. MicroTrap Battery Charger that is labeled 120 VAC or 220 VAC depending on your Country’s mains power.
6. Communications Cable - parallel port printer cable.
7. BNC Adapters x 2.
8. Carrying Case.
9. MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software on CD-ROM.
10. MicroTrap VOD Operations Manual.
11. VOD resistance probes: PROBERODs and/or PROBECABLE and/or PROBECABLE-LR.
1.2 INSTALLING THE MICROTRAP ADVANCED ANALYTICAL SOFTWARE

1.2.1 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
The MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software, for Windows '95 and later, has been provided on a CD-ROM. The
CD-ROM also contains a medium-resolution digital copy of this Operations Manual in Adobe Acrobat pdf format
(MicroTrap VOD Operations Manual Edition 4.pdf). Additional copies of the Operations Manual may be printed
for your use as required.
The Software operates on any Personal Computer (PC) system with the following minimum specifications:
1. Pentium 100 or higher processor.
2. 32 Mb RAM.
3. 25 Mb hard drive space for Software and digital Operations Manual installation, and up to an additional 20
Mb for each uncompressed data file. It is recommended that 100 Mb of hard drive space be available on the
computer.
4. Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, ME or XP.
5. CD-ROM drive. If the computer does not have a CD-ROM drive, but has Internet access, contact MREL
(Section 7.1) for instructions on downloading the installation Software from MREL’s Internet web site. If the
computer does not have a CD-ROM and does not have access to the Internet, then contact MREL to obtain
the Software on floppy disks.
6. Parallel printer port (ie: LPT1, LPT2 or LPT3).
1.2.2 INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE

To install the MicroTrap Software, start Windows and insert the MicroTrap CD into the CD-ROM drive. Read the
Readme.txt file on the MicroTrap CD and follow the instructions. When the installation is complete, shut down the
computer and re-start it.
Page 1-2 VOD Operations Manual – Edition 4.0
1.3 COMMUNICATING WITH THE MICROTRAP

1.3.1 PARALLEL PORT (PRINTER PORT) CONFIGURATIONS
Through the Communications Cable, the MicroTrap Software is used
by the Operator to program the MicroTrap’s Recording Parameters
and to download the data from the MicroTrap to the computer after
testing is completed. The MicroTrap Software can communicate with
the MicroTrap through 3 parallel port (LPT printer port) types:
Standard (SPP), Enhanced (EPP), and Extended Capabilities (ECP).
If the port is SPP or EPP, it uses SPP mode. If the port is ECP, it
uses the faster ECP mode. The mode used is shown while
communicating with the MicroTrap. Communications with the
MicroTrap is usually about 10 times faster in the ECP mode.
Port information for the computer can be viewed by clicking on Control

Panel - System Properties and clicking on "Ports" to view the current
type of printer port.
Most computers built in the last few years have either ECP or EPP, or
both. Some computers, however, are shipped with the BIOS set so
that the parallel port is in SPP mode since this is the motherboard default. Most desktop computers allow the
parallel port to be changed in the BIOS setup mode, which can be entered during the first few seconds after
starting the computer. Care must be taken while in this mode since changing certain settings can prevent the
computer from starting. On some computers, this mode is password protected and only a computer support
person can access it.
Some laptops may provide only some of the above modes in BIOS setup mode. Some do not have a BIOS setup
mode at all and use a custom program from within Windows, such as "Toshiba Utilities", to view and change
laptop parallel port modes. Note that parallel ports can be added to laptops with PCMCIA cards or USB to
parallel port adapters.
1.3.2 TESTING COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE COMPUTER AND THE MICROTRAP

It cannot be guaranteed that the MicroTrap will be able to communicate with a specific computer on the first
attempt. The parallel port is an evolving standard and certain active printer, scanner, and external CD-ROM
drivers may interfere with MicroTrap communications. Usually such problems can be solved with support from
MREL or local computer support.
To test communications between the computer and the MicroTrap:
1. Connect the Communications Cable supplied with the MicroTrap between the LPT (parallel printer port) on
the computer and the LPT COM port on the front panel of the MicroTrap.
2. Turn the MicroTrap power ON.
3. Start the MicroTrap Software by clicking on Start-Programs-MREL-MicroTrap.
4. At the Main Menu click on the Program MicroTrap button or with

the keyboard press Alt-P. Programming the MicroTrap and
retrieving data can be accomplished without the use of a
computer mouse by pressing “tab” to move between data entry
fields.
5. A Message will be displayed. Click on OK to continue or Cancel

to return to the Main Menu.
6. When the Software successfully communicates

with the MicroTrap, the message MicroTrap
Found is displayed. Also displayed is the number
of Total Tests into which the MicroTrap’s memory
has been divided, and the number of Remaining
Tests yet to be conducted to fill the MicroTrap’s
memory.
7. The Software also displays the Serial Number of
the MicroTrap, when the next Calibration should
be performed on the MicroTrap, and whether or
not the MicroTrap has the Memory Upgrade
and/or Scope Upgrade installed.
8. In the example, the MicroTrap does not contain
the MicroTrap Memory Upgrade and it does not contain the MicroTrap Scope Upgrade. Since there is no
MicroTrap Scope Upgrade present, then the MicroTrap will function only as a VOD Recorder. Please refer to
the MicroTrap Scope Operations Manual for details on the use of the MicroTrap Software and Hardware for
recording voltage signals from other types of gauges such as those for vibration, pressure and temperature.
9. If these messages are displayed correctly, then there is proper communications between the MicroTrap and
the computer. Click on the Exit button to close the Software. To view and program the MicroTrap’s
Recording Parameters, refer to Section 1.4.
10. If these messages are not displayed correctly and an error message is shown, then ensure that the
procedures in Sections 1.2 and 1.3.1 have been followed. Refer to Section 1.5 for some suggestions on
troubleshooting the MicroTrap communications error.
1.4 VIEWING AND PROGRAMMING THE MICROTRAP’S VOD RECORDING

PARAMETERS
To view or change the MicroTrap’s Recording Parameters:
4. At the Main Menu click on the Program MicroTrap button or with

the keyboard press Alt-P. Programming the MicroTrap and
retrieving data can be accomplished without the use of a
computer mouse by pressing “tab” to move between data entry
fields.
5. A Message will be displayed. Click on OK to continue or Cancel

to return to the Main Menu.
6. When the Software successfully communicates

with the MicroTrap, the message MicroTrap
Found is displayed. Also displayed is the number
of Total Tests into which the MicroTrap’s memory
has been divided, and the number of Remaining
Tests yet to be conducted to fill the MicroTrap’s
memory.
7. The Software also displays the Serial Number of
the MicroTrap, when the next Calibration should
be performed on the MicroTrap, and whether or
not the MicroTrap has the Memory Upgrade
and/or Scope Upgrade installed.
8. In the example, the MicroTrap does not contain the
MicroTrap Memory Upgrade and it does not contain the MicroTrap Scope Upgrade. Since there is no
MicroTrap Scope Upgrade present, then the MicroTrap will function only as a VOD Recorder. Please refer to
the MicroTrap Scope Operations Manual for details on the use of the MicroTrap Software and Hardware for
recording voltage signals from other types of gauges such as those for vibration, pressure and temperature.
9. If the Remaining Tests = 0, then no additional tests will be able to be conducted with the MicroTrap until the
Operator clears the MicroTrap’s memory. If the data in the MicroTrap’s memory has already been transferred
to a computer then the Operator should click on the VOD button and proceed to Step 11. Otherwise, the
Operator should click on the Exit button to close the Software and then download the data to the computer
as detailed in Section 5.1.
10. If the Remaining Tests > 0, then additional tests can be conducted with the MicroTrap. If this is the case,
and the Operator wishes to clear the memory, view the settings, or change the settings for subsequent tests
then the Operator should click on the VOD button. Otherwise, the Operator can click on the Exit button to
close the Software.
11. After clicking on the VOD button,

the existing settings of the
MicroTrap are displayed. The
Operator is able to leave the
settings unchanged by clicking on
the Cancel button.
12. The Operator can make changes to
the Trigger Level, Pre-Trigger
Time, and Recording Rate for
subsequent tests to be performed.
The Trigger Level is used by the
MicroTrap when the MicroTrap
hardware is set to begin recording
on an INTernal trigger signal as
detailed in Section 4.9. Changing
these Recording parameters does
not erase any data that may
already have been recorded by the
MicroTrap in previous tests.
!
MREL recommends a Trigger Level of about 95% and a Pre-Trigger Time of about 25% for VOD
recording of explosives samples and explosives in blastholes.
13. The Operator should make the Recording Rate as fast as possible providing that the displayed Total Time
per Test is sufficiently long to record all of the holes, and hole/deck delays, being tested. Reducing the
Recording Rate lengthens the Total Time per Test. Changing the Recording Rate does not erase any data
that may already be recorded by the MicroTrap in previous tests. If the MicroTrap Memory Upgrade is
installed, then the Total Time per Test and the PreTrigTime will be double that shown in this example.
14. The Operator can select the External Trigger mode to be Make Circuit or Break Circuit. External triggering
is detailed in Section 4.8.
15.
Ensure that the data already in the MicroTrap’s memory has been downloaded to a
computer (Section 5.1) before ticking the CLEAR ALL TESTS box. Ticking the CLEAR
ALL TESTS box and then clicking on the CHANGE SETTINGS button will clear the
MicroTrap’s memory and will delete all data from previous tests.
If in Step 8 there were Remaining

Tests = 0, then the Operator must
tick the Clear All Tests box to
allow more tests to be conducted
with the MicroTrap.
When the Clear All Tests box is

ticked, then the Operator may also
change the Number of Tests into
which the MicroTrap’s memory is
divided. The Operator may divide
the MicroTrap’s internal memory
into 1 to 16 tests. This allows the
Operator to perform up to 16 tests
before having to download the data
to a computer. However, dividing
the memory into 16 tests causes
the Total Time per Test to be
divided by 16 as is displayed in the
Total Time per Test window.
!
MREL recommends setting the Number of Tests = 1 for VOD recording of blastholes using
PROBECABLE. The Operator will normally be able to download the data from the MicroTrap
to a computer before conducting the next VOD test.
!
MREL recommends setting the Number of Tests = 16 for VOD recording of samples of
explosives using a PROBEROD. This reduces the quantity of data collected per test and
conserves the computer’s disk space. At a 2 MHz recording rate, a MicroTrap with standard
memory will record for a total of 131 ms per test if the Number of Tests = 16. This is more
than sufficient recording time for a sample of explosives.
16. Click on the Change Settings button to accept the new Recording Parameters or click on the Cancel button
to exit without making any changes.
17. If the Clear All Tests box has been ticked, then the
Software will ask the Operator to confirm that the data
in the MicroTrap’s memory is to be erased. Click OK
or Cancel.
18. A confirmation message is displayed.

19. Disconnect the Communications Cable from the MicroTrap. Turn the
MicroTrap OFF and then ON. Press the Total Tests button and then the
Remaining Tests button to confirm that changes to these settings, if any, have
been made.
20. The Operator can confirm that all changes to Recording Parameters have been
made by re-starting the MicroTrap Software and repeating Steps 4-10.
1.5 TROUBLESHOOTING MICROTRAP COMMUNICATIONS ERRORS

1. If the MicroTrap is connected to a parallel port switch box, ensure that the total length of all cables is less than
10 feet (3 m).
2. Do not connect the MicroTrap through a "dongle" or "pass-through port" in a Zip Drive, scanner, printer, or
other such device.
3. Some computers are shipped with the BIOS set so that the parallel (LPT) port is in “bi-directional” mode since
this is the motherboard default. Computers with their parallel port in bi-directional mode will not communicate
with the MicroTrap. Most desktop computers allow the parallel port mode to be changed in the BIOS setup,
which can be entered during the first few seconds after starting the computer. Care must be taken while in
this mode since changing certain settings can prevent the computer from starting. On some computers, the
BIOS setup mode is password protected and only a computer support person can access this setup mode.
Some laptops may provide limited BIOS setup mode options. Some do not have a BIOS setup mode at all
and use a custom program from within Windows, such as "Toshiba Utilities", to view and change laptop
parallel port modes. Contact MREL for additional technical support.
4. If you use an external CD-ROM drive connected through your parallel (LPT) port, then the CD-ROM software
sends intermittent signals to this parallel port to see if the CD-ROM drive is connected. These intermittent
signals will interfere with MicroTrap communications if the signal from the CD-ROM software is sent during
the time in which you are attempting to communicate with the MicroTrap. The solution is either to disable the
CD-ROM software, or to change its settings to make the time delay between signals as long as possible. You
will still risk having the signal happen when you are communicating with the MicroTrap. However, if the time
between signals is set sufficiently long, then you will be able to successfully re-communicate with the
MicroTrap. Contact MREL for additional technical support.

