Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

Cebu Normal University
Osmeña Boulevard, Cebu City
Philippines, 6000

DEGREE OF VIOLATIONS COMMITTED AMONG JEEPNEY DRIVERS IN CEBU

CITY, PHILIPPINES

Researchers

BA POLITICAL SCIENCE 3
YADAH BETHEL PURACAN
FLORA MAE VIOS
SHRINE ADEN TADENA
CLYDE MICHAEL F. TORRES
JAN. REY M. YBAÑEZ

Research Adviser

DR. REYNALDO B. INOCIAN

PROFESSOR IV
 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

Jeepney driver’s violations have increased in numbers as well as in accidents. The cases
vary from time to time and place to place. These have grown like cells divide to produce more
cells. There will be more violations to come and we are still counting.
In a busy world where survival of the fittest becomes the dominant principle in the minds
of people, their action becomes the basis on how theylive. As time goes by, many things
changeas part of the evolution process. The trees which we see, the flowers that bloominto
perfection, the sweetest smile of your loved ones, everything changes. Every now and then, a
new being isborn and a life is taken out. Nature changes as part of its natural mechanism. Things
come and go. People becomemore advance and adaptation is necessary. Easy life and
comfortable living becomethe dream goal of many individuals. As people struggle, the attitude
defines what kind of being they are. People are living andlive as long as they continue to live.
Life’s objectivescontinue to progress years pass by.
With the birth of civilization hat encompasses all the areas of the world, ancient people
have managed to extract information from its 3200 cubic centimeter brain. From the smallest cell
bodies, up to the interconnection of brain cells that gives rise of the advent of great invention and
technology. The abilities of men are limitless. Now, the jeepneys are roaming around the streets
every day. With the purpose of bringing the people with ease and comfortability. This
technological novelty has come out to give convenience to mankind.
It gives humans the benefit of living in a most delightful way where the main
beneficiaries are the ordinary people. It is traced back from the American occupation until the
time today where it is fully developed as a means of transportation as well as bridging the lives
of many people. Being the most vehicle used as a way of transportation, it gives a big menace to
the people in the government in authority especially the enforcers. It gives them extra work and
obligation on their part. Jeepneys bring a great impact to the lives of the people. This
masterpiece of our ancestors gives hopes and happiness to their destination.
Now as jeepneys gone too far on what it is now, violations committed by the jeepney
drivers also increases gradually and daily. The attitude of the jeepney drivers will matter most.
This serves as the core basis on the safety of their passengers. Jeepney is the oldest form of
transportation for several people because of its affordability. Many passengers spar with taxi in
terms of time consume in transporting from one place to another. The demand for Jeepney is
high because of our society’s rapid growth in population.
It tends to be an opportunity of the people in making a living. Jeepney drivers tend to
compete with other fellow drivers just to meet their quota, other drivers resort to unlawful action
even it might be dangerous since their income. They resort to disobey law just to maximize their
income.
Based on the data from 2012 to 2016 of the Cebu City Transportation Office Operation
Section Apprehension Report there were several violations being committed by jeepney drivers,
such as unsatisfactorily renderingof passenger service, rerouting and short cutting of its trips,
failure to provide signboard of its destination and the improper way of loading and unloading of
the passengers.This study aims to determine the degree of violationscommitted by Jeepney
drivers in Cebu City for the last five years. Thus, this endangers the life of the passengers,
pedestrians and other vehicle drivers. A cohesive discipline through imposing a strict policies
and raising the penalty from normal to excessive are one of the solutions reflected by the
researchers for this problem; to prevent future accidents and to provide a just service to the
passengers.
 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

This part will show the Schematic diagram of the study and explanation of the conceptual
framework.

“Degree of Violations Committed by Jeepney

Drivers”

Theory of
Control Theory Normalization Delinquency Area
Robert K. Process Theory and Subculture
Merton Carl May, 2009 Clifford Shaw and
1973 Albert Cohen,1920

