ANS 1

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or
society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the
community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources.

TYPES Natural Disasters

Natural disasters are large-scale geological or meteorological events that have the potential to
cause loss of life or property. These types of disasters include:

1.Tornadoes and Severe Storms 2.Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 3.Floods

Human-caused Disasters

Examples include industrial accidents, shootings, acts of terrorism, and incidents of mass violence.
As with natural disasters, these types of traumatic events may also cause loss of life and property.

ANS5.

Low explosives are one category of explosives. This category is relatively small because it contains
only powders, such as black, smokeless, and flash powders.

High explosives are another category of explosives. These are the more dangerous explosives (such
as those used in bombs) and have multiple categories. Under the category of high explosives are:
primary high explosives and secondary high explosives.

Primary high explosives will explode if they are heated up or if they are subjected to some kind of
shock. In fact, they are more sensitive to shock, heat, and friction than secondary explosives are. A
couple of explosives in this category are nitrogen sulfide and mercury fulminate.

Secondary high explosives aren't as sensitive to friction, heat, and shock as primary high explosives
are. These explosives may be added to blasting caps to boost power. A couple of explosives in this
category are dynamite and TNT.

ANS6.

1.IDENTIFY THE SUBSTANCE & DETERMINE THE RISK

The individual in charge should identify (to the extent possible) all hazardous substances, the
conditions present, handling procedures, amount of liquid and potential dangers.

2.PROTECT YOURSELF

Once an individual has determined that the spill is not life threatening and is manageable, protect
the clean up team by properly outfitting them in Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

3. STOP THE SPILL

Stop the spill at its source. This can be done by turning a valve, rolling a drum over or using a leak
stopper product like CEP's Plug'N Dike.

4.CONTAIN THE SPILL

Limit the spread and exposure of the spill by properly containing the liquid. This can be done by
utilizing the correct equipment like CEP SPILL KITS and proper sorbents like SORBENT SOCKS.
 5. MINIMIZE THE RISK

Acids and Bases will need to be neutralized (CEP NEUTRALIZERS) and at times oil and their by
products can be emulsified using DEGREASERS and MICROBLAZE.

6.CLEAN UP THE SPILL

CEP carries a full assortment of spill clean up products that can work on any spill. The essential clean
up product will be CEP's line of Sorbents

7. DECONTAMINATE

Cleaning a spill means properly cleaning both the clean up crew and their equipment afterwards.
Remove and dispose of used PPE the same manner as your spilled liquid.

ANS7. Fires

Wildfires occur when vegetated areas are set alight and are particularly common during hot and dry
periods. They can occur in forests, grasslands, brush and deserts, and with sufficient wind can rapidly
spread.Unchecked, such fires can cause devastation to forests and other areas of vegetation.

If fires approach or occur near towns or cities it often prompts a precautionary evacuation, as the
direction fires may take are unpredictable.The most common causes of fires are lightning strikes,
sparks during arid conditions, the eruption of volcanoes, and man-made fires arising from deliberate
arson or accidents.A side-effect of wildfires that also threatens inhabited areas is smoke. Fires create
large quantities of smoke, which can be spread far by wind and poses a respiratory hazard.

ANS8.

A campus shooting is an attack at an educational institution, such as a primary school, secondary

school, or university, involving the use of firearms. Many school shootings are also categorized as
mass shootings due to multiple causalities. The phenomenon is most widespread in the United
States, which has the highest number of school-related shootings, but school shootings have taken
place in many countries across the world.

According to studies, factors behind school shooting include family dysfunction, lack of family
supervision, mental illness among many other psychological issues. Among the topmost motives of
attackers were: bullying/persecution/threatened (75%) and revenge (61%), while 54% reported
having numerous reasons.[5] The remaining motives included an attempt to solve a problem (34%),
suicide or depression (27%), and seeking attention or recognition (24%).

Ans9.

Subduction Zones are Potential Tsunami Locations

Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes generated in a subduction zone, an area where an oceanic
plate is being forced down into the mantle by plate tectonic forces. The friction between the
subducting plate and the overriding plate is enormous.

Accumulated Seismic Energy

As the stuck plate continues to descend into the mantle, the motion causes a slow distortion of the
overriding plate. The result is an accumulation of energy very similar to the energy stored in a
compressed spring.
Earthquake Causes Tsunami

Energy accumulates in the overriding plate until it exceeds the frictional forces between the two
stuck plates. When this happens, the overriding plate snaps back into an unrestrained position. This
sudden motion is the cause of the tsunami - because it gives an enormous shove to the overlying
water.

Tsunami Races Away From the Epicenter

The moving wave begins travelling out from where the earthquake has occurred. Some of the water
travels out and across the ocean basin, and at the same time, water rushes landward to flood the
recently lowered shoreline.