2.1 BACKGROUND
The MicroTrap VOD/Data Recorder is likely the most affordable and easiest to use portable, high-resolution
recorder available. The MicroTrap is the result of merging and enhancing the most important features of the
world’s most popular VOD Recorders:
1 channel MiniTrapII Explosives Continuous VOD Recorder;
16 channel DataTrap Multi-Purpose Data Recorder; and
2 channel SuperTrap High Resolution VOD/Data Recorder.
The MicroTrap is a portable, 1 channel, high resolution, explosives continuous VOD recorder. The MicroTrap can
be upgraded easily and inexpensively to provide an additional 4 channels of DC voltage (VDC) recording
capability. Contact MREL for MicroTrap Scope Upgrade information. This provides the MicroTrap with the
unparalleled ability to record high resolution VODs of explosives and simultaneously record transient events such
as blast vibrations, explosion pressures, air blast, etc. at high resolutions. The MicroTrap has proven its reliability
under the extreme temperature, weather, dust and rugged conditions that characterize blasting environments
around the world.
The MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software allows the Operator to analyze VOD traces and convert DC voltage
signals recorded by the MicroTrap into the desired engineering units for analysis and presentation. The Software
is used to program the recording parameters of the MicroTrap, and to: retrieve, display, analyze, print and export
VOD and data from other types of gauges. The Software runs under 32 bit Microsoft Windows. This facilitates
extremely fast data handling, and the ability to copy and paste MicroTrap graphs into any word processors and/or
spreadsheets running under those Windows operating systems.
The main features of the MicroTrap for VOD recording are:

• One VOD channel capable of recording at up to 2 MHz (2 million data points/sec). This speed provides a
time resolution of one data point for every 0.5 microseconds.
• Capability to record VODs and delay times using up to 900 m (2,950 ft.) of MREL’s PROBECABLE-LR VOD
resistance cable. This ensures that the MicroTrap can record the VODs and delay times in many blastholes
per test.
• A large, circular, digital memory (4 million data points) to store the recorded data in the MicroTrap. This allows
the MicroTrap to record for relatively long periods (2.0 seconds) when recording at a rate of 2 MHz. The
memory can be upgraded easily and inexpensively to provide twice the recording time - a total memory of 8
million data points. Contact MREL for MicroTrap Memory Upgrade information.
• A high, 14 bit vertical (or distance) resolution (214 or 1 part in 16,384). This means that even for a very long
900 m length of PROBECABLE-LR, 18 data points will be recorded along every meter of PROBECABLE-LR.
Use of shorter lengths of PROBECABLE-LR provides even more data points recorded along every meter.
• The capability to store up to 16 events in its permanent (non-volatile) memory before having to download the
recorded data to a computer.
• The data is downloaded to any personal computer (PC) through the LPT parallel printer port using the PC’s
Enhanced Mode capability. Therefore, the downloading procedure is five times faster than with RS232 cable
connections.
• The MicroTrap can be upgraded easily and inexpensively to provide the MicroTrap with an additional 4
channels of DC voltage recording capabilities at a recording rate of 1 MHz. Contact MREL for MicroTrap
Scope Upgrade information.
2.2 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
Persons not trained and/or authorized to handle explosives should not attempt to utilize the
MicroTrap for monitoring explosive properties.
The MicroTrap is an easy and safe instrument to operate. However, one should be aware of the inherent risk
associated with explosive’s handling and familiar with working in blasting environments. For this reason, it is
always recommended that knowledgeable personnel, experienced in handling explosives and familiar with
blasting procedures, operate the MicroTrap when testing explosives. The standard rules of safety used with
explosives should apply when monitoring VODs or other explosive parameters.
When recording VODs, the MicroTrap outputs a low voltage (less than 5 VDC) and an extremely low current (less
than 50 mA) to the probes within the explosives from the VOD connector on the MicroTrap. This low excitation
signal ensures that the MicroTrap will not prematurely initiate explosives and/or detonators. With the optional
MicroTrap Scope Upgrade installed, the MicroTrap’s Scope channels do not output any excitation voltage or
signal.
Standard (and common sense) rules apply when it comes to the presence of electrical storms near the testing
area. Due to the inherent hazards associated with blasting during these storms, in addition to the possibility of
electrical interference causing false trigger signals to the MicroTrap, it is recommended to immediately suspend
all blasting activities and evacuate the area. This is standard policy at most blasting operations.
2.3 VOD APPLICATIONS OF THE MICROTRAP

When used as a VOD recorder, the main applications of the MicroTrap include:
2.3.1 TESTING OF EXPLOSIVE SAMPLES

• Test the performance of explosives against the quality control standards set by the manufacturers.
• Measure the continuous VOD in any charge diameter under confined or unconfined conditions.
• Determine the critical diameter and critical density of an explosive charge.
• Determine the gap sensitivity of explosives.
• Measure the timing accuracy of detonators.
• Measure the continuous VOD of primers/boosters.
• Determine the minimum booster size for any explosive by measuring run-up velocities.
2.3.2 TESTING OF EXPLOSIVES IN BLASTHOLES

• Measure the continuous VOD in any hole diameter, wet or dry holes, and in any type of rock.
• Measure the continuous VOD in multiple holes per blast.
• Determine whether full detonation, low order detonation or failure occurred, and where in the
explosive column it happened.
• Check VODs against manufacturers' specifications in full scale blasting environments.
• Determine the minimum booster size for any explosive by measuring run-up velocities in full scale
blasting environments.
• Measure the timing accuracy of detonators in full scale blasting environments.
• Measure the effects of water, drill cuttings, and rocks, etc. trapped within the explosive mass.
• Determine the length of explosive column to use in decking operations to evaluate the effect of
stemming and drill cutting dilution, water pick-up, etc. on the explosive run-up requirements.
• Determine the correct length and type of stemming material to be used between decks of explosives
to prevent sympathetic detonation or explosive desensitization from occurring.
2.4 SCOPE APPLICATIONS OF THE MICROTRAP WITH SCOPE UPGRADE INSTALLED

As previously mentioned, with the MicroTrap Scope Upgrade, the MicroTrap has the ability to function as a digital
oscilloscope to record DC voltage signals from a wide variety of commercially available gauges. DC voltage and
VOD can be recorded simultaneously. Typical applications of the MicroTrap when used as a voltage recorder
include:
• Measurement of detonation pressure using calibrated PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) gauges.
• Measurement of air blast over-pressures using commercially available air blast pressure transducers.
• Measurement of cross-blasthole pressures using carbon composition resistors and/or commercially
available tourmaline gauges.
• Measurement of blasting vibrations using geophones or accelerometer transducers.
• Measurement of temperatures using thermocouples.
• Measurement of strains using strain gauges.
• Measurement of any phenomena that can be instrumented with gauges producing DC voltage signals
in the range from -10 to +10 volts.

CHAPTER 3: MICROTRAP HARDWARE
3.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

The hardware components of the MicroTrap System include the MicroTrap, a Carrying Case, a Battery
Charger, an LPT Communications Cable and two (2) BNC Adapters. If the MicroTrap Scope Upgrade has
been installed, there are four (4) additional BNC Adapters provided. Also included with the MicroTrap System are
the VOD Operations Manual and the MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software. A brief description of each of the
hardware components is in the following sections.
3.1.1 MICROTRAP
The MicroTrap contains electronic circuitry and an internal rechargeable battery within a protective plastic case
measuring approximately 21 x 16 x 9 cm (8.25 x 6.25 x 3.5 in.) and weighing 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs.). The protective case
prevents damage from water, sand, snow, dust and similar harsh weather conditions. As well, the case offers
resistance to high temperatures, shocks and vibrations. The MicroTrap’s front panel is shown below.
Complete instructions for the field operation of the MicroTrap hardware are provided in Chapter 4. The main
features on the front panel of the MicroTrap are outlined below:
The ON/OFF switch is used to provide power to the MicroTrap.
The STATUS indicator light has three working modes:

In Active mode, the light is illuminated, indicating that the MicroTrap is ready for the Operator to press the
START button. When the START button is pressed, the MicroTrap begins to monitor the event to be
recorded while awaiting a trigger signal.
In Stand-by mode, the light flashes slowly, indicating that the MicroTrap has finished collecting and
storing data. In Stand-by mode, the MicroTrap is waiting for the Operator to either switch the MicroTrap
power OFF; press the NEXT TEST button (to go to Active mode); or download the data to a computer.
In Communications mode, the light flashes quickly, indicating that the MicroTrap's LPT COM
communications port is connected to a computer, through the Communications Cable, for setting the
MicroTrap’s Recording Parameters and for transferring data to the computer.
The LED screen is a two-digit display to show information related to the power status of the internal battery pack
and the total number of tests selected and the remaining number of tests. The LED screen also displays special
characters when advanced operations are being performed.
The BATTERY STATUS button is pressed to display on the LED screen the remaining charge of the MicroTrap's
internal battery. This one-digit value represents the percentage (%) charge remaining in the battery pack (i.e. 8 =
80% of full charge remaining).
The TOTAL TESTS button is pressed to display on the LED screen the total number of tests to which the
MicroTrap was set using the MicroTrap Software (Section 1.4).
The REMAINING TESTS button is pressed to display on the LED screen the number of tests that can still be
recorded without having to download the data to a computer. This number will be the difference between the total
number of tests as programmed into the MicroTrap’s memory by the Software, and the number of tests already
conducted and stored in the MicroTrap's memory.
The TOTAL TESTS and REMAINING TESTS buttons also have an advanced function. They can be used by the
Operator to erase the data recorded in the last test from the MicroTrap’s memory using hardware alone as
opposed to using the Software procedure detailed in Section 1.4.
a. Do not turn OFF the MicroTrap after the test, the STATUS light and TRIG’D lights should be
flashing.
b. To erase the data from the last test; simultaneously press the TOTAL TESTS and REMAINING
TESTS buttons and hold them until this procedure is complete. The LED display will show ct. After
about 2 seconds, the ct will begin blinking. After another 2 seconds, the ct will disappear. Release
the buttons. The data from the last test has been deleted.
c. Turn OFF the MicroTrap. Turn ON the MicroTrap and pressing the TOTAL TESTS button and then
the REMAINING TESTS button. This will confirm that the remaining tests have been increased by
1 and that the last test in the MicroTrap’s memory has been deleted.
!
MREL recommends the above procedure for times in which the MicroTrap triggers
prematurely when the Operator is setting up the MicroTrap to record a VOD test.
Premature triggering can be caused by situations such as: loose connections in the signal
wires; excessive moving of or driving over the signal wires; or by the Operator
inadvertently triggering the MicroTrap when using an external trigger wire.
The TRIG EXT/INT switch allows the selection of internal (INT) or external (EXT) triggering of the MicroTrap.
Using the Software (Section 1.4), the internal trigger level and pre-trigger memory allocation can be set. Using
the Software the external trigger mechanism: BREAK circuit or a MAKE circuit can be set. Triggering is described
in Sections 4.8 and 4.9.
The NEXT TEST button is used to change the MicroTrap's mode from Stand-by to Active. When in Active mode,
the MicroTrap waits for the Operator to press the START button to instruct the MicroTrap to await a trigger signal.
The START button instructs the MicroTrap to wait for a trigger signal to occur. When the START button is
pressed the START light illuminates.
The STOP button has several functions:

1. The STOP button is particularly useful when the MicroTrap has been set at a relatively slow sampling rate
with the Software (Section 1.4). An example is thermocouple measurements when the MicroTrap Scope
Upgrade is installed. Given the large memory in the MicroTrap, if the lowest sampling rate (1 Hz) is
selected, a total recording time of 4 million data points / 1 Hz = 4,000,000 seconds (46 days) will be
available for recording. Pressing the STOP button, after the Operator is satisfied that the data he requires
has been recorded by the MicroTrap, fills the remaining MicroTrap memory and the MicroTrap reverts to
Stand-by mode. This saves the Operator from having to wait for 46 days for the MicroTrap’s memory to
become full.
2. The STOP button also has an advanced function. It can be used to completely erase all of the data in the
MicroTrap using hardware alone, as opposed to using the Software procedure detailed in Section 1.4:
a. Turn ON the MicroTrap.
b. Press the NEXT TEST button to put the MicroTrap in Active mode. The STATUS light should be
on.
c. Simultaneously press the NEXT TEST and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED will
display a blinking dE. Release the buttons.
d. Simultaneously press the START and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED will display dE
without blinking. Release the buttons. All of the data in the MicroTrap’s memory will be deleted.
e. Turn OFF the MicroTrap. Turn ON the MicroTrap and pressing the TOTAL TESTS button and then
the REMAINING TESTS button will confirm that these numbers are equal and that all of the test
data in the MicroTrap’s memory has been deleted.
!
MREL recommends the above procedure for times in which the Operator is already in the
field and has forgotten to Clear All Tests using the Software as detailed in Section 1.4.
The Remaining Tests = 0 and thus the Operator is unable to record another test in the
MicroTrap’s memory.
The LPT COM port is used to connect the Communications Cable to the MicroTrap. The other end of the
Communications Cable is connected to the parallel printer port of the computer, for programming the internal
Recording Parameters of the MicroTrap (Section 1.4) and for retrieval of the recorded data (Section 5.1).
There are two OUT OF RANGE warning lights. They will flash when the probe resistance is out of range as
discussed in Section 4.7.
The back of the MicroTrap has a variety of

connectors that described below:
VOD: BNC connector for the VOD resistance

probe.
EXT TRIG: BNC connector for the trigger wire,

if external triggering is used.
SIREN: Connector for the optional MiniTrap

Siren that sounds upon the MiniTrap being
triggered.
DC IN/OUT: Used to connect the MicroTrap to

the Battery Charger to recharge the
MicroTrap’s internal battery, and to operate the
MicroTrap from AC mains power. The DC
IN/OUT port can also be used to power the
MicroTrap from an external 12 VDC battery. It
can also be used to supply 10 VDC as an excitation source for other types of gauges. All details and restrictions
on use of the DC IN/OUT connector are contained in Sections 3.4 and 3.5.
1 2 3 4: BNC connectors for Channels 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the optional MicroTrap Scope Upgrade. These connectors
have no function unless the MicroTrap Scope Upgrade has been installed in the MicroTrap.
The TRIG’D indicator light on the front of the

