EXPERIMENT NO.

3
CONSISTENCY LIMITS

Year and Section: 4 BSCE - 3 Date Started: August 22, 2018

Group Number: 2 Date Finished: August 24, 2018
Group Members: Date Submitted: August 29, 2018

ESTRADA, NORIEL AZUELA FERNANDEZ, JORJIA VILA

EVANGELISTA, JOSEPH REA GALSIM, RAYMOND JAY R.
FABIA, LOURAINE JOYCE GANUELAS, RASYL LAFIGUERA

1. INTRODUCTION
The activity is a series of experiments performed on a fine-grained soil sample to determine
the consistency limits as moisture content increases and the sample changes state from solid to
semi-solid, semi-solid to plastic, and plastic to liquid.

2. OBJECTIVE
The objective in running the liquid and plastic limit test is to determine two important soil
classification properties in a soil specimen – the liquid limit and the plastic limit.

3. SPECIMEN
Soil pat that appears as smooth uniform paste, passing no. 40 sieve.

4. APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES

Liquid limit device
Porcelain (evaporating) dish
Grooving tool
5 moisture cans
Balance
Glass plate
Spatula
Drying oven
No. 40 sieve of pan and cover
Mortar and pestle
Gloves

5. PROCEDURE

Liquid Limit

1. Take roughly ¾ of the soil and place it into the porcelain dish. Assume that the soil was
previously passed through a no. 40 sieves, air-dried, and then pulverized. Thoroughly mix the
soil with a small amount of distilled water until it appears as smooth as a smooth uniform
paste.
2. Weigh three of the empty moisture cans with their lids and record the respective weights and
can numbers on the data sheet.
3. Adjust the liquid limit apparatus by checking the height of drop of the cup. The point on the
cup that comes in contact with the base should rise to a height of 10mm. The block on the
end of the grooving tool is 10mm high and should be used as a gage. Practice using the cup

CE 047: Soil Mechanics Laboratory | Experiment No. 3: Consistency Limits 1

 and determine the correct rate to rotate the crack so that the cup drops approximately two
times per second.
4. Place a portion of the previously mixed soil into the cup of the liquid limit apparatus at the
point where the cup rests on the base. Squeeze the soil down to eliminate air pockets and
spread it into the cup to a depth of about 10mm at its deepest point. The soil pat should form
an approximately horizontal surface.
5. Use the grooving tool carefully cut a straight groove down the center of the cup. The tool
should remain perpendicular to the surface of the cup as the groove is being made. Use
extreme care to prevent sliding the soil relative to the surface of the cup.
6. Make sure that the base of the apparatus below the cup and the underside of the cup is clean
of soil. Turn the crank of the apparatus at a rate of approximately two drops per second and
count the number of drops, N, it takes to make the two halves of the soil pat come into
contact at the bottom of the groove along a distance of 13mm (1/2 in). If the number of drops
exceed 50, then go directly to step eight and do not record the number of drops, otherwise,
record the number of drops on the data sheet.
7. Take a sample, using the spatula, from edge to edge of the soil pat. The sample should
include the soil on both sides of where the groove came into contact. Place the soil into a
moisture can cover it immediately weight the moisture containing the soil, record its mass,
remove the lid, and place the can into the oven. Leave the moisture can in the oven for at
least 16 hrs.
8. Immediately weigh the dry soil to determine the water content from each trial by using the
same method used in the second experiment. Remember to use the same balance for all
weighing.

Plastic Limit

1. Weigh the remaining two empty moisture cans with their lids and record the respective
weights and can numbers on the data sheet.
2. Take the remaining ¼ of the original soil sample and add distilled water until the soil is at a
consistency where it can be rolled without sticking to the hands.
3. Form the soil into an ellipsoidal mass. Roll the mass between the palm or the fingers and the
glass plate. Use sufficient pressure to roll the mass into a thread of uniform diameter by using
about 90 strokes per minute. (A stroke is one complete motion of the hand forward and back
to the starting position). The thread shall be deformed so that its diameter reaches 3.2 mm
(1/8 in), taking no more than two minutes.
4. When the diameter of the thread reaches the correct diameter, break the thread into several
pieces. Knead and reform the pieces into ellipsoidal masses and re-roll them. Continue this
alternate rolling, gathering together, kneading and re-rolling until the thread crumbles under
the pressure required for rolling and can no longer be rolled into a 3.2 mm thread.
5. Gather the portions of the crumbled thread together and place the soil into a moisture can,
then cover it. If the can does not contain at least 6 grams of soil, add soil to the can from the
next trial. Immediately weigh the moisture can containing the soil, record its mass, remove
the lid and place the can into the oven. Leave the moisture can in the oven for at least 16 hrs.
6. Immediately weigh the dry soil to determine the water content from each trial by using the
same method used in the first laboratory. Remember to use the same balance for all
weighing.