Degree of the violations

Reasons why jeepney The violations
committed by jeepney
drivers commit violations committed by jeepney
drivers
drivers
 The study uses the control theory. There are different degree of violations, reasons why
the jeepney drivers commit violation and the different kinds of violations committed by the
jeepney drivers in Cebu City, Philippines.
Control Theory
The first theory supports this study is the Control Theory. This theory according Walter
Reckless in 1973, both inner and outer controls work against deviant tendencies. People may
want at least some of the time to act in deviant ways but most do not. They have various
restraints: internal controls such as conscience, values, integrity, morality and the desire to be a
good person and outer controls such as police, family, Friends, and religious authorities. This
inner and outer restraints form a person’s self-control, which prevents acting against social
norms. This theory also suggests that peoples society labels,s criminals members, are probably
members of subordinate groups, critics argue that this over simplifies the situation. As examples,
they cite wealthy and powerful business people, politicians, and others who commit crimes.
Theory of Delinquency Area and Subculture
Since 1920, with the emergence of the scientific school of sociology developed under
R.E. Park and E.W. Burgess, the sociologists have focused much of their attention on the
community and its impact on the individual. As a result, many new theories, approaches and
concepts developed such as ‘delinquency area’ (Clifford Shaw), ‘subculture’ theory (Albert
Cohen), ‘differential opportunity’ theory (Cloward and Ohlin) and many others.
While criticizing the ‘delinquency area’ concept Albert Cohen (1955) stated that much
delinquency flows from a subculture that persists in certain social classes (lower income groups),
primarily in many urban areas, generation to generation. These classes he described as non-
utilitarian, malicious and negativistic.
According to his theory, it is the delinquent subculture which emphasizes on the
existence of norms and values that place positive value on delinquent behaviour and confer status
on gang members for delinquent acts.
Cloward and Ohlin (1960), in their attempt to explain deviant behavior, propose concept
‘differential opportunity’—differential access to illegit-imate means. The point is that some
individuals through their social backgrounds and spheres of interaction find it easier than others
to learn and utilize illegitimate means. They have the ‘know-how’ and the contacts.
The kinds of illegitimate opportunities and their distribution determine the content of the
propose deviant behavior.
The Normalization Process Theory
Normalization Process Theory can be used as a framework for the development of survey
instruments, to enable the collection of quantitative data in a standardized format. If you are
looking for a 'readymade' instrument for measuring implementation processes based on NPT,
then the Normalization Process Theory instrument is available for use.

However, the NPT does not in itself prescribe the questions that must use as measures of
the theory, and you may prefer to develop your own structured questions.
 In this section, we draw on our experiences of developing NPT based measures and
outline some possible ways of converting the theoretical constructs into structured questions for
use in quantitative research. This involves two key areas which are to be discussed: (i) translating
theoretical constructs into questions; and (ii) finding appropriate ways of framing survey items
with appropriate response categories/scales.
In this theory, the researchers will be able to know the violations committed by Jeepney
Drivers and the reasons why they commit traffic violations.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The prevalence of the violations committed by the jeepney drivers are now causing
disturbance not only on the side of the enforcers who implemented the law but also on the part of
the passengers. The violations being committed by Jeepney drivers have a big impact to the side
of the passengers. Though the questions listed below, the researchers will be able to know the
reasons, and causes why do the jeepney drivers commit violations. The following questions are
opted to be answered in the study.
1. Why do the jeepney drivers commit violations?
2. How often jeepney drivers violated traffic regulations?
.3. How knowledgeable the jeepney drivers on the traffic violations?
4. What month have the more violations committed by jeepney drivers?
5. In what particular place have the more violations committed by the jeepney drivers?
6. In what particular time of the day have the more violations committed by the jeepney
drivers?
7. What day in the week have the more violations committed by the jeepney drivers?
8. How many officers does the CITOM deploy everyday
9. What are the reasons why the jeepney drivers violate traffic rules?
10. How many times the jeepney drivers violate traffic rules in a day?
11. What time does the CITOM officers caught you the jeepney drivers?
12. What month does the CITOM officers usually caught the jeepney drivers?
13. What day does the CITOM officers usually caught the jeepney drivers?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is important to the following:
This study is very vital for the students in their daily life. Students are the majority who
rides jeepneys in going to school. In connection, they are the one who very prone in witnessing
the violations committed by the drivers which will also result in fights by the drivers and
accidents. In result of this study, they will have a knowledge about thee degree of the violations
committed by the drivers.

The violations committed by jeepney drivers are one of the issues in the Philippines
which are rampant. It is very important for professors to know it especiallyfor those professors
teaching current issues in order for them to easily tackle the issue just by reading the results this
research will take. As professor's main role is to teach, this study may help a professor collect
some facts about the degree of violations committed by a jeepney driver and can differentiate the
distinction of degrees year by year within Cebu City. A professor can use this study teach and
update students about why traffic occur and how drivers violation contribute traffics within the
roads in Cebu.