MicroTrap will illuminate when the trigger
conditions are met. It will remain illuminated
during collection of the data, which in turn
depends on the recording rate selected for the
test. The TRIG’D light flashes rapidly while the
data is being stored in the MicroTrap’s non-
volatile memory. The TRIG’D light flashes
slowly when all data from the test has been
stored in the MicroTrap’s memory. Otherwise,
the light will remain off.
The black knob on the front of the MicroTrap is

a pressure relief valve. When transporting the
MicroTrap as checked baggage by air, or when
the MicroTrap is transported by air freight, this
valve should be slightly loose to allow pressure
equalization. If the MicroTrap becomes
difficult to open, then loosen the relief valve to
equalize the pressures inside and outside the MicroTrap.
3.1.2 CARRYING CASE

The Carrying Case holds the MicroTrap, Battery Charger,
Communications Cable and BNC Adapters.
3.1.3 BATTERY CHARGER

The Battery Charger has a specification printed on it, either 120 VAC or
220 VAC. It is used to charge the MicroTrap’s internal rechargeable battery,
and it can be used to operate the MicroTrap from AC mains.
Contact MREL if the Battery Charger that has been

supplied is incorrect for the mains voltage in your
country.
3.1.4 COMMUNICATIONS CABLE

The Communications Cable is provided to connect the MicroTrap to a Personal
Computer for programming the recording parameters of the MicroTrap and for
downloading of the recorded data. The Communications Cable is connected
between the LPT COM port on the front panel of the MicroTrap and the LPT
parallel printer port of the computer. The Communications Cable is a standard
printer cable, so should it become lost or forgotten, it can be replaced easily by
the Operator from a local supplier.
3.1.5 BNC ADAPTERS

Two BNC Adapters are provided to facilitate easy connection between
the VOD and EXT TRIG connectors on the MicroTrap to the coaxial
cable (preferably RG-58/U) leading to the VOD probes, and the external
trigger wire, respectively. If the MicroTrap Scope Upgrade has been
installed, four additional BNC Adapters are provided, one for each Scope
input channel.
3.2 MICROTRAP INTERNAL RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

The MicroTrap has an internal Ni-Cad rechargeable battery. The MicroTrap is supplied with an approved
120 VAC or approved 220 VAC Battery Charger, depending on the country of use. When the internal battery is
fully charged, the MicroTrap can operate for 12 hours (at maximum MicroTrap power consumption) before battery
recharging is required. The MicroTrap is shipped from MREL fully charged. Since some time may elapse before
the MicroTrap is actually put to use, the MicroTrap may not be charged fully the first time it is used. Full operating
time will be obtained when the MicroTrap is recharged.
3.3 TESTING THE MICROTRAP POWER STATUS

The procedure to check the power status of the MicroTrap is as follows:
1. With the MicroTrap switched ON, press the BATTERY STATUS button on the front panel. This button can be
pressed at any time during operation of the MicroTrap.
2. The LED will display the energy remaining in the battery as a percentage of the full charge. For example, if
the display shows the number 8, it means that 80% of the maximum charge remains in the battery. A display
of 10 is shown when the MicroTrap is fully charged. A display of 0 is shown when the MicroTrap requires
recharging.
!
The MicroTrap will operate appropriately at low power levels as indicated by 0 on the LED. The
MicroTrap will emit a beeping sound continuously for 30 minutes before the MicroTrap shuts
itself OFF. The MicroTrap shuts itself off to help prevent complete discharging of the internal
battery. It is important to note that the MicroTrap has a non-volatile memory, allowing the data
to be stored safely regardless of the power status of the internal battery.
3.4 RECHARGING THE MICROTRAP
Contact MREL if the Battery Charger that has been supplied is incorrect for the mains
voltage in your country.
The procedure to recharge the MicroTrap is as follows:

1. Ensure that the Battery Charger is labeled appropriately for the AC voltage mains power available.
2. With the MicroTrap switched OFF, connect the Battery Charger between the DC IN/OUT port on the back of
the MicroTrap and the wall outlet. The LED will display Ch indicating that charging is progressing.
3. Full recharging will take up to 16 hours. When charging has been completed, the Ch indication on the LED
will flash.
4. Unplug the Battery Charger from the wall outlet and then from the MicroTrap. The MicroTrap battery status
can be tested as detailed in Section 3.3.
!
The MicroTrap internal battery can not be overcharged. According to the battery
Manufacturer’s specifications, full battery pack recharging will take up to 16 hours. The
Manufacturer also recommends recharging the MicroTrap at temperatures from 20 to 30 °C
(68 to 86 °F).
3.5 OPERATING THE MICROTRAP FROM EXTERNAL POWER SOURCES

The MicroTrap can be operated from AC voltage mains power using the Battery Charger. When operating the
MicroTrap from AC mains through the Battery Charger, the LED will display P.
The MicroTrap can be operated from a 12 VDC battery connected to the to the DC IN/OUT port on the back of the
MicroTrap. Contact MREL to obtain the 12 VDC Battery Adapter required for connecting the battery to the DC
IN/OUT port. When operating the MicroTrap from a 12 VDC battery, the LED will display P.
3.6 LONG TERM STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS

No special procedures, other than those pertaining to the internal battery, should be taken for long term storage of
the MicroTrap. In the eventuality that the MicroTrap remains idle for long periods, it is recommended to recharge
the MicroTrap once per month per the procedure in Section 3.4. This will maintain the conditioning of the internal
battery.
3.7 VOD RESISTANCE PROBES USED BY THE MICROTRAP

The following types of VOD resistance probes are available from MREL and are uniquely suitable for use with
the MicroTrap:
3.7.1 VOD PROBEROD

The VOD PROBEROD, shown below, is a rigid probe consisting of a high resistance insulated wire placed within
a small diameter, metal tube, which acts as the return lead of the circuit. PROBERODs are specifically designed
to measure VODs of explosive cartridges and/or of short sample tubes of explosives, under confined or
unconfined conditions. They are available from MREL in a standard length of 3 ft. (0.9 m) and are supplied with
leads ready to be connected to the RG-58 coaxial cable, which connects to the VOD connector on the back of the
MicroTrap. PROBERODs are also available in custom lengths. Contact MREL for additional PROBEROD
information.
3.7.2 VOD PROBECABLE

Two types of flexible resistance wire are available
from MREL: VOD PROBECABLE "GREEN" and
VOD PROBECABLE-LR "BLUE". These cables
have been specially developed and refined by MREL
with extensive feedback and assistance from
MREL's VOD Instrumentation Customers since
1987. They are ideally suited to all explosive types
loaded into all blasthole conditions including wet
holes. They have the classical configuration of a
standard RG-type coaxial cable, where the high
resistance wire is the central conductor and the
braided shield acts as the return lead. A dielectric
material placed between the resistance wire and the
return lead provides both electrical insulation and a
physical barrier between them. The latter feature
reduces the possibilities of short circuits during
handling of the PROBECABLE. A plastic outer layer
protects the PROBECABLE from tearing actions
during loading.
PROBECABLE and PROBECABLE-LR are used for measuring VODs of explosives in blastholes, and the delay
times between holes and decks. The selection of either PROBECABLE or PROBECABLE-LR is based on the
total resistance of the circuit, which in turn depends on the number of holes being monitored. The only difference
between these two cables relates to their nominal or unit resistance. PROBECABLE has a unit resistance of
10.8 ohm/m (3.29 ohm/ft) while PROBECABLE-LR (LR stands for Low-Resistance) has a unit resistance of
3.38 ohm/m (1.03 ohm/ft). The latter allows VOD recording for lengths up to approximately 850 m (2,800 ft) per
test.
Both types of PROBECABLE are available directly from MREL in a unique "reel-in-a-box" packaging with 1,000 m
per box. The reel-in-a-box allows free spooling of the PROBECABLE into the blasthole by one operator without
the need for a cable reel stand or another person to hold the reel of cable.
Contact MREL for additional PROBECABLE information.

3.8 MICROTRAP TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Number of Channels 1 channel for VOD.

Upgradeable to provide an additional 4 channels for DC voltage recording of other
types of gauges.
Vertical Resolution 14 bits, 1 part in 16,384.
Recording Rate User selectable by Software from 1 Hz to 2 MHz.
Total Recording Time 2.0 seconds (4 million data points). Reducing the Recording Rate increases the
@ 2 MHz Recording Rate Total Recording Time.
Upgradeable to provide twice the amount of memory (8 million data points).
Pre-Trigger Time User selectable by Software from 0-100% of the Total Recording Time.
Trigger Modes User selectable on MicroTrap by switch: Internal or External.
External Mode: user selectable by Software “wire make” or “wire break”.
Internal Trigger Level: user selectable by Software from 2.4 to 98% of signal level.
Power Internal rechargeable Ni-Cad battery pack providing up to 12 hours of active
operation when fully charged. The non-volatile memory allows the data to be
stored securely regardless of the status of the internal battery pack. The Battery
Charger is provided in 120 or 220 VAC configurations. Recharging takes up to 16
hours. Operational from AC mains power through Battery Charger and from
external DC power.
Multiple Event Storage User selectable by Software: up to 16 tests stored in permanent memory.
Components Provided MicroTrap, Battery Charger, Communications Cable, BNC Adapters, Padded
Carrying Case, Operations Manual and MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software
for Windows '95, ’98 and NT.
Size and Weight MicroTrap: 21 x 16 x 9 cm (8.25 x 6.25 x 3.5 in.); 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs.).
System in Carrying Case: 23 x 22 x 18 cm (9 x 8.5 x 7 in); 3 kg (6.6 lbs.).
Environmental Operates at -40 to +80 C (-40 to +185 F). Snow, rain, dust and sand proof.
System in Carrying Case is drop proof from at least a 1 m (3 ft) height.
PC Connection After conducting the test(s), the MicroTrap connects to the PC LPT1 parallel
printer port, allowing downloading of data 5 times faster than with an RS232
communication cable (assuming PC’s LPT port is configured to ECP).
Software MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software runs under 32 bit Windows operating
systems. It provides fast downloading of data to the computer and automatically
displays graphs of DISTANCE or VOLTAGE versus TIME, depending on the type
of testing conducted. All Software operations are “point and click”. Unlimited
Zoom capabilities on graphs and conversion of voltage graphs to graphs of
engineering units versus time. VOD and hole/deck delay time analysis capability
of any part of the VOD trace. Annotating, printing, saving and exporting of graphs
and data to other Windows applications. The MicroTrap Software is based on
MREL’s proven SuperTrap, DataTrap-VOD, MiniTrapII and DataTrap-Scope
Software being used around the world. User selectable: Metric or Imperial units.
VOD Excitation/Safety The MicroTrap automatically adjusts its excitation voltage for the maximum 14-bit
resolution across the VOD probe. All VOD operating parameters are recorded by
the MicroTrap with no requirements for additional instrumentation. For safety
considerations, the MicroTrap is physically unable to output as much as 50 mA of
current to a VOD probe.
VOD Resistance Probes A complete line of VOD probes is available from MREL to record the VOD of
explosive samples and multiple holes in large surface mine blasts. The MicroTrap
can record VODs across PROBECABLE-LR (resistance cable) lengths of up to
900 m (2,950 ft.) per test.

This Chapter provides the Operator with detailed instructions on:

1. Selecting a suitable site for testing samples of explosives.
2. Loading PROBERODs into explosives samples and PROBECABLE into blastholes.
3. Connecting the probes to the MicroTrap and setting the MicroTrap hardware to record the VODs
and hole/deck delay times.
4.1 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING AN EXPLOSIVE TESTING SITE
Contact MREL for site specific recommendations for testing samples of explosives.
Care must be taken to select a good site for detonation and VOD recording of explosive samples. If convenient,
permanent test sites may be constructed. A pit surrounded by an earth wall suffices as a simple detonation site.
A similarly protected shelter for the MicroTrap and personnel can be constructed some distance away. The
distance will depend on the amount of explosive being detonated at one time, and if the explosives are confined
(hazard from steel fragments). Ensure that the area is well demarcated and that access is restricted.
If samples of explosives are to be detonated at an unprepared site, then the Operator must be careful when
deciding upon what type of ground the charges are to be placed. Avoid placement on ground with stones, rubble
or anything that is likely to turn into a projectile. The best surfaces are fines, sand or tailings.
It is always good practice to have maximum control over the time of firing of the test, therefore safety fuse
initiation is not recommended. Electric or shock tube initiation is best with the detonator either initiating the sample
of explosives or initiating the primer/booster in the explosive sample.
4.2 THE RESISTANCE WIRE TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING VOD

The MicroTrap is capable of monitoring the continuous VOD profile along the entire length of an explosives
column. The MicroTrap can measure the VOD of relatively short explosive samples such as cast boosters or
explosive cartridges. The MicroTrap can also measure the VOD of explosives loaded in blastholes in surface or
underground blasts, in single and multiple hole blasts. The MicroTrap provides a regulated constant excitation
signal to the probes and monitors the drop in voltage across them.
The MicroTrap uses the proven continuous resistance wire technique for monitoring VODs. An MREL-qualified
probe of known linear resistance (i.e. ohm/m or ohm/ft) is placed axially in the explosive sample or explosive
column. As the detonation front of the explosive consumes the probe, the resistance of the circuit will decrease in
proportion to the reduction in length of the probe. The MicroTrap records the resulting decrease in voltage across
the probe versus time.
The MicroTrap’s Advanced Analytical Software automatically converts the recorded data into a graph of distance
versus time. The slope of this graph at any position is the VOD of the explosive at that particular position. The
Software includes menu functions that will automatically calculate and display the VOD of an explosive at any
selected location in the graph. Other functions allow the Operator to calculate and display the delay time between
selected blastholes or between selected explosive decks within a blasthole.
4.3 INSTALLING PROBERODS FOR TESTING SAMPLES OF EXPLOSIVES

The equipment and supplies that are required to conduct VOD tests on samples of explosives or on explosive
cartridges are:
1. The MicroTrap System.
2. VOD PROBEROD (available from MREL) - one (1) per explosive sample.
3. Coaxial cable (type RG-58 is recommended) - sufficient length to run between the MicroTrap location and the
explosives.
4. Wire cutters and electrical tape.
5. Explosives, detonators and shot exploder.
The procedure for preparing a VOD test is as follows:
1. Demarcate the charge detonation area.