FORMULAS
1. Determine the value of the liquid limit.
LL = WN (%) (N/25)0.121

2. Determine the value of the plastic limit.

𝐌𝐂𝟏+𝐌𝐂𝟐
𝐏𝐋 = 𝟐

3. Determine the value of the flow index.

CE 047: Soil Mechanics Laboratory | Experiment No. 3: Consistency Limits 2

 𝑾𝟏(%) − 𝑾𝟐(%)
𝐅𝐈 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑵𝟐−𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑵𝟏

4. Determine the plasticity index.

PI = LL – PL

5. Determine the moisture content.

𝑾𝟐 −𝑾𝟑
MC, % = x 100%
𝑾𝟒

6. DATA AND RESULTS

Table 3.1 – Liquid Limit of Soil Sample

Trial 1 2 3

Weigh of can, W 1, g 19 17.4 21.8

Weigh of can + wet soil, W 2, g 36 34.9 39.8

Weigh of can + dry soil, W 3, g 32.4 30.9 34.9

Weigh of dry soil, W 4, g 13.4 13.5 13.1

MC, % 26.866 29.630 37.405

No. of Drops 35 24 15

LL, graph 29.331

FI 16.868

LL, formula 29.484

Table 3.2 – Plastic Limit of Soil Sample

Trial 1 2

Weigh of can, W 1, g 18 18.6

Weigh of can + wet soil, W 2, g 24.9 24.6

Weigh of can + dry soil, W 3, g 24.5 24

Weigh of dry soil, W 4, g 6.5 5.4

MC, % 6.154 11.111

PL, % 8.633

PI, % 20.851

CE 047: Soil Mechanics Laboratory | Experiment No. 3: Consistency Limits 3

 LL = 29.331

7. FORMULAS AND COMPUTATIONS

W 4 = W3 – W 1

𝑾𝟐 −𝑾𝟑
MC, % = x 100%
𝑾𝟒

LL = WN(%)(N/25)0.121

𝐌𝐂𝟏 + 𝐌𝐂𝟐
𝐏𝐋 =
𝟐

𝑾𝟏(%) − 𝑾𝟐(%)
𝐅𝐈 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑵𝟐 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑵𝟏

PI = LL – PL

Table 3.3 – Liquid Limit of Soil Sample Computations

Trial 1 2 3
Weigh of can, W 1, g 19 17.4 21.8

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 Weigh of can + wet soil, W 2, g 36 34.9 39.8

Weigh of can + dry soil, W 3, g 32.4 30.9 34.9

W3 – W1 W3 – W1 W3 – W1
Weigh of dry soil, W 4, g = 32.4 – 19 = 30.9 – 17.4 = 39.8 – 21.8
=13.4 =13.5 =13.1

𝑾𝟐 −𝑾𝟑 𝑾𝟐 −𝑾𝟑 𝑾𝟐 −𝑾𝟑

x 100% x 100% x 100%
𝑾𝟒 𝑾𝟒 𝑾𝟒

MC, % 36−32.4 32.2−30.9 39.8−34.9

= x 100% = x 100% = x 100%
13.4 13.5 13.1

= 26.866 = 29.630 = 37.405

No. of Drops 35 24 15
log(35) − log(25) log(25) − log(24)
LL, graph = ; 𝐋𝐋 = 29.331%
26.866 − 𝐋𝐋 𝐋𝐋 − 37.405

𝑾𝟏(%) − 𝑾𝟐(%) 26.866 − 29.630

FI = = 16.868
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑵𝟐 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑵𝟏 𝑙𝑜𝑔24 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 25

LL, formula WN(%)(N/25)0.121=29.630(%)(24/25)0.121 = 29.484

Table 3.4 – Plastic Limit of Soil Sample

Trial 1 2

Weigh of can, W 1, g 18 18.6

Weigh of can + wet soil, W 2, g 24.9 24.6

Weigh of can + dry soil, W 3, g 24.5 24

W3 – W1 W3 – W1
Weigh of dry soil, W 4, g = 24.5 – 18 = 24 – 18.6
=6.5 =5.4

𝑾𝟐 −𝑾𝟑
𝑾𝟐 −𝑾𝟑 x 100%
x 100% 𝑾𝟒
𝑾𝟒
MC, % 24.6−24
24.9−24.5 = x 100%
= x 100% 5.4
6.5

= 11.111
= 6.154

CE 047: Soil Mechanics Laboratory | Experiment No. 3: Consistency Limits 5

 𝐌𝐂𝟏 + 𝐌𝐂𝟐 6.154 + 11.111
PL, % = = 8.633
𝟐 2

PI, % LL – PL = | 29.484 – 8.633 | = 20.851

7. FIGURES/DIAGRAMS/GRAPHS

Liquid Limit

Figure 1 Figure 2
The soil must pass through no. 40 sieve. Get the weight of the empty llaneras. And the soil
must be thoroughly mix with a small amount of
distilled water.

Figure 3 Figure 4
And the soil must be thoroughly mix with a small Place a portion of the mixed soil into the cup of
amount of distilled water. the liquid limit apparatus.

Figure 5 Figure 6
Used Grooving tool to cut a straight grave down Get the weight of the llanera with moist soil.
the center of the cup.

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 Figure 7 Figure 8
Leave the llanera with moist soil in the oven for Immediately weight the dry soil.
five minutes.

Plastic Limit

Figure 1 Figure 2
Weighing of two empty llaneras. Pouring of distilled water onto soil sample.

Figure 3 Figure 4
Forming the soil into an ellipsoidal mass. Place the rolled soil in llanera and get the weight
of llanera with moist soil.

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 Figure 5 Figure 6
Putting of llanera with portion of the crumbled Weighing of oven-dried crumbled thread to
thread into pre-heated oven. determine the water content.

9. SOURCES OF ERRORS

10. CONCLUSIONS AND REMARKS

We conclude that conducting this experiment, we should begin with the liquid limit test and
then proceed to plastic limit test. In liquid limit test patience is needed because it is hard to add the
right amount of water to the sifted soil using sieve no. 40. In order to get the moisture content of a fine
grained soil we need to test it by the equipment called crank. After 25 blows, the parted soil should
not combine because if it does, the test fails. After many trials, you should be able to pass the test
and proceed to plastic limit test which is simpler compared to the first test.

CE 047: Soil Mechanics Laboratory | Experiment No. 3: Consistency Limits 8