Everyday, commuters are the most affected by the violations the jeepney drivers
committed. Just like the students they will know the degree of the violations committed by the
jeepney drivers which will give the background of how it is rampant.

This study is better for the students who are studying the economy of the Philippines
violations committed by the jeepney drivers are one factor of the heavy traffic each commuter
are experiencing now. And we all know that heavy traffic wastes a lot of money in the
Philippines which is a disadvantage for us. Thus, knowing the degree of violations committed by
the jeepney drivers, they will be able to know the root of heavy traffic.

This study will help the future researchers in giving them idea about how was the
situation of the violations committed by the jeepney drivers for the last five years. In connection,
they will have the advance knowledge they need in conducting a research same as this and also
they will have background of the scope of their choosen research topic.

This study serves as guide on what are the things to improve and to consider in managing
traffic operations to lessen the violations being committed by the jeepney drivers in CebuCity
Provides informs the drivers about what are the possible consequences or penalty if the
jeepney drivers keeps on violating traffic rules.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Jeepney is a type of transportation vehicle that is found only in the Philippines and can
carry up to 30 passengers.It can transport people to their designated areas. TheJeepney drivers a
person who drives the jeepney. CCTO or also called the Cebu City Traffic and Operations
Management that is responsible for the enactment of the laws concerning to road safety
violation.CITOM Officers are in charge to enforce the law. Commuters are the people who ride
the jeepneys.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