2. Place the MicroTrap in a protective shelter and/or a safe distance away from the detonation area. This
distance may be closer than what is considered safe for the Operator. Once the setup is completed, the
MicroTrap does not require an Operator to collect the data; it does so automatically without Operator
assistance.
3. Run a length of coaxial cable from the MicroTrap to the detonation area with enough excess length to
compensate for cable shortening or cable damage from each test. Shorter lengths of coaxial cable may be
connected together using the wire cutters and electrical tape. A male BNC connector should be attached to
the end of the coaxial cable that is to be attached to the VOD input at the back of the MicroTrap. Convenient
BNC Adapters have been supplied with the MicroTrap for this purpose. The Adapters can be connected to
the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical tape. The connection should be shielding to shielding
and center conductor to center conductor. Ensure that the center conductor and the shielding connections do
not touch each other.
4. Note the Unit Resistance of the probe by reading the value in ohm/m or ohm/ft from the MREL factory label
on the PROBEROD. Note the ohm/m value if the VOD is to be reported in m/s. Note the ohm/ft value if the
VOD is to be reported in ft/sec. The Unit Resistance information will be requested later by the MicroTrap
Software.
5. Insert a PROBEROD axially in the sample of explosives. Start at the opposite end from where the detonator
will be placed as shown below.
Coaxial Cable
To MicroTrap
If bulk explosives are being tested in paper tubes, plastic tubes or steel pipes which have been sealed at both
ends, make a small central hole to allow the PROBEROD to be inserted. If a measurement of run-up to
detonation is required, ensure that the PROBEROD is pushed well into the explosives so that it reaches the
position of the detonator or booster. If the PROBEROD reaches the booster or protrudes past it, the effect of
the booster will be recorded by the MicroTrap. The same holds true for cartridges of explosives. To test the
VOD of detonation cord, tape the detonation cord along the entire length of the PROBEROD.
6. Connect the PROBEROD to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical tape. The polarity of the
connection is not important.
7. At the MicroTrap end, connect the coaxial cable to the VOD

connector located on the outside and at the back of the MicroTrap.
8. The PROBEROD installation aspects of the test are complete. The
Operator can now place the detonator and connect it to the shot
exploder as per standard procedures. The MicroTrap is now ready to
be prepared to record the test as detailed in Section 4.6.
4.4 INSTALLING PROBECABLE FOR TESTING EXPLOSIVES IN BLASTHOLES

The equipment and supplies that are required to conduct VOD tests on samples of explosives in blastholes are:
1. The MicroTrap System.
2. VOD PROBECABLE "GREEN" or VOD PROBECABLE-LR "BLUE" (available from MREL).
3. Coaxial cable (type RG-58 is recommended) - sufficient length to run between the MicroTrap location and the
last blasthole in the blast to be recorded.
4. Wire cutters and electrical tape.
5. Explosives, detonators and shot exploder.
4.4.1 PREPARATION OF PROBECABLE FOR SINGLE BLASTHOLE RECORDING

1. Prepare the end of the PROBECABLE by using the wire cutters to remove the insulation from the end. Then
short the PROBECABLE by connecting the shielding wire to the center conductor wire and twist them
together. Protect the connection well with electrical tape.
2. Using tape or wire, attach the short circuit end of the
PROBECABLE to the primer/booster or to a rock and Coaxial Cable
lower the PROBECABLE into the hole as shown on To MicroTrap
the following page. Detonation cord downlines may
damage the PROBECABLE or cause side initiation of
the bulk explosive. When initiating with detonation
cord, attach the PROBECABLE to a rock and lower it
on the side of the hole opposite to the detonation cord
downline.
3. The PROBECABLE can then be cut at the top of the
hole.
4. Note the Unit Resistance of the probe by reading the
value in ohm/m or ohm/ft from the MREL factory label
on the spool of PROBECABLE. Note the ohm/m
value if the VOD is to be reported in m/s. Note the
ohm/ft value if the VOD is to be reported in ft/sec. The
Unit Resistance information will be requested later by
the MicroTrap Software. When measured with a
blaster’s galvanometer, the Probe Resistance should
compare favorably with the calculated resistance of
the PROBECABLE (Unit Resistance multiplied by
length). If this is not the case then remove the length
of PROBECABLE and reload another length into the
hole.
5. The hole can now be loaded with explosives and stemming per usual procedure. Hold the PROBECABLE
taut during the loading of the explosive to avoid slack in the hole. In the absence of the Operator, this may be
accomplished by tying the PROBECABLE taut around a hole marker stake, or around a rock at the top of the
hole. After loading, the Operator may wish to check the Probe Resistance to ensure that no PROBECABLE
damage has occurred. As the PROBECABLE is well protected with PVC coating, no problems should be
anticipated.
6. Connect the PROBECABLE to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical tape. The connection
should be shielding to shielding and center conductor to center conductor. Ensure that the center conductor
and the shielding connections do not touch each other.
7. Place the MicroTrap in a protective shelter and/or a safe distance away from the blast area as dictated by
flyrock. This distance may be closer than what is considered safe for the Operator. When set, the MicroTrap
does not require an Operator to collect the data; the MicroTrap collects the data automatically without
Operator assistance.
8. Run the coaxial cable from the PROBECABLE to the MicroTrap. If necessary, shorter lengths of coaxial
cable may be connected together using the wire cutters and electrical tape to make a longer length of coaxial
cable. Somewhere along the length of the coaxial cable, loop the coaxial cable around a large rock. When
the blast is fired, and the ground moves, looping the coaxial cable around a large rock will stop the blast from
pulling the coaxial cable and the MicroTrap with the blast. Alternatively, leave sufficient slack in the coaxial
cable to allow for ground movement.
9. A male BNC connector should be attached to the end of the coaxial
cable that is to be attached to the VOD input at the back of the
MicroTrap. Convenient BNC Adapters have been supplied with the
MicroTrap for this purpose. The BNC Adapters should be
connected to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical
tape. The connection should be shielding to shielding and center
conductor to center conductor. Ensure that the center conductor
and the shielding connections do not touch each other. It is a good
idea to check the total resistance of the PROBECABLE and coaxial
cable circuit at the BNC connector to ensure that there are no bad
connections.
10. At the MicroTrap, connect the coaxial cable to the VOD connector
located on the outside and at the back of the MicroTrap.
11. The PROBECABLE installation aspects of the test are complete. The MicroTrap is now ready to be prepared
to record the test as detailed in Section 4.6.
4.4.2 PREPARATION OF PROBECABLE FOR MULTIPLE BLASTHOLE RECORDING

1. Prepare the end of the PROBECABLE by using the wire cutters to remove the insulation from the end. Then
short the PROBECABLE by connecting the shielding wire to the center conductor wire and twist them
together. Protect the connection well with electrical tape.
2. Start with the blasthole that is designed to detonate first of the multiple holes to be recorded by the MicroTrap.
Using tape or wire, attach the short circuit end of the PROBECABLE to the booster or to a rock, and lower
the PROBECABLE into the hole. Detonation cord downlines may damage the PROBECABLE or cause side
initiation of the bulk explosive. When initiating with detonation cord, attach the PROBECABLE to a rock and
lower it on the side of the hole opposite to the detonation cord downline.
3. Run the PROBECABLE between the first hole and the second hole leaving sufficient slack between the holes
to allow for ground movement between the delayed holes. Excess PROBECABLE between holes is not a
concern.
4. There are two common methods of
lowering a doubled length of Coaxial Cable
PROBECABLE in the second and To MicroTrap
subsequent holes to be recorded. The first,
and easiest, method is to run the
PROBECABLE through a wire loop that
has been tied or taped around a rock or
booster. This allows the rock to slide along
the PROBECABLE as the PROBECABLE
is lowered into the hole until the rock
reaches the bottom of the hole. The
second method is to measure the correct
length of PROBECABLE so that it reaches
the bottom of the hole where the
PROBECABLE has been doubled over and
attached to the booster or a rock.
5. After the last hole to be recorded has been
loaded with PROBECABLE, the
PROBECABLE can then be cut at the top
of the hole.
6. Note the Unit Resistance of the probe by
reading the value in ohm/m or ohm/ft from
the MREL factory label on the spool of
PROBECABLE. Note the ohm/m value if the VOD is to be reported in m/s. Note the ohm/ft value if the VOD
is to be reported in ft/sec. The Unit Resistance information will be requested later by the MicroTrap Software.
When measured with a blaster’s galvanometer, the Probe Resistance should compare favorably with the
calculated resistance of the PROBECABLE (Unit Resistance multiplied by its length). If this is not the case
then remove the length of PROBECABLE and reload another length into the hole.
7. The holes can now be loaded with explosives and stemming per usual procedure. Hold the PROBECABLE
taut during the loading of the explosive to avoid slack in the hole. In the absence of the Operator, this may
also be accomplished by tying the PROBECABLE taut around a hole marker stake, or around a rock at the
top of each hole. After loading, the Operator may wish to check the Probe Resistance again to ensure that no
PROBECABLE damage has occurred. As the PROBECABLE is well protected with PVC coating, no
problems should be anticipated.
8. At the top of the last hole, connect the PROBECABLE to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and
electrical tape. The connection should be shielding to shielding and center conductor to center conductor.
Ensure that the center conductor and the shielding connections do not short with each other.
9. Place the MicroTrap in a protective shelter and/or a safe distance away from the blast area as dictated by
flyrock. This distance may be closer than what is considered safe for the Operator. When set, the MicroTrap
does not require an Operator to collect the data; the MicroTrap collects the data automatically without
Operator assistance.
10. Run the coaxial cable from the PROBECABLE to the MicroTrap. If necessary, shorter lengths of coaxial
cable may be connected together using the wire cutters and electrical tape to make a longer length of coaxial
cable. Somewhere along the length of the coaxial cable, loop the coaxial cable around a large rock. When
the blast is fired, and the ground moves, looping the coaxial cable around a large rock will stop the blast from
pulling the coaxial cable and the MicroTrap with the blast. Alternatively, leave sufficient slack in the coaxial
cable to allow for ground movement.
11. A male BNC connector should be attached to the end of the coaxial
cable that is to be attached to the VOD input at the back of the
MicroTrap. Convenient BNC Adapters have been supplied with the
MicroTrap for this purpose. The BNC Adapters should be
connected to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical
tape. The connection should be shielding to shielding and center
conductor to center conductor. Ensure that the center conductor and
the shielding connections do not touch each other. It is a good idea
to check the total resistance of the PROBECABLE and coaxial
cable circuit at the BNC connector to ensure that there are no bad
connections.
12. At the MicroTrap, connect the coaxial cable to the VOD connector
located on the outside and at the back of the MicroTrap.
13. The PROBECABLE installation aspects of the test are complete. The MicroTrap is now ready to be prepared
to record the test as detailed in Section 4.6.
4.5 PROBECABLE AND COAXIAL CABLE PROTECTION

It is important to protect the PROBECABLE and the coaxial cable from damage caused by personnel and
machinery operating on the blast. It is also important to protect the PROBECABLE from damage caused by
detonation of other holes and/or surface accessories such as detonating cord, detonating relays, and shock tube
bunch blocks.
The cables may be protected in many ways. Experience has shown that it is best to lead the PROBECABLE and
coaxial cable under the detonating cord and leave a barrier of sand or drill cuttings between the cables and the
detonating cord. A danger point is the collar area of the holes as the detonating cord or shock tube bunch blocks
that initiate the downlines may cross directly over the PROBECABLE or coaxial cable. A good procedure is to
protect the area where there is a cross over for about 1.5 m (5 ft) along the length of cable. Experience has
shown that a sand or stemming barrier thickness of 15-30 cm (0.5-1 ft) suffices to protect the cables.
4.6 MICROTRAP SETUP PROCEDURE FOR VOD MEASUREMENTS

Once the VOD probe has been placed in the explosive and connected to the RG-58 coaxial cable running to the
VOD connector on the MicroTrap, the Operator can start setting the MicroTrap to record VOD experiments.
Changing the MicroTrap's recording parameters, such as recording rate, trigger level, pre-trigger memory and
allocating the MicroTrap’s memory to multiple tests should all have been accomplished, if required, in the office
environment. All changes are accomplished through use of the MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software
(Section 1.4).
!
When shipped from MREL, the MicroTrap’s recording parameters have been pre-set to settings
appropriate for most blasthole VOD recording situations. Recording Rate = 2 MHz. Total
Recording Time = 2 seconds, with standard memory and 4 seconds with the MicroTrap Memory
Upgrade installed. Memory Allocation = 1 test fills the MicroTrap’s internal memory. Pre-trigger
Time = 25% of Total Recording Time = 0.5 seconds. Trigger Level = 95%. These settings
recommendations are based on MREL’s extensive worldwide experience in VOD recording.
!
MREL recommends a Trigger Level of about 95% and a Pre-Trigger Time of about 25% for VOD
recording of explosives samples and explosives in blastholes.
!
MREL recommends setting the Number of Tests = 1 for VOD recording of blastholes using
PROBECABLE. The Operator will normally be able to download the data from the MicroTrap to a
computer before conducting the next VOD test.
!
MREL recommends setting the Number of Tests = 16 for VOD recording of samples of
explosives using a PROBEROD. This reduces the quantity of data collected per test and
conserves the computer’s disk space. At a 2 MHz recording rate, a MicroTrap with standard
memory will record for a total of 131 ms per test if the Number of Tests = 16. This is more than
sufficient recording time for a sample of explosives.
The procedure to record a new VOD test consists of the following steps:
1. Ensure that the coaxial cable coming from the PROBEROD or PROBECABLE is connected to the MicroTrap
signal input connector labeled VOD.
2. Turn the MicroTrap ON. The STATUS light will illuminate and begin to flash quickly for approximately 2
seconds while the MicroTrap conducts some internal verification testing. If the MicroTrap passes the internal
verification tests, the STATUS light will begin to flash slowly (Stand-by mode). The Operator can go to
Step 3. If the MicroTrap fails to pass the internal verification tests, the STATUS light will flash three times in
succession and EE will appear on the LED. If this happens, switch the MicroTrap OFF and start again at the
beginning of Step 2. If the MicroTrap continues to fail the internal verification tests, then contact MREL as the
MicroTrap requires service.
3. Press the NEXT TEST button; the STATUS light will stop flashing and will remain illuminated (Active mode).
4. Press the TOTAL TESTS button and notice the total number of tests in to which the MicroTrap’s internal
memory has been divided.
5. Press the REMAINING TESTS button and notice the number of tests available to be conducted to fill the
MicroTrap’s internal memory. If this number does not equal the TOTAL TESTS number, then there are one
or more tests already in the MicroTrap’s internal memory. This would occur under the following situations:
a. The test about to be conducted is part of a series of tests that is being conducted in succession before
the data from all of the tests is to be transferred to a computer.
b. The MicroTrap’s internal memory was not cleared by the Software during the previous data transfer to
the computer (Section 1.4).
If the Operator is sure he does not wish to keep the existing data in memory, then the Operator
can either clear the MicroTrap’s internal memory using the Software (Section 1.4) or by the
following procedure:
a. Turn ON the MicroTrap.
b. Press the NEXT TEST button to put the MicroTrap in Active mode. The STATUS light should
be on.
c. Simultaneously press the NEXT TEST and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED will
display a blinking dE. Release the buttons.
d. Simultaneously press the START and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED will
display dE without blinking. Release the buttons. All of the data in the MicroTrap’s memory
will be deleted.
e. Turn OFF the MicroTrap. Turn ON the MicroTrap and pressing the TOTAL TESTS button and
then the REMAINING TESTS button will confirm that these numbers are equal and that all of
the test data in the MicroTrap’s memory has been deleted.
f. Go to Step 3.
6. Ensure the EXT/INT TRIG switch is set to the INTernal position. The use of external EXTernal triggering is
discussed in Section 4.8.
7. Look for the OUT OF RANGE warning light indicators (↓ and ↑). If there is a warning light, there is a problem
with the resistance probe, the coaxial cable and/or the BNC Adapter. If this is the case, the Operator is
referred to Section 4.7 for possible solutions. It is worth noting that, as a safety feature, the START button
will be blocked and the MicroTrap will be unable to record VODs when an OUT OF RANGE condition exists.
If the OUT OF RANGE lights are not illuminated the Operator can proceed with the next step.
8. Press the START button. The START light will illuminate steadily. The MicroTrap then starts monitoring the
blast, waiting for the trigger signal to start collecting VOD data. Personnel can now vacate the MicroTrap
location.
9. When the triggering condition is met (i.e. a sufficient length of PROBEROD or PROBECABLE has been
consumed by the detonation), the MicroTrap will trigger and start collecting VOD information. Upon triggering,
the TRIG’D light will illuminate and remain illuminated during the collection of data (this time depends of the
Recording Rate programmed into the MicroTrap). The START and STATUS lights will be on. Immediately
upon triggering, the MicroTrap will send a 10 VDC signal to the SIREN connector. This will cause a 6 second
audible signal to be emitted from the optional MicroTrap Siren if the MicroTrap Siren is connected to the
SIREN connector on the back of the MicroTrap. Contact MREL for more information on the MicroTrap Siren.
Some Operators may wish to trigger other instrumentation from the 10 VDC signal, which is sent to the
SIREN connector when the MicroTrap triggers. For the information of those Operators, the rise time on the
signal is approximately 2 microseconds from the time that the MicroTrap is triggered to record.
10. Once data collection ends, the TRIG’D and START lights flash rapidly and the MicroTrap starts storing data
into its non-volatile memory. During the storing period, the STATUS light is on. Do not switch the
MicroTrap OFF at this point.
11. Upon finishing the data storing process, the START light will go off, and the STATUS and TRIG’D lights will
begin to flash slowly. The MicroTrap returns to the Stand-by mode.
If the MicroTrap has triggered prematurely and the data collected is of no use, for example due to
someone driving over the signal lines, then the Operator may reset the MicroTrap’s internal
memory back one test using the following procedure:
a. Do not turn OFF the MicroTrap after the test, the STATUS light and TRIG’D lights should be
flashing.
b. To erase the data from the last test; simultaneously press the TOTAL TESTS and REMAINING
TESTS buttons and hold them until this procedure is complete. The LED display will show ct.
c. After about 2 seconds, the ct will begin blinking. After another 2 seconds, the ct will
disappear. Release the buttons. The data from the last test has been deleted.
d. Turn OFF the MicroTrap. Turn ON the MicroTrap and pressing the TOTAL TESTS button and
then the and REMAINING TESTS button will confirm that the remaining tests have been
increased by 1 and that the last test in the MicroTrap’s memory has been deleted.
e. Go to Step 3.
12. If testing has been completed then go to Step 13. Otherwise, press the REMAINING TESTS button to
confirm how many tests can be still hosted by the MicroTrap before downloading of the data to a computer is
required. If there are 1 or more tests remaining in the memory:
a. The MicroTrap’s Recording Parameters can be changed for subsequent tests by using the Software,
Section 1.4, or
b. If the Recording Parameters are to remain the same and another test is to be performed then go to
Step 3.
If there are 0 tests remaining in the memory, then either download the data to a computer (Section 5.1) and
return to Step 1, or go to Step 13.
13. If no more experiments are to be conducted and the data storing process has been finished (Step 11 above),
then the data are ready to be transferred to a computer using the Software as detailed in Section 5.1. If data
transfer is to be conducted later, then the MicroTrap can be switched OFF and the data will remain in the
MicroTrap’s non-volatile memory.
4.7 PROBE RESISTANCE OUT OF RANGE

There are two OUT OF RANGE warning lights on the MicroTrap. One is labeled ↑, which illuminates when the
total resistance (resistance probe plus coaxial cable) is greater than 3,000 ohms. The other is labeled ↓, which
illuminates when the total resistance is less than 50 ohms. The MicroTrap is only calibrated to perform VOD tests
between these two initial resistance values (50 – 3,000 ohms).
There can be several reasons for total resistance to be LOW:
1. A short circuit somewhere in the coaxial cable and probe assembly, including any BNC connector(s) or BNC
Adapter;
2. A damaged PROBEROD;
3. An insufficient length of PROBECABLE.
Items 1 and 2 above can be tested using a blaster’s galvanometer to test the resistance/continuity of the coaxial
cable and probe assembly and solved by remaking the connections and/or replacing the damaged PROBEROD.
If Item 3 is the cause, then attach some more PROBECABLE to the probe circuit. This will not affect the VOD
results. If PROBECABLE-LR is being used in the test, then considering using PROBECABLE for such tests in
the future. The unit resistance of PROBECABLE is approximately 3 times that of PROBECABLE-LR.
There can be several reasons for the total resistance to be HIGH:
1. An open circuit somewhere in the coaxial cable and probe assembly, including any BNC connector(s) or BNC
Adapter;
2. A damaged PROBEROD;
3. Too long a length of PROBECABLE.
Items 1 and 2 above can be tested using a blaster’s galvanometer to test the resistance/continuity of the coaxial
cable and probe assembly and solved by remaking the connections and/or replacing the damaged PROBEROD.
If Item 3 is the cause, then reduce the length of the PROBECABLE used in the test by cutting out excess
PROBECABLE between holes and remaking the connections using the wire cutters and electrical tape.
Alternatively, this can be achieved by reducing the number of holes being recorded by cutting the PROBECABLE
and remaking the appropriate connection with the wire cutters and electrical tape. If PROBECABLE is being used
in the test, then considering using PROBECABLE-LR for such tests in the future. The unit resistance of
PROBECABLE-LR is approximately 1/3 that of PROBECABLE.
4.8 UTILIZING THE EXTERNAL TRIGGER

In some VOD and data recording applications, it may be desirable to have the MicroTrap begin to record exactly
when a specific event occurs. For the specific event to start at time = 0 on the graph, the EXT TRIG connector, on
the outside and back of the MicroTrap, is used.
Connect one of the BNC Adapters to the EXT TRIG connector. Connect a duplex wire to the BNC Adapter using
cutters and electrical tape. The polarity of the connection does not matter. The assembly consisting of the BNC
Adapter and duplex wire is called the “Trigger Wire”.
When the EXT/INT TRIG switch on the front panel of the MicroTrap is set to EXT, the MicroTrap will begin
recording when either the Trigger Wire becomes shorted (if the Software has been set for MAKE Circuit); or
when the Trigger Wire becomes open circuit (if the Software has been set to BREAK Circuit). The procedure
for using the Software to set MAKE or BREAK EXTernal trigger is detailed in Section 1.4.
To prepare the "test" end of the duplex wire to wait for a MAKE Circuit trigger: remove the insulation from one of
the wires and wrap it around the second insulated wire such that the circuit remains open. Upon the duplex wire
circuit becoming shorted, the MicroTrap will begin recording data. Any explosive event such as a detonator firing,
detonating cord firing or a booster firing will short such a circuit and cause the MicroTrap to collect data. Pre-
trigger points will still be collected per the settings of the MicroTrap, but time=0 on the graph will be the precise
time when the Trigger Wire became shorted.
To prepare the "test" end of the duplex wire to wait for a BREAK Circuit trigger: connect the two ends of the
duplex wire together such that the circuit is closed. Upon the duplex wire circuit becoming broken, the MicroTrap
will begin recording data. Any explosive event such as a detonator firing, detonating cord firing or a booster firing
will break such a circuit and cause the MicroTrap to collect data. Pre-trigger points will still be collected per the
settings of the MicroTrap, but time=0 on the graph will be the precise time when the Trigger Wire became
broken.
4.9 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON MEMORY AND TRIGGERING