There are many thing in which jeepney drivers commit violations. These things are
what the drivers do every day. They feel like no one is watching them. And, the person in
authority are of much in responsibility. The violations that the drivers make must have an
equal and appropriate penalty. Without the penalties that is imposed, there are more
violations to come and there is no order in the high- ways. This can be regard that too much
jeepney driver’s law breaking can have the effect of other vehicles to commit violation
because nothing becomes a barrier to stop their wrongdoing.
“This violation consist of operating outside of the approved route of area without
prior permit from LTFRB or outside the exceptions; refusal to render service to a
passenger, failure to provide fair discount to those entitled, no sign board, picking and
dropping of passenger outside terminals, trip cutting, over charging of rates, no
presentation of franchise ‘Certificate of Public Convenience’ during apprehension, failure
to display fair matrix, carrying of illegal and or prohibited cargoes, and reckless, insolent,
discourteous, or arrogant behavior.”(Padayhag, 2014).
Padayhag says clearly the violations committed by jeepney drivers. This only
implies that there are many cases in which drivers violate.
But the thing here is not about whether they have a famous reputation in the past
since they are regarded as the “King of the Road”. They are not studied here for the reason
that they are to pull out from the streets but the point here is that to prevent future accidents
and serious law breaking incidents. We can consider the fact that the jeepneys had a lot of
important benefits not only on the part of the commuters but also on the part of their
families.
“This humble wheels have fed millions of families and have put jeepney drivers
children through school from kindergarten to college” (Tablando, 2017).
It is the source of income of many Filipino families. It is where they get the money
to raise their children. They give their children food, shelter, clothing, and most importantly
their everyday allowance. We can conclude the fact that this is the way on how the Filipino
jeepney drivers nurture their wife and children, they get it from their daily struggles in the
road with the jeepneys as their main cradle. They also give their children good education
and supported them until they graduate. It gives them their basic needs and also their wants.
So, we conclude that jeepneys had contributed a big part to their survival. It is a well-built
type of masterpiece in which it is not only usable but also helpful.
“Jeepneys go hand in hand with Filipino ingenuity and craftiness. Philippines
glorious history has role in its origin. From the remains of the WW 2 American vehicles,
Filipino created a smart and illustrious way to enjoy them; that was how jeepneys came to
being.” (Philippine Insider, 2016)
There are many areas in which jeepneys gave a big contributions to the lives of
people. As time goes on and on, the jeepneys are slowly losing its popularity as well as its
look. In the past time many people like to ride in it because of its cheap rate and easy to look
for. You can find jeepney everywhere on the road in small and big sizes. The jeepneys is
slowly loosening its attractive look we can regard from the past that the jeepneys have
designs that are eye catching.
” Made by a Filipino for the Filipino. Jeepney is Philippine icon. Often appearing in
flashy and colorful fashion, and present almost everywhere, they are considered as kings of
the road. They are the primary transportation on land, especially buses cannot travel in
smaller areas.” (Flores, 2013).
Today as long as you have a vehicle that can load and unload passengers, you can
now roam in the streets even if you have an ugly type of transportation. The thing that
matters is the tool where you can get the money. The jeepneys nowadays had committed
several violations. Including those that requires discipline and management.
“If you are a driver with a discipline, you will not unload the jeepney even when
your passengers are prompting you to do so.” (Castillo, 2017).
This is a strong articulation on how jeepney drivers lack the virtue of discipline they
are violating the simplest kind of violation because of one simple reason, that is the lack of
discipline. They commit this in a regular basis since no one will block their action. There is
not only who is doing this kind of deed but there are many drivers. They are only watching
the CITOM officers when they are there but when there are no CITOM officer, they will
continue their wrong doing. The jeepney drivers has a keen eye on detecting the CITOM
officers. They spotted one they will show the rightful thing, but if there is none they will
show the wrong thing. This is true also to the other violation that is being executed. There
are some jeepney drivers that do not turn on their lights at night. On what Avila said:
“That jeepney driver’s ae no longer scared of CITOM officers. They know that
operating their vehicles at night without any lights is traffic violation. But since the majority
of our enforcers do not apprehend this drivers, this is the very reason why we are seeing
jeepney driver’s drive recklessly.” (Avila, 2015).
In his statement, he clearly stated that the enforcers do not strongly implement the
laws that is being task to them. Violators will continue to violate as long as they see a reason
to do it. Why are there violators? Simple, because there are no one who can say to them that
it is unlawful? If there is someone who can confront them and speak to them the kind of
violation they commit and the possible constraints they will going to face. Then there may
be a chance that the violators will decrease.
 In the study conducted by carmudi, there is a heavy penalty on the drivers that have
violated traffic rules;
Our country has a lot of laws and regulations covering the proper use of its
highways and road infrastructures. Of these, at least 20 are considered to have the heaviest
penalties, which can see drivers being fined from P1000 and above. (Carmudi.PH, 2014).
The Metro Manila Development Authority identified the most common violations in
Metro Manila;
According to the MMDA, the most common violations involve illegal counter-flow,
obstruction, non-observance of traffic signs, illegal parking, non-use of pedestrian
footbridges. (Jimeno, 2015).
Also, improper usage of headlights is a violation committed by drivers, the MMDA
imposes a penalty on this violation;
In a two-way street, this, of course, blinds the driver on the other lane. Putting the
headlights on high beam also causes trouble to cars in front of you. It only takes one glaring
light to actually cause an accident. “Failure to dim headlights” actually warrants a
fine/penalty according to the MMDA Rules. Let’s all please just use the high beam
whenever the roads are dim. (Malabanan, 2014).
The attitude of a person has also a big impact on driving of the vehicle of a jeepney
driver;
That being said, it’s sad to admit that there are plenty of drivers with bad manners,
thinking only of themselves when driving. They only care about getting to their destination
on time, not considering he or she is being rude to other drivers on the road. (Marian,
2016).
Three violations of public and private vehicle that are most common in Metro
Manila;
This study investigated driver behavior of 334 Filipino public jeep and private
vehicle in different areas of MMLA. Three violations were included: illegal counter flow, „
failure to give way while turning, tailgating. (Mendoza, 2017),
The different caused of violations are low educational attainment and social
environment;
85% of road accidents in the Philippines was caused by driver error or violations.
The study determined that young drivers, male drivers, public jeepney drivers and drivers
with low educational attainment had a significantly higher intention to commit violations.
The study also determined that the social environment played a significant role; intentions
to commit violations were higher when other drivers were seen to commit violations and
when there were no traffic enforcers around. (Menjares, 2015).
The passenger have also a big cause on why Jeepney drivers commit violation and
also the improper loading and unloading made by the Jeepney drivers;
 Another one of the cultural habit that has to go is the “para” mentality, where drivers
simply let their passengers get out of the vehicle anywhere. Jeepneys do it frequently and so do
private passenger vehicles. Loading or unloading in prohibited zones has a lowly fine of P150.00
for each offense, which may be the reason it is very tempting. (Carmudi.PH, 2014).
Drivers disregard traffic signals and also they stop on the not designated area that’s why
they violate traffic rules;
People load, unload and park their cars and trucks pretty much anywhere they
please. They disregard traffic signals and sometimes cruise down the wrong side of streets.
(ROBLES, 2012).
Changing of lanes is a violation because it can cause trouble in the street, this has
also a corresponding penalty;
“It is possible that a super slow lane change over a long distance of road and a span
of time is more dangerous than an abrupt lane change; at one point it becomes the violation
of straddling two lanes or a failure to keep to a lane. (Salazar, 2017).
The most violations recorded in Metro Manila are;
Violations recorded were disregarding lane markings (10,607), illegal parking
(6,966), motor vehicles obstructing roads/stalled vehicles (6,582) and nonuse of seat belts
(3,510). (Sauler, 2017).
In this study, it can be regarded that there are different degrees of violations and the
reasons why drivers commit violation.
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design
To achieve the purpose of this study, the researchers opted to use quantitative type of
research which is deemed as the most appropriate. They will use the experimental design,
specifically the descriptive/survey type, which is one type of quantitative research, and with
conveniencesampling that resulted to Snowball sampling as the one feature of experimental
design.Convenience sampling is the type that the researchers will choose a specific number of
respondents in their convenience. It is experimental because the research involves an
independent variable with manipulation of some type like treatment or an intervention. It will
also use random sampling in selecting the CITOM officers and jeepney drivers to be
interviewed. The researchers will gather the data by using a questionnaire. A letter also will be
given to the Cebu City Transportation Office for the data that will be going to get. From the data
that they get, the researchers will interpret and present it in the form of graphs and tables. The
researchers will provide and give questionnaires set with particular scale. They will going to
choose a particular level on their answers from the questions given.
Research Environment
The research is conducted in Cebu City. The capital of Cebu, is considered to be the oldest city
in the Philippines. It is also known as the oldest settlement established by the Spaniards in the
country. Found in the island are rich traces of the Philippine history left by mostly the Spaniards.
Among these historical sites are the Magellan’s Cross found in downtown Cebu (a Christian
cross planted by the Portuguese and Spanish explorers as ordered by Ferdinand Magellan upon
arriving in Cebu on April 1521), the Lapu-Lapu Shrine (a 20-meter statue found in Mactan
erected in honor of DatuLapu-Lapu, a native leader who killed Magellan), the Colon Street (the
oldest and the shortest national road in the Philippines), the Fort San Pedro (the oldest military
defense structure built by the Spanish and indigenous Cebuano laborers under the command of
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi), etc. Through the years, Cebu became more and more industrialized.
The rise of big companies, the trend of technology, and the innovation by the people make Cebu
very progressive. Cebu is now the home for many BPOs and small to very large companies that
contribute to the progression of the whole island especially Cebu City.
Research Respondents
The respondents of the study were the selected CITOM Officers in Barangay Ramos
Cebu City and the selected jeepney drivers from baranggay Guadalupe, Jones Avenue, C.
Padilla, and from the jeepney drivers from Liloan which are going to Cebu City.
Research Instrument
Data were gathered from the Cebu City Transportation and Operations Management
(CCTO) and also number of sources were to update earlier findings. Meanwhile, interviewer
were also conducted to the respondents in order to accumulate additional information and with
the use of prepared questionnaires. The researchers will use questionnaires that will be given on
CITOM officers and jeepney drivers. The researchers will only select the persons who will be
given the questionnaire. A letter of consent will be given to the interviewees for their permission
of having them as respondents in the study. Also a letter will be given to the CITOM Office for
the data that will be going to gather.

Research Procedure
Before the researchers conducted the study, letters of permission was sent first to the
office where the research data will be collected in the research study. The researchers
accumulated information in the Cebu City Transportation and Operations Management (CCTO).
The researchers conducted a convenience sampling toCITOM Officers and Jeepney drivers in the
selected locations of Cebu City through interviews and surveys to gather data, but then resulted
to snowball sampling when some of the jeepney drivers introduced other fellow jeepney drivers
to be interviewed by the researchers. The researchers also had the secondary data in which they
traced the background of data of jeepney driver’s top violations for the past five years from
CCTO’s office. A letter of consent will be given to the interviewees for their permission of
having to be one of the respondents. A letter also will be given to the CITOM for the requested
data. From the data gathered, the researchers will interpret and present it in the form of graphs
and tables. After that, the researchers willtabulate the data gathered from CITOM officers and
jeepney drivers of Cebu City based on the surveys conducted.
Formula:
To get the proportion and percentage of the data, first, the researchers do a tally on the
jeepney drivers and CITOM officers’ answers. Second, tabulate the data. Then, divide each
frequency to the total number of answers of the respondents. After that, multiply the answer by
100 to get the percentage.
Example:CNU ILS Students’ most preferred subject
Legend:
n (total number of respondents) P (Proportion) % (percentage) f (frequency)
Formulas:
p= f/n %= p x 100
First step: tally the data gathered n= 60
English- 14
Math- 13
Science-18
Filipino-5
Social studies- 10
Step 2: tabulate the data gathered to get the proportion
f P %
P= f/n 14 .23
13 .22
P= 14/60 18 .3
P=.23 …. 5 .08
10 .17