4.9.1 MEMORY
The MicroTrap, with standard memory, has a large
circular memory containing 4,194,000 data points that
are allocated according to the number of tests to which
the MicroTrap’s memory has been divided. These
values, for a selected Recording Rate, define the
available Total Recording Time for each test. Selection
of the number of tests to be recorded and the Recording
Rate is done using the Software as detailed in
Section 1.4.
The MicroTrap Software automatically calculates and

displays the Total Recording Time per Test and the Pre-
Trigger Time.
For those Operators with additional interest in recording times:
A general equation to calculate the Total Recording Time (Pre-trigger Time + Post-trigger Time) is:
Total Recording Time (seconds) = 4,194,000/((# of tests)x(recording rate))
If the number of tests selected is one, the available recording time will be maximized for a given Recording Rate.
For example, at the maximum Recording Rate 2 MHz, the Total Recording Time will be:
4,194,000/((1 test)x(2,000,000 points/sec)) = 2.097 seconds
At a slower Recording Rate of 1 MHz (for example), the Total Recording Time will become 4.194 seconds.
If the MicroTrap’s internal memory is divided into 4 tests, the MicroTrap will partition the memory allocating
4,194,000 points/4 tests = 1,048,500 points per test. Following the previous example, the Total Recording Time
per test can be calculated as follows:
4,194,000/((4 tests)x(2,000,000 points/sec)) = 0.524 seconds
If the Recording Rate is reduced to 1 MHz, the Total Recording Time will become 1.048 seconds per test. If
these recording times are insufficient for your testing applications, then contact MREL and ask about the
MicroTrap Memory Upgrade, which doubles the MicroTrap’s internal memory and thus doubles the Total
Recording Time.
4.9.2 TRIGGERING
When the EXT/INT switch is set to the EXT position, the
trigger signal that the MicroTrap receives is from the
Trigger Wire as detailed in Section 4.8. This
corresponds to time = 0 on the resulting VOD graph.
When the EXT/INT switch is set to the INT position, then

the MicroTrap is triggered by the signal received from
the probe placed in the explosives. This trigger signal
occurs according to the following principle: when the
explosive detonates, the probe is consumed and the
probe length is reduced. This in turn reduces the
resistance and thus the voltage across the probe
decreases from the initial 5.0 VDC (approximately) set
automatically by the MicroTrap. When the voltage across
the probe reaches the value corresponding to the Trigger
Level selected by Software (Section 1.4), the MicroTrap
is triggered. This represents time = 0 on the resulting VOD graph. For example, with a Trigger Level setting of
95%, the MicroTrap will be triggered when the voltage signal coming from the probe crosses the 95% level
(4.75 VDC of the full-scale voltage, which is approximately 5.0 VDC).
Once the MicroTrap receives the trigger signal, it stores the VOD information received immediately prior to the
trigger signal into the pre-trigger memory; the VOD information received after the trigger signal is stored into the
post-trigger memory. The recording time for each memory allocation (pre and post-trigger) will depend on the
setting selected, using the Software (Section 1.4), for Pre-Trigger %. The MicroTrap Software automatically
calculates and displays the Total Recording Time per Test and the Pre-Trigger Time. For those Operators with
additional interest in recording times:
Pre-Trigger Time = (Total Recording Time) x Pre-Trigger %

Post-Trigger Time = (Total Recording Time) - (Pre-Trigger Time)
For the PROBECABLE or PROBECABLE-LR length loaded in the blastholes, and the recommended TRIG%
setting of 95.3%, the graphs on the following pages show the lengths of PROBECABLE and PROBECABLE-LR
that must be consumed for the MicroTrap to receive the INTernal trigger signal. PROBECABLE-LR should be
used for tests involving several holes where if PROBECABLE was used it would result in the Total Resistance
exceeding the maximum resistance accepted by the MicroTrap (3,000 ohms).
For example, at a 95.3% Trigger Level and with 250 metres of PROBECABLE loaded into blastholes, then 28
metres of PROBECABLE must be consumed to trigger the MicroTrap. If the first hole does not consume a
sufficient length of PROBECABLE to trigger the MicroTrap, then all of the VOD data for the first hole will be
before time = 0.
The Operator should ensure that there is sufficient Pre-Trigger time to record the time it takes for the trigger
length of PROBECABLE to be consumed in the blast. This is particularly important if several delayed holes must
be detonated in order for sufficient PROBECABLE to be consumed. The MicroTrap has a very large memory
and a very long Total Recording Time. At a Pre-Trigger % setting of 25%, the MicroTrap has a long Pre-Trigger
Time. It is likely that there will always be sufficient Pre-Trigger Time to record the time it takes for the trigger
length of PROBECABLE to be consumed in the blast.
If there is insufficient Pre-Trigger time, the best procedure is for the Operator to re-program the MicroTrap using
the Software and increase the Pre-Trigger % to increase the amount of Pre-Trigger Time to suit the test.
Alternatively, the Operator can reduce the Recording Rate to increase the amount of both Pre and Post-Trigger
Time.
PROBECABLE TRIGGER LENGTH DETERMINATION
40
CONSUMED TO TRIGGER THE MICROTRAP (m)
35
LENGTH OF PROBECABLE THAT MUST BE
30
25
95.3% Trigger Level

20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
PROBECABLE LENGTH LOADED INTO BLASTHOLES (m)
PROBECABLE TRIGGER LENGTH DETERMINATION
120
110
CONSUMED TO TRIGGER THE MICROTRAP (ft.)
LENGTH OF PROBECABLE THAT MUST BE
100
90
80
70
60
95.3% Trigger Level
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
PROBECABLE LENGTH LOADED INTO BLASTHOLES (ft.)
PROBECABLE-LR TRIGGER LENGTH DETERMINATION
125
CONSUMED TO TRIGGER THE MICROTRAP (m)
LENGTH OF PROBECABLE-LR THAT MUST BE
100
75
95.3% Trigger Level

50
25
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
PROBECABLE-LR LENGTH LOADED INTO BLASTHOLES (m)
PROBECABLE-LR TRIGGER LENGTH DETERMINATION
400
CONSUMED TO TRIGGER THE MICROTRAP (ft.)
LENGTH OF PROBECABLE-LR THAT MUST BE
350
300
250
200
95.3% Trigger Level
150
100
50
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
PROBECABLE-LR LENGTH LOADED INTO BLASTHOLES (ft.)
Ensure that Chapter 1 has been successfully completed prior to beginning Chapter 5.
5.1 RETRIEVING DATA FROM THE MICROTRAP

The procedure to retrieve data from the MicroTrap to a computer is as follows:
4. At the Main Menu click on the Retrieve Data button or with the keyboard
press Alt-R. Data retrieval can be accomplished without the use of a
computer mouse by pressing “tab” to move between data entry fields.
5. Choose a drive, directory and file name in which the MicroTrap data
will be stored. The directory defaults to C:\MicroTrap\Data. The file
name, in this case, is 2000Jun015, which indicates the 15th time data
has been downloaded from the MicroTrap in June of 2000. The
Operator can name the file anything he wishes. The numbers from 01
to 16 will be added to the name, depending on the number of tests
downloaded from the MicroTrap’s memory, in case of multiple tests in
the MicroTrap memory. Other MicroTrap files already stored in the
directory are also displayed. Clicking on the Compress Data tick box
turns the file compression on or off. With Compress Data on, the
retrieval from the MicroTrap takes longer for some computers;
however but the file size is reduced conserving computer disk space.
Note that new directories can be created from this window using the
Create New Directory button. As well, that the current directory can
be Set as Default Start Directory for saving files. When all
information is entered, click on the Retrieve Data button. Otherwise,
click on the Cancel button to return to the Main Menu.
6. A reminder message window

is then displayed. Click on
OK.
7. Since there was only one test

recorded in the MicroTrap’s memory,
the downloading starts automatically
and displays the download progress.
8. If there were multiple tests recorded

in the MicroTrap’s memory, then the
Operator is asked to click on which
tests he wants to download.
9. After the retrieval is finished, a Message is displayed.

Click on OK.
10. For each test that the

Operator downloaded, an
Enter Resistances window is
displayed in sequence. The
Operator must click on the
preferred units of velocity
measurement, m/s or ft./sec.
He must also tick the type of
VOD resistance probe used
in the test. Finally, the
Operator can add comments
about the test. These
comments will allow the
Operator to see what is in
the file when he looks for a file to analyze. Notice that the test in the example will be stored in a file named
2003Mar002_01.mcr. If the Operator downloaded 2 tests then a new Enter Resistances window would
appear after the Operator clicks on Accept Test 1. The second test would be stored in the file named
2003Mar002_02.mcr. Click on the Accept Test 1 button when the resistance information for Test 1 has been
entered for the test. Repeat this procedure for any subsequent tests.
11. After all of the data has been entered for all of the tests downloaded, and the final Accept Test button has
been pressed, the Communications Cable can be detached from the computer and the MicroTrap and the
Operator can proceed to analyze the data.
5.2 SELECTING DATA FILES FOR ANALYSIS

The procedure to select a MicroTrap file for analysis is as follows:
1. If the MicroTrap Software is not running, start the MicroTrap Software by

clicking on Start-Programs-MREL-MicroTrap.
2. At the Main Menu click on the Analyze Data button or with the keyboard
press Alt-A.
3. Click on the file name of interest. Use the File

Comments box as a guide to each file’s content.
4. Click on the Open button when a file has been

selected, otherwise click on the Cancel button to
return to the Main Menu. Note that the current
directory can be set as the default directory for
opening files.
For this example, Example Detonating Cord is chosen to

illustrate the results of a VOD test on a sample of
detonating cord. Example Detonating Cord and
Example Multiple Decked Holes are data files which
have all been included as examples with the MicroTrap
Software. Chapter 6 provides the detailed procedures for
analyzing the data in both of these files.
Clicking on the Open button automatically starts the

MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software with the chosen
data file. The following Section outlines the capabilities of
the Analytical Software.
5.3 INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS

The following screen is displayed when a VOD file has been chosen for analysis and all of the sub-graphs
previously saved with the file are opened:
The screen contains three main areas that are summarized below, and are discussed in more detail in the
following Sections as well as in Chapter 6:
Desktop: the area having the MREL logo as background. One or more graphs can be displayed in maximized,
normalized or minimized size states in the area.
Tools Bar: a moveable menu of icons, which allows the Operator to access analysis and graphics tools.
Current Point Tools Bar: a moveable menu of icons and data display windows which allows the Operator to
access analysis tools.
Menu Bar: located across the top of the screen. It includes pull down menus for File, Graph, Edit, Analyze,
Window and Help.
5.4 DESKTOP
When a data file is initially opened, the Desktop area of the Software, which has as a background the MREL
logo, shows the Original VOD graph in a minimized state. The data and graphics on the original graphs can not
be changed. New graph names must be given to the modified graphs (or sub-graphs). In this way, the original
data for the test can never be lost. In the example in Section 5.3, the Example Detonating Cord data file at this
point in the analysis has only 1 graph, which is the Original VOD graph.
From this Original VOD graph, other sub-graphs can be made and saved by the Operator under new graph
names. These sub-graphs can include some or all of the data in the original graph and can include graphics, text
and analysis information as added by the Operator. The next time the data file is chosen for analysis, the original
graph and all sub-graphs will be opened. There is no limit to the number of sub-graphs which can be created
from an Original VOD. The procedure for creating sub-graphs is discussed in Chapter 6.
By clicking on either the normalize icon or on the maximize icon on any minimized graphs (per normal Windows
procedures) the data can be viewed and analyzed.
5.5 TOOLS BAR

The Tools Bar contains a selection of ten (10) tool buttons used to add or modify the graph’s
characteristics, text and graphics and to apply analysis procedures to the data in the graphs to
calculate VODs and delay times between holes. The Tools Bar can be moved anywhere on
the Desktop. The basic functions of each of the tool buttons are outlined below:
The Select Tool has many functions including: selecting, moving, minimizing,
maximizing and normalizing graphs; selecting and modifying any component of the
graphs by double clicking on the component (i.e. x-axis, y-axis, data, text, titles).
The Text Tool allows the Operator to add new text/titles/comments to graphs.
The Zoom In Tool allows the Operator to zoom in on any part of the data and graph.
The Zoom Out Tool restores the data to the previous range before a zooming in operation was
performed.
The Data Value Tool displays the digital x, y (time, distance) value of any data point on the graph.
The Line Tool allows the Operator to add a straight line to graphs.
The Arrow Tool allows the Operator to add a straight arrowhead line/pointer to graphs.
The VOD Tool allows the Operator to automatically calculate the VOD for any part of the VOD graph by
doing a linear regression on all of the data between any two data points on the graph.
The Delay Tool allows the Operator to automatically calculate the delay time between any two data
points on the graph.
The Print Tool allows the Operator to print the active graph.
5.6 CURRENT POINT TOOLS BAR