Total:60 .100

Step 3: multiply by 100 the proportion to get the percentage

f P %
%= Px 100 14 .23 23%
%= .23x 100 13 .22 22%
= 23% … 18 .3 30%
5 .08 8%
10 .17 17%

Total:60 .100 100%

 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. What's the reason why do the jeepney drivers commit violation?

a. Less Fines e. all of the above

d. Big earning 0% 0%
19%

c. Hard- headed
drivers
25%
b. Because of the
passengers
56%

There are 56% of the CITOM officers who believed that it is because of the passengers, 25%
agreed that it is because of the hard headed drivers, 19% because of big earning, and no one of
the CITOM officers agreed on less fines ofwhy there are jeepney driver’s commit violations.
2. What month have the more violations committed by jeepney drivers?

a. January- March
12%
b. Arpil- June
0%
f. All of the above
38%

c. July- August
25%

d. September-
October
0%
e. November-
December
25%

There are 38% of the CITOM officers agreed that all the months have the same
violations, 25% agreed that there’s more violation from November to December, 25% agreed
that there’s more violation from July to August, 12% agreed that there’s more violation from
January to March, and no one agreed that there’s more violations committed by the jeepney
drivers.
3. In what particular place have the more violations committed by the jeepney drivers?

Basak/ Pardo a. Guadalupe

13% 12%
e. Urgello
d. Lahug 6%
0%

c. Mabolo
6%

b. Talamban
63%

There are 63% of the CITOM officers who agreed that there are more violation in Talamban,
13% in Basak/Pardo, 12% in Guadalupe, 6% in Mabolo, 6% in Urgello, and no one agreed that
there are more violation in Lahug committed by the jeepney drivers.
4. In what particular time of the day have the more violations committed by the jeepney
drivers?

f. All of the Above

e. 10:00 pm- 1:00 19%
am
0% a. 6:00 am- 9:00
am
d. 6:00 pm- 9:00 38%
pm
6%

c. 2:00 pm- 5:00

pm
6%

b. 10:00 am-
1:00pm
31%

There are 38% of the CITOM officers agreed that there are more violations in 6:00 am- 9:00 am,
31% in 10:00- 1:00 pm, 19% in all of the above, 6% in 2:00 pm- 5:00 pm, 6% in 6:00 pm- 9:00
pm, and no one agreed that there is more violations committed by the jeepney drivers between
10:00- 1:00 pm voted for All of the above have the more cases of jeepney drivers violated the
traffic rules.
5. What day in the week have the more violations committed by the jeepney drivers?

f. all of the above

38%

a. Monday
50%

d. Friday
6%

e. Weekends
0%
c. Wednesday b. Tuesday
0% 6%
Based on the findings, CITOM agreed that there are 50% of the Jeepney drivers violated
on Monday, 38% choose all the days of the week, both 6% on Friday and Tuesday, and both no
one said that the jeepney drivers violated on Wednesday and Weekends.
 6. How many officers does the CITOM deploy everyday?

a.10- 20 b. 21-31 c. 32-42

0% 0% 0% d. 43- 53
6%

e. 54- 64
13%

f. 100 up
81%

Based on the findings, 81% of CITOM officers said that there are 100 up of CITOM
enforcers being deployed every day, 13% said that there are 54- 64 are deployed, 6% said that
there are 43 – 53 are deployed, and no one said that there are 42 below of the CITOM Officers
are being deployed everyday in Cebu City.

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
f P % f P % f P % f P % f P % f P %
0 0 0 2 12.5 12.5% 2 12.5 12.5% 6 37.5 37.5% 8 50 50% 0 0 0
9 56.3 56.3% 0 0 0 10 62.5 62.5% 5 31.2 31.2% 1 6.3 6.3% 0 0 0
4 25 25% 4 25 25% 1 6.3 6.3% 1 6.3 6.3% 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 18.8 18.8% 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6.3 6.3% 1 6.3 6.3% 1 6.3 0
0 0 0 4 25 25% 1 6.3 6.3% 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12.5 12.5
6 37.5 37.5% 2 12.5 12.5% 3 18.8 18.8% 6 37.5 37.5% 13 81.2 81.2
1. How much do you understand about the traffic rules?
Gamay Kaayo
3% Gamay
9%
Daghan Kaayo
30%

Sakto Ra
24%

Daghan
33%

Based on the findings, 33% of the jeepney drivers are very much knowledgeable, 30% are more
knowledgeable, 24% are knowledgeable, 9% are less knowledgeable, 3% of the jeepney drivers
are least knowledgeable about traffic rules. This shows that most of the jeepney drivers are
acquainted with the traffic rules.
2) What are the reasons why you violate traffic rules?

UNSAY MGA RASON NGANONG NISUPAK MO SA

b. Wa
BALAOD SA TRAPIKO Kaayoy
a. Problema sa nahibaw-
Kwarta an
15% 6%
c. dili kaayo
epeektibo
ang silot
f. Tungod sa 0%
Pasahero
64% d. absent ang
mga CITOM sa
kadalanan
9%
e. Gamay ang
multa
6%

Based on the findings, there are 64% of the jeepney drivers who agreed that passengers
are the reason why jeepney drivers violate traffic rules, 15% agreed that financial problem is the
reason why jeepney drivers violate traffic rules, 9% of the jeepney drivers who agreed that the
absence of the CITOM Officers in the street is the reason why jeepney drivers violate traffic
rules, 6% agreed that it is the penalty why jeepney drivers violate traffic rules, 6% of the jeepney
drivers agreed that jeepney drivers aren’t very much acquainted with the traffic rules, and no one
agreed that the penalty is not effective.
3) How many times in a day do you violate traffic rules?

f. plenty
21%
a. 1-3
43%

e.9-10
15%

c. 6-7
6% b. 4-5
12%

d.7-8
3%

Based on the findings, 42% of the drivers said that they violate traffic rules 1-3 times a
day, 21% said that they violate traffic rules plenty of times, 15% said 9-10 times a day, 12% said
4-5 times a day, 6% said 6-7 times a day and 3% said 7-8 times a day.
4) What time does the CITOM caught you?

e. 10:00 pm- f. all of the above

1:00 am 9% a. 6:00 am- 9:00am
0% 34%
d. 6:00 pm- 9:00
pm
3%

c. 2:00 pm- 5:00

pm
27% b. 10:00 am- 1:00
pm
27%

Based on the findings, 34% of the jeepney drivers said that they were usually caught by
CITOM Officers around 6:00 am- 9:00am, 27% both on 2:00 pm- 5:00 pm and 10:00 am- 1:00,
9% pick all of the above, 3% said they were caught around . 6:00 pm- 9:00 pm, and no one said
that they were caught around. 10:00 pm- 1:00 am.
5) What month does the CITOM usually caught you?

a. January- March
f. All of the Above
21%
28%

b. April- June
18%
d. September-
October
12%
c. July- August
e. November- 18%
December
3%

Based on the findings, there are 28% said that they were caught by the CITOM in all of
the months, 21% said they were caught on January- March, 18% said both on July- August and
April- June, 12% said on September- October, and 3% said they were usually caught on
November- December.
6. What day does the CITOM caught you?

f. weekdays
36% a. Monday
43%

e. Weekends
6%

d. Friday c. Wednesday b. Tuesday

0% 3% 12%

Based on the findings, 43% of the jeepney drivers said that they were usually caught on Monday,
36% said on Weekdays, 12% on Tuesday, 6% on Weekends, 3% on Wednesday, and no
one said that they were not caught on Friday.