The Current Point Tools Bar contains three (3) data display windows
and several buttons. The purpose of the Current Tools Bar is to allow
the Operator to use the Data Value Tool (Section 5.4) to display and
store two data points for conducting analysis. The Tools Bar can be
moved anywhere on the Desktop. The Current Points Tools Bar does
not need to be utilized to analyze VOD graphs if the Operator prefers
only to utilize the VOD Tool and Delay Tool in the Tools Bar.
The top data display window displays the most recent point (Time, Y-axis value) that was clicked on the current
graph. The main purpose of the other buttons is to help choose points precisely for functions that require a start
and end point. The typical use for this would be:
1. Zoom in to a small area, then choose a start point. For more precision, you can right click on the graph and
choose "Plotting - Line + Point". Press the button to set it as point 1.
2. Unzoom.
3. Zoom in to another small area and choose the end point. Press the button to set it as point 2.
4. Unzoom.
5. Choose one of the 2 point functions as described below.
Once this has been done, the "C" button can be pressed to copy some lines of text that describe the result of the
most recent function pressed. If no functions have been pressed, but a point has been clicked, it copies the X
and Y value of that point. The text can then be pasted into another application. Note that some programs, such
as MS Word, erase the clipboard when they are first opened.
If there is more than one graph open, the toolbar keeps track of recently clicked points for each graph.
The functions calculate a result based on the chosen points (T1, Y1) and (T2, Y2). For VOD graphs, Y1 and Y2
are the Distance values for the 2 points chosen. For Scope graphs, Y1 and Y2 are the Voltage values for the 2
points chosen, or an operator-defined unit such as Pressure.
This uses Linear Regression to calculate the Velocity of Detonation between the 2 times chosen,
considering all of the data between the two points. This is suitable for data that does not contain
many noise spikes. This function is not available for Scope graphs.
This calculates the Velocity of Detonation between the 2 points chosen, without consideration of the
data between the two points. It is suitable for noisy data sets. Usually, it is clear which points are
noise (an abrupt jump to a value for 1 or 2 points, then a return to a value similar to the start or slightly
higher, since the distance is increasing). In practice, the user chooses 2 points, then checks to see if the line
between them goes over most of the "non-noisy" points. If not, the line and message can then be erased by
double clicking on them and choosing "erase". This function is not available for Scope graphs.
If the line covers the data for part of the area examined, but not for a later part, there may be a different VOD for
the early and later part of the data. Try calculating VODs for smaller sections of the data.
This calculates and displays the time between 2 points.
This calculates and displays the difference in Y values between 2 points. For VOD graphs, this calculates
the distance between the points. For Scope graphs, it uses the Y-axis unit chosen by the user.
If a 2 point function has been recently calculated for the current graph, this copies the relevant numbers to
the clipboard. If a point has been clicked in the current graph, but no functions have been used, this copies
the value for that point to the clipboard. If no points have been chosen, no data is copied.
5.7 MENU BAR
The Menu Bar contains a selection of six (6) pull down menus used to open data files and their associated
graphs, save sub-graphs, print graphs, export data and graphics, move and erase bad data points, arrange
graphs on the Desktop and provide access to the digital VOD Operations Manual. The Menu Bar is always
located at the top of the Desktop. The basic functions of each of the pull down menus are outlined below:
The File menu allows the Operator to Open data files, display the name of the Current data file, Save the current
data file including the associated graphs and Exit the Analysis section of the Software.
The Graph menu allows the Operator to List the graphs associated with the current data file, Save and Rename
the sub-graphs, Delete the sub-graphs, Close the sub-graphs for the current analysis session, and Print the
active graph.
The Edit menu allows the Operator to Change the Axes of the graph and Copy the Graph to the computer’s
memory for pasting into other Windows applications such as word-processors. Additionally the Operator can
Copy the X Data and Copy the Y Data, which comprises the graph, for subsequent pasting into Windows
spreadsheets.
The Analyze menu allows the Operator to Zoom in on the graph, Undo the last Zoom, Reset the graph to full
range, Remove bad data points, Move bad data points, calculate a VOD using Linear Regression, calculate a
VOD from 2 Points on the graph, Remove Negative Distance Changes on a graph, calculate a Y value
Difference and calculate a time Delay.
The Remove and Remove Negative Distances Changes menu items can be used on data points that
sometimes result from inefficient shorting of the probe, causing downward spikes in the data.
For example, when explosives

react very slowly, there may be
inefficient shorting of the probe.
This may result in a graph similar to
that shown which is a VOD record
from a MiniTrapII Explosives
Continuous VOD Recorder. The
trend of the VOD is apparent,
however there are many downward
spikes on the trace; this makes the
normal Calculate VOD using the
Linear Regression inaccurate. In
such cases the Operator can
Calculate VOD From 2 Points
from the Analyze menu.
The Remove Negative Distance

Changes item allows the Operator
to improve the appearance of the
graph for presentation purposes in
an automated fashion.
The Window menu allows the Operator to automatically arrange the non-minimized graphs on the Desktop in
three (3) ways: Cascade, tile Vertically, and tile Horizontally. This menu also allows the Operator to
automatically Arrange the minimized graph icons.
The Help menu allows the Operator to access the Adobe Acrobat format of this MicroTrap VOD Operations
Manual on his computer. The Operator must have Adobe Acrobat Reader Software to read and print the VOD
Operations Manual. The Adobe Acrobat Reader Software is available free of charge from the Adobe Internet web
site at www.adobe.com. The Help menu also displays information About the MicroTrap Software, including
contact information for MREL.

6.1 SAMPLE OF EXPLOSIVES – DETONATING CORD EXAMPLE

This Section presents a detailed analysis of a VOD test performed on a sample of detonating cord using a
PROBEROD. The Operator is encouraged to follow the example using the MicroTrap Software.
As outlined in Section 4.3, a typical VOD test of an explosive sample is shown below.
Coaxial Cable
To MicroTrap
In the following example, the explosive sample is a length of detonating cord that has been taped along the length
of a PROBEROD.
1. From the Main Menu click on the Analyze Data button

or with the keyboard press Alt-A.
2. Click on the file name Example Detonating Cord.
3. Click on the Open button, which automatically starts

the MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software.
The following window will be shown after all the graphs in the file have been loaded. Click on OK or press Enter.
Maximizing the Original VOD graph, and moving the Tools Bar, results in the screen shown below:
MicroTrap VOD Data

The graph shows a line plot of distance versus time for the complete duration of a VOD test. The length of the
detonating cord and PROBEROD is approximately 0.9 m. The data was collected with a MicroTrap that has the
MicroTrap Memory Upgrade installed (8,000,000 data points recorded). The Recording Rate was 1 MHz.
The graph has two time areas: before time = 0 (pre-trigger time) and after time = 0 (post-trigger time). In all VOD
tests, the MicroTrap is triggered to begin recording at time = 0 but has a pre-trigger data memory before time = 0
(Section 4.9). This allows the MicroTrap to record the information from the probe as it is being consumed to the
probe length at which the MicroTrap will trigger. The MicroTrap records post-trigger data after time = 0.
Since only a sample of explosive was tested, and the time for the explosive to detonate (approximately 0.15 ms)
is far less than the total time that the MicroTrap records, a large amount of extra data was recorded after the
detonation. Using the Zoom In Tool (Section 5.5), the Operator can focus on the area of interest: the part of the
graph that shows the explosive detonating.
The following screen shows results from zooming in several times on the data of interest. If the wrong area is
chosen, use the Zoom Out Tool to undo the previous Zoom In.
MicroTrap VOD Data

To analyze the data for VOD, choose the VOD Tool (Section 5.5). The Software calculates the VOD by
conducting a linear regression on the data contained between two data points chosen by the Operator. The
Software prompts the Operator to click on the “first” data point and then on the “second” data point, thus defining
a data range for the VOD calculation. The Operator will know when he/she is on a data point as the arrow will
change to a hand. The VOD result is automatically shown with a colored straight VOD line over the data range of
interest. The Operator can perform an unlimited number of VOD analyses on a graph. The VOD text can be
chosen with the Select Tool for moving. By double clicking on the VOD text and VOD line with the Select Tool,
the Operator can change the properties of these items or delete them.
MicroTrap VOD Data
The Text Tool (Section 5.5) can be used to add additional comments on the graph. When the graph has been
annotated to the satisfaction of the Operator, the graph can be saved as a sub-graph. The Operator cannot
overwrite the Original VOD graph that contains the original data and graphics. The Operator chooses Graph-
Save As and then types in a name for the sub-graph. This sub-graph will be stored with the Example file and will
be automatically opened along with the Original VOD graph the next time the Example file is chosen for analysis.
The Operator may wish to copy the graph into a Windows word-processor for a report. To do this the Operator
chooses Edit-Copy Graph from the Menu Bar. The Operator can then minimize the MicroTrap Software, open
the word-processor and Paste the graph.
To print directly from the MicroTrap Software, the Operator can either use the Print Tool or select Graph-Print
from the Menu Bar.
To change the format of the graph, the x and y-axis, plot type etc… use the Select Tool (Section 5.5) to double
click on the graph window. Double clicking with this tool on the graph window, axis titles and other objects allows
some changes to be made to the attributes of these items. In the screen below, the Select Tool was used to
double click on the graph window. The following window is displayed. Under the Plot tab, the property of the
graph was changed to display data points only.
MicroTrap VOD Data

On the next screen, for interest only, the graph with the VOD analysis has been enlarged further using the Zoom
In Tool. The Data Value Tool (Section 5.5) has been used to click on the graph to find the distance at which
time = 0. The x, y (time, distance) coordinates of this point are shown in the Current Point Window. Notice that
when the Data Value Tool is chosen, an arrow appears and in the upper left corner of the graph, the position of
the arrow on the graph window is displayed (x, y). When the arrow is placed over the graph line, the arrow
changes to a hand. When the Operator clicks on the graph line then the Current Point Window displays the
value of the data point on the graph line. Note: the arrow and hand cursors are not shown on the screen below.
MicroTrap VOD Data
The Operator is encouraged to experiment with analyzing, formatting and printing the data and graphs contained
in the Example file. Note: changes are made to the data in the sub-graphs; the Original VOD graph cannot be
changed and will always be available for subsequent analyses.
6.2 SAMPLE OF EXPLOSIVES – OTHER EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided as an illustration of the VOD analysis capabilities of the MicroTrap when the
Operator is testing samples of explosives.
This result is typical for an explosive failing to detonate completely.
1.0
0.9
VOD RESULT FOR AN EXPLOSIVES SAMPLE
- 0.9 METER LONG UNCONFINED SAMPLE -
0.8
0.7
Distance (m)
0.6
Explosive Fails to Detonate Fully
0.5
0.4
0.3 Explosive Begins to Fail at 0.36 meters
0.2 VOD in this region is 4,510 m/s

0.1
0.0
-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Time (ms)
This result illustrates the effect of confining the explosive in Schedule 40 steel pipe (a standard substitute for
rock). The explosive detonates fully when loaded in steel pipe but fails when unconfined as shown in the previous
graph.
1.0 VOD RESULT FOR AN EXPLOSIVES SAMPLE

0.9 - 0.9 METER LONG STEEL CONFINED SAMPLE -
0.8
0.7
Distance (m)
0.6 AVERAGE VOD = 4,540 m/s
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Time (ms)
The following is the result of a VOD test on unconfined bulk explosive. It can be observed that a second booster
was placed in the explosive column that had not been tied into the shot exploder. As can be seen, the Operator
can determine the VOD anywhere along the 0.9 m long unconfined sample.
6.3 EXPLOSIVES IN BLASTHOLES – MULTIPLE DECKED HOLES EXAMPLE

This Section presents a detailed analysis of a To MicroTrap
VOD test performed in a quarry by a MicroTrap
Customer. PROBECABLE was loaded into four
30 m long blastholes as shown in the following
figure. There were 3 explosive decks in each of
the holes. There were 42 ms delays between
holes and the 3 decks were designed to fire at
25 ms intervals starting with the bottom deck.
The relative design delay times as pertaining to 218 ms 176 ms 134 ms 50 ms
the 4 holes loaded with PROBECABLE are

shown. Notice that the top decks of Holes 2 and
3 would not be recorded by the MicroTrap as
bottom decks in subsequent holes would fire
first, thus cutting off the PROBECABLE.
The MicroTrap Customer had blasting vibration

concerns and wanted to ensure that the decks of 193 ms 151 ms 109 ms 25 ms
explosives were detonating at the designed
times.
The Operator is encouraged to follow the

example using the MicroTrap Software.
168 ms 126 ms 84 ms 0 ms
HOLE 4 HOLE 3 HOLE 2 HOLE 1
1. From the Main Menu click on the Analyze Data button or with
the keyboard press Alt-A.
2. Click on the file name Example Multiple Decked Holes.
3. Click on the Open button, which automatically starts the

MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software.
The following window will be shown after all the graphs in the file have been loaded. Click on OK.
Maximizing the Original VOD graph, and moving the Tools Bar, results in the screen shown below:
MicroTrap VOD Data

The graph shows a line plot of distance versus time for the complete duration of a VOD test. The total length of
the PROBECABLE was approximately 260 m. The data was collected with a MicroTrap with standard memory
(4,000,000 data points recorded). The Recording Rate was 2 MHz.
It is important when viewing VOD graphs from tests in blastholes to focus in on the leading edges of the data
where the data changes distance quickly. In this example, 4 holes were recorded. As the second and
subsequent holes detonate, the booster cuts the PROBECABLE resulting in a large increase in the graph
distance instantaneously. During the delay periods between decks of explosives, between delayed holes, and
after all of the holes have detonated, the end of the PROBECABLE or coaxial cable may become intermittently
short circuited or open circuited causing noise on the VOD graph. This is a normal occurrence. There are no
VOD data in the noise. On first glance, the locations of the holes and the noise after the holes have detonated
can be approximated as shown below.
MicroTrap VOD Data

Using the Zoom In Tool, the Operator can focus on the area of interest: the part of the graph that shows the four
holes detonating more clearly. If the wrong area is chosen, use the Zoom Out Tool to undo the previous Zoom
In.
MicroTrap VOD Data

The following graphs show results from zooming in several times on each of the hole locations. If the wrong area
is chosen, use the Zoom Out Tool to undo the previous Zoom In. The VOD Tool and Delay Tool have been
used to determine the average VOD of the explosive decks, and the delay times between decks and holes. When
the regression VOD line (from the VOD Tool) does not appear to fit the VOD data properly due to the influence of
noise on the trace, then use the Calculate VOD from 2 Points from the Analyze menu. For purposes of this
example, “Event” is used to describe a VOD trace.
Events 1 and 2 correspond to the middle and top decks MicroTrap

Channel 1
of Hole #1 respectively. Delay between these decks 32.5
VOD Data - EVENTS #1 #2
was designed to be 25 ms. The delay achieved was

10.1 m column
16.2 ms. Notice that there was no record for the bottom 30.0
deck and that initiation of the middle deck cut off the
PROBECABLE at approx. the 10.8 m mark. Therefore 27.5
VOD = 3820 m/s
the firing sequence in Hole #1 was: Middle deck fires,
25.0
16.2 ms delay, top deck fires. The bottom deck could
have shot any time after (or at the same time as) the
22.5
middle deck.
Distance (m)
6.0 m column
20.0
Notice the noise between the decks as the
PROBECABLE is being partially consumed/shorted by 17.5
the pressures from the middle deck travelling through
the stemming towards the top deck. If the detonation of 15.0 VOD = 3990 m/s
the middle deck had caused sympathetic detonation of