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
f P % f P % f P % f P % f P % f P %
h1 .03 3% 5 .15 15% 7 .42 42% 11 .33 33% 7 .21 21% 14 .42 42%
3 .09 9% 2 .06 6% 5 .12 12% 9 .27 27% 6 .18 18% 4 .12 12%
8 .24 24% 0 0 0 1 .06 6% 9 .27 27% 6 .18 18% 1 .03 3%
11 .33 33% 3 .09 9% 2 .03 3% 1 .02 2% 4 .12 12% 0 0 0
10 .30 30% 2 .06 6% 4 .15 15% 0 0 0 1 .02 2% 2 .06 6%
21 .64 64% 14 .21 21% 3 .09 9% 9 .27 27% 12 .36 36%
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Findings:
CITOM Officers believe that:
1. It is because of the passengers why the Jeepney drivers traffic rules.
2. All of the months have the same degree of violations.
3. There are more violation in Talamban area.
4. There are more violations around 6:00 am- 9:00 am.
5. There are more violations committed of the Jeepney drivers violated on Monday.
6. There are more than 100 of CITOM enforcers being deployed every day
Jeepney Drivers believe that:
1. They are knowledgeable about the Traffic rules.
2. The passengers are the reason why they violate traffic rules.
3. They violate traffic rules 1-3 times a day.
4. They were usually caught by CITOM Officers around 6:00 am- 9:00am.
5. They were caught by the CITOM officers in all of the months.
6. They were usually caught on Monday.
CONCLUSION:
There are different degrees of violation committed by jeepney drivers in terms of place,
time, day, month, and frequency in Cebu City, Philippines.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The jeepney drivers must attend seminars conducted by the Cebu City Transportation
office, other offices and organization that will give them additional knowledge.
2. Raised the current penalty of the violations so they will think first before committing
violation.
3. The jeepney drivers should stop to the designated stopping zone.
4. The jeepney drivers should load and unload passengers in the designated place.
5. CITOM Officers should exercise their job properly.
6. Provide a concrete sign for the passengers on where they will have to wait.
7. Jeepney drivers should change their attitude so that will not commit violation.
8. Establishing discipline as the primary value that jeepney drivers should learn so that they
will not commit violation.
The questionnaire that will be given on the CTIOM officers include the ff. questions.

1. What’s the reason why do the jeepney drivers commit violation?

1) less fines
2) because of the passengers
3) Hard- headed driver
4) Big earning
5) All of the above
2. What month have the more violations committed by jeepney drivers?

1) January- March
2) April - June
3) July- August
4) September- October
5) November- December
6) All of the above
3. In what particular place have the more violations committed by the jeepney drivers?

1) Guadalupe
2) Talamban
3) Mabolo
4) Lahug
5) Urgello
6) Basak/ Pardo

4. In what particular time of the day have the more violations committed by the jeepney drivers?

1) 6:00 am- 9:00 am

2) 10:00 am- 1:00 pm
3) 2:00 pm- 5:00 pm
4) 6:00 pm- 9:00 pm
5) 10:00 am- 1:00 pm
6) All of the above

5. What day in the week have the more violations committed by the jeepney drivers?

1) Monday
2) Tuesday
3) Wednesday
4) Friday
5) Weekends
6) All of the above
6. How many officers does the CITOM deploy every day in Cebu City?
1) 10- 20
2) 21- 31
3) 32- 42
4) 43- 53
5) 54- 64
6) All of the above

The ff, questions will be given to the jeepney drivers.

1) Unsakadaghaninyonahibawansabalaodsakadalanan?
1) Gamay kaayo
2) Gamay
3) Saktora
4) Daghan
5) Daghan kayo

2. Unsay mgarasonnganongnisupakmosabalaodsatrapiko?

1) problemasakwarta
2) wakaayoynahibaw- an
3) dili kayo epektiboangsilot
4) absentangmga CITOM sakadalanan
5) gamayangmulta
6) All of the above
3)Kapilasausakaadlawkamakasupaksabalaodsatrapiko?

1) 1-3
2) 4-5
3) 6-7
4) 7-8
5) 9-10
6)plenty
4) Unsaorasanganadakpankasa CITOM?
1) 6:00 am- 9:00 am
2) 10:00 am- 1:00 pm
3) 2:00 pm- 5:00 pm
4) 6:00 pm- 9:00 pm
5) 10:00 am- 1:00 pm
6) All of the above
5) Unsangabuwankapirmemadakpansa CITOM?

1) January- March

2) April - June

3) July- August

4) September- October

5) November- December

6) All of the above

6) Unsangaadlawmadakpanmosa CITOM?

1) Monday

2) Tuesday

3) Wednesday

4) Friday

5) Weekends

6) Weekdays