12.5
the top deck, then the delay time between these two Delay = 16.2 ms
events would have been significantly shorter than
10.0
16.2 ms. This result demonstrates that sympathetic
detonation of the top deck by the middle deck did not
-92.5 -90.0 -87.5 -85.0 -82.5 -80.0 -77.5 -75.0
occur in this blasthole. Time (ms)
Event 3 occurs 76.4 ms after Event 2. This timing leads MicroTrap

MREL to believe that it is the top deck in the Hole #2
which was designed to fire 84 ms after Event 2 (the top
deck in Hole #1). When Event 3 occurs it cuts the
PROBECABLE such that 87.8 m of the original length
of PROBECABLE has been consumed. The Customer
did not record the explosive column rises as each deck
was loaded, so MREL cannot confirm that this trace is
from the top deck of Hole #2 or the middle deck of
Hole #2.
When Event 4 begins, the position corresponds to MicroTrap

Channel 1
164.3 m of PROBECABLE being consumed. It occurs 175
VOD Data - EVENT #4
35.9 ms after Event 3. Of course without knowing the

174
explosive column lengths, it is not possible to confirm 9.6 m column
that Event 4 corresponds to the middle Deck of Hole #3. 173
172
171
170 VOD = 3930 m/s
Distance (m)
169
168
167
166
165
164
163
36.5 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0

Time (ms)
Event #5 is the middle deck of Hole #4. Event #6 (next MicroTrap

Channel 1
page) is the final event and therefore corresponds to the VOD Data - EVENT #5
top Deck of Hole #4. It is apparent that the middle deck

of Hole #4 fired before the bottom deck. VOD = 4185 m/s
255.0
Event #5 occurs 31.3 ms after Event #4, which lends 12 m column

support to Event #4 being the middle deck of Hole #3.
252.5
This would indicate that the middle deck of Hole #3 fired
before the bottom deck of Hole #3.
250.0
Distance (m)
247.5
245.0
242.5
68.0 68.5 69.0 69.5 70.0 70.5

Time (ms)
Event #6 corresponds to the top deck of Hole 4. This is MicroTrap

Channel 1
VOD Data - EVENT #6
known because it is the last event recorded by the
MicroTrap and the MicroTrap recorded for at least a
260.0
second after this event occurred.
1.4 m column
259.5
VOD = 4071 m/s
Distance (m)
259.0
258.5
258.0
126.25 126.30 126.35 126.40 126.45 126.50 126.55 126.60 126.65 126.70 126.75 126.80
Time (ms)
Summarizing the relative designed firing times and recorded firing times:
Hole Deck Design Delay Time (ms) Recorded Delay Time (ms)
#
1 Bottom 0 After the middle deck
Middle 25 0 (-92.6 ms on graph)
Top 50 16.3 (-76.4 ms on graph)
Middle 109 92.7 (0.1 ms on graph)
Top 134 not recorded by design
Middle 151 128.7 (36.1 ms on graph)
Top 176 not recorded by design
Middle 193 160 (67.4 ms on graph)
Top 218 218.9 (126.3 ms on graph)
Recommendations:
1. When conducting VOD recordings of multiple decked holes, the explosive column rise and decking material
rise should be recorded for each deck to give an accurate hole profile. This makes correlating the VOD
results to the correct deck much easier.
2. Ensure that the blast is tied-in correctly. Other than Hole 1, the middle deck seems to consistently fire before
the bottom deck.
3. No sympathetic detonation between explosives decks was observed. No desensitization of the explosive
decks, due to previous decks/holes firing, was observed.
The Operator is encouraged to experiment with analyzing, formatting and printing the data and graphs contained
in the Example file. No matter what changes are made to the data in the sub-graphs, the Original VOD graph
cannot be changed and will always be available for subsequent analyses.
6.4 EXPLOSIVES IN BLASTHOLES – OTHER EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided as an illustration of the VOD analysis capabilities of the MicroTrap when the
Operator is testing explosives in blastholes.
As detailed in Section 4.4.1, a typical VOD test on a

single blasthole using PROBECABLE is shown. The Coaxial Cable
length of the explosive column is approximately 18 m. To MicroTrap
Since only one hole was tested, and the time for the
explosive to detonate (approximately 5 ms) is far less
than the total amount of time the MicroTrap records, a
large amount of extra data was recorded after the
detonation in the hole was complete. Using the Zoom In
Tool, the Operator can focus on the area of interest: the
part of the graph that shows the explosive detonating.
The Operator can determine the run-up VOD of the

explosive and what distance it takes for the explosive to
reach full detonation velocity. In this way, the effect of
using different sizes of boosters can be evaluated.
As detailed in Section 4.4.2, a typical VOD test

on multiple (3 in this case) blastholes using Coaxial Cable
PROBECABLE is shown. Three 10 m holes To MicroTrap
were monitored. Each hole contained a
column of approximately 5 m of explosives and
the blast was tied in with a 17ms delay
between holes.
Notice on the diagram that the PROBECABLE

in Hole 1 was not terminated at the booster but
was run down and out of the hole in a method
similar to Holes 2 and 3. In this way, the
detonation of the booster in Hole 1 immediately
cuts off or shortens the PROBECABLE by
10 m thereby assuring that the MicroTrap will
be triggered to record (time = 0) upon the
booster in Hole 1 firing. This is evident on the
graph. Also notice that if Hole 2 fired before
Hole 1 then approximately 35 m of
PROBECABLE (comprised of 20 m in Hole 1 +
5 m spacing between holes + 10 m in Hole 2)
would have been cut off. Of course, in that
case no data would have been recorded for
Hole 1, only for Holes 2 and 3.
The data can be analyzed to determine the actual delays between holes and the VODs of the explosives in each
of the holes.
80
70
60
50
Distance ( m )
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time ( ms )
The Delay Tool is used to determine the delays between holes. The Software calculates the delay time by
measuring the difference in time between two data points chosen by the Operator. The Software prompts the
Operator to click on the “first” data point and then on the “second” data point, thus defining a data range for the
delay calculation. The delay result is automatically shown with a colored line over the data range of interest. The
Operator can perform an unlimited number of delay analyses on a graph. The delay text and line can be chosen
with the Select Tool for moving or deleting. The colours and properties of these items can be changed or the
item can be deleted by double clicking with the Select Tool.
Delay times between Holes 1 and 2, and 2 and 3 are shown on the graph.
70
Hole #3
60
50
Distance (m)
40
Hole #2
30
21.7 ms delay
17.6 ms delay
20
Hole #1
10
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (ms)
The Operator can zoom in on each of the three holes to calculate the VODs in each hole and save the zoomed
VOD results for each hole as sub-graphs as illustrated on the following page.
18 DOWN-THE-HOLE VOD RESULT

16 - AVG. VOD FOR HOLE #1 -
14
12 VOD = 5,335 m/s

Distance (m)
10
0
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (ms)
44
42 DOWN-THE-HOLE VOD RESULT

- AVG. VOD FOR HOLE #2 -
40
Distance (m)
38
36 VOD = 4,835 m/s
34
32
30
17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8
Time (ms)
DOWN-THE-HOLE VOD RESULT

68 - AVG. VOD FOR HOLE #3 -
66
VOD = 4890 m/s
Distance (m)
64
62
60
58
39.0 39.2 39.4 39.6 39.8 40.0 40.2 40.4 40.6 40.8 41.0
Time (ms)

7.1 CONTACTING MREL

MINING RESOURCE ENGINEERING LIMITED
Blasting Instrumentation Team
1555 Sydenham Road
Kingston, Ontario K7L 4V4
Canada
Toll Free Canada/USA: 1-877-544-MREL
Tel: +1-613-545-0466
Fax: +1-613-542-8029
Email: support@mrel.com
7.2 EMAILING MICROTRAP FILES TO MREL

It is an easy procedure to send a MicroTrap file for its analysis/review by another Operator who also has the
MicroTrap Software.
When a file is saved on a computer, the file name takes the form of filename.filetype, otherwise known as
root.extension. When a MicroTrap file is saved using a name chosen by the Operator (for example: test), several
files with different filetypes are automatically created by the MicroTrap Software all with the same filename, test.
To email a MicroTrap file called "Example", attach the entire MicroTrap files with the same filename, to the email.
It is better if all of the files are contained in one ZIP file for transfer by email, particularly if the MicroTrap data
were not compressed when downloaded to your computer. Normally MREL only requires the *.mcr and *.raw or
*.cmp files to conduct an analysis. If you want MREL to review the sub-graphs you have saved containing VOD
analyses you have performed on the original data, then all of the files below will be required.
For example:
Example.mcr (the MicroTrap settings file, which is a readable text file). MREL requires this file.
Example.raw (the MicroTrap data file if the data were not compressed). MREL requires this or the *.cmp file.
Example.cmp (the MicroTrap data file if the data were compressed). MREL requires this or the *.raw file.
Example.plot001, Example.plot002 etc… (the series of sub-graph files the Operator saved during analysis)
Example.r01 (the data points removed from a sub-graph by the Operator)
Example.ml001 (the series of x values of data points moved in a sub-graph by the Operator)
Example.mv.001 (the series of new y values of data points moved in a sub-graph by the Operator)
When giving files to another person on CD-ROM, the files can only be viewed. To modify the files, they must be
copied to the computer's hard drive and the files must be changed from Read Only using Windows procedures.
As part of MREL’s ongoing commitment to Customer Satisfaction, MREL VOD Specialists will be pleased to
review your analysis of your MicroTrap data. If you would like to have a “second opinion” from MREL on your
analysis of a specific test, send an email to support@mrel.com with a brief description of the test and attach all of
the files. MREL looks forward to providing you with assistance.

MicroTrap VOD Operations Manual Revision 4

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MicroTrap VOD Operations Manual Revision 4

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VOD Operations Manual

IMPORTANT COMPATIBILITY NOTICE:

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

CHAPTER 1: GETTING STARTED

CHAPTER 4: RECORDING VOD AND HOLE/DECK DELAY TIMES

CHAPTER 5: MICROTRAP SOFTWARE

CHAPTER 6: EXAMPLES OF VOD DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 7: CONTACTING MREL FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT

CHAPTER 3: MICROTRAP HARDWARE

CHAPTER 4: RECORDING VOD AND HOLE/DECK DELAY TIMES

4.9 Additional Information on Memory and Triggering 4.11

CHAPTER 5: MICROTRAP SOFTWARE

CHAPTER 6: EXAMPLES OF VOD DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 7: CONTACTING MREL FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT

CHAPTER 1: GETTING STARTED

1.1 ENSURING THAT ALL MICROTRAP HARDWARE HAS BEEN RECEIVED

1.2 INSTALLING THE MICROTRAP ADVANCED ANALYTICAL SOFTWARE

1.2.2 INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE

1.3 COMMUNICATING WITH THE MICROTRAP

Port information for the computer can be viewed by clicking on Control

1.3.2 TESTING COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE COMPUTER AND THE MICROTRAP

To test communications between the computer and the MicroTrap:

4. At the Main Menu click on the Program MicroTrap button or with

5. A Message will be displayed. Click on OK to continue or Cancel

6. When the Software successfully communicates

1.4 VIEWING AND PROGRAMMING THE MICROTRAP’S VOD RECORDING

4. At the Main Menu click on the Program MicroTrap button or with

5. A Message will be displayed. Click on OK to continue or Cancel

6. When the Software successfully communicates

11. After clicking on the VOD button,

If in Step 8 there were Remaining

When the Clear All Tests box is

18. A confirmation message is displayed.

1.5 TROUBLESHOOTING MICROTRAP COMMUNICATIONS ERRORS

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK.

The main features of the MicroTrap for VOD recording are:

2.2 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

2.3 VOD APPLICATIONS OF THE MICROTRAP

2.3.1 TESTING OF EXPLOSIVE SAMPLES

2.3.2 TESTING OF EXPLOSIVES IN BLASTHOLES

2.4 SCOPE APPLICATIONS OF THE MICROTRAP WITH SCOPE UPGRADE INSTALLED

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK.

CHAPTER 3: MICROTRAP HARDWARE

3.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

The ON/OFF switch is used to provide power to the MicroTrap.

The STATUS indicator light has three working modes:

The STOP button has several functions:

The back of the MicroTrap has a variety of

VOD: BNC connector for the VOD resistance

EXT TRIG: BNC connector for the trigger wire,

SIREN: Connector for the optional MiniTrap

DC IN/OUT: Used to connect the MicroTrap to

The TRIG’D indicator light on the front of the

The black knob on the front of the MicroTrap is

3.1.2 CARRYING CASE

3.1.3 BATTERY CHARGER

Contact MREL if the Battery Charger that has been

3.1.4 COMMUNICATIONS CABLE

3.1.5 BNC ADAPTERS

3.2 MICROTRAP INTERNAL RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

3.3 TESTING THE MICROTRAP POWER STATUS

3.4 RECHARGING THE MICROTRAP

The procedure to recharge the MicroTrap is as follows:

3.5 OPERATING THE MICROTRAP FROM EXTERNAL POWER SOURCES