Tsunamis Travel Rapidly Across Ocean Basin

Tsunamis travel swiftly across the open ocean. The map on this page shows how a tsunami produced
by an earthquake along the coast of Chile in 1960 traveled across the Pacific Ocean, reaching Hawaii
in about 15 hours and Japan in less than 24 hours.

Tsunami "Wave Train"

Many people have the mistaken belief that tsunamis are single waves. They are not. Instead
tsunamis are "wave trains" consisting of multiple waves. The chart on this page is a tidal gauge
record from Onagawa, Japan beginning at the time of the 1960 Chile earthquake

Ans10

Methods of Control

 In many countries, rivers prone to floods are often carefully managed. Defences such as
levees, bunds, reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks.
 When these defences fail, emergency measures such as sandbags or portable inflatable
tubes are used.
 Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe and the Americas with coastal defences, such
as sea walls, beach nourishment, and barrier islands.
 A dike is another method of flood protection. A dike lowers the risk of having floods
compared to other methods. It can help prevent damage; however it is better to combine
dikes with other flood control methods to reduce the risk of a collapsed dike.
 A weir, also known as a lowhead dam, is most often used to create millponds, but on the
Humber River in Toronto, a weir was built near Raymore Drive to prevent a recurrence of
the flooding caused by Hurricane Hazel in 1954, which destroyed nearly two fifths of the
street.

Ans12

 Assess the situation – It’s best to first do a “triage” budget and determine expenses and
income. Even if there is a spending plan in place, it’s still helpful to do a reassessment of
current finances and figure out which bills must be paid and in what order.
 Cut back wherever possible – I’m not talking about lattes here; at this stage, with a dramatic
loss of income at hand, it becomes necessary to get more drastic. If you are making extra
house, car or debt payments, consider temporarily paying only the minimum that is due.
 Talk to a professional – Active duty military, retirees and Department of Defense civilian
employees may have access to a wide range of resources on military installations. While
 only active duty military and their families are eligible to access the financial counselors at
Military OneSource, most installation family readiness centers will provide
 Don’t just stop paying bills – While it may be tempting to not open the mail when it arrives,
the worst thing to do is to ignore bills and invoices. If there is a chance you may fall behind
on any of your payments, it is important to give the creditor a call explaining the situation.
 Know where to turn for help – Before pulling out retirement savings or taking out a high
interest loan, know that there are resources out there. Each military branch has some sort of
relief organization: Army Emergency Relief, Air Force Aid Society, Coast Guard Mutual
Assistance, and Navy-Marine Corps Relief Society

Ans13

 Remain calm.
 Notify authorities immediately:
1. Notify your facility supervisor, such as a manager, operator, or administrator, or follow your
facility's standard operating procedure. (See below for assistance with developing a plan for
your facility or location.)
2. Call 9-1-1 or your local law enforcement if no facility supervisor is available.
 Refer to the DHS Bomb Threat Checklist for guidance, if available.
 For threats made via phone:
1. Keep the caller on the line as long as possible. Be polite and show interest to keep them
talking.
2. DO NOT HANG UP, even if the caller does.
3. If possible, signal or pass a note to other staff to listen and help notify authorities.
4. Write down as much information as possible—caller ID number, exact wording of threat,
type of voice or behavior, etc.—that will aid investigators.
5. Record the call, if possible.
 For threats made in person, via email, or via written note, refer to the DHS Bomb Threat
Checklist and DHS-DOJ Bomb Threat Guidance for more information.
 Be available for interviews with facility supervisors and/or law enforcement.
 Follow authorities’ instructions. Facility supervisors and/or law enforcement will assess the
situation and provide guidance regarding facility lock-down, search, and/or evacuation.

Ans14

The following are things you can do to protect yourself, your family and your property in the event
of an explosion.

 Build an Emergency Supply Kit

 Make a Family Emergency Plan
 Learn what to do in case of bomb threats or receiving suspicious packages and letters
 Ensure your employers have up-to-date information about any medical needs you may have
 how to contact designated beneficiaries or emergency contacts.

Ans16

 Know the hazards that are present in your area.

 Review your insurance policies and confirm you have adequate cover against each type of
disaster you are vulnerable to. Also check your sum insured to avoid being underinsured.
  Take a household inventory and store copies in a safe location or online. Cataloging your
belongings with a home inventory might sound tedious, but how easy would it be for you to
recall all the contents of your home if you lost everything
 Prepare a disaster plan. Your plan should start with having somewhere safe to go. Think of
someone who could house you and your family and talk to them about what might happen
in the event of a disaster. Then talk to everyone who lives in your home about what to do if
there’s an emergency and you are unable to return
 Have a communications plan. Consider that your family may not be together if a disaster
strikes. How you will get to a safe place? How will you contact one another?

Ans17

earthquake risk

Earthquake risk is the probable building damage, and number of people that are expected to be hurt
or killed if a likely earthquake on a particular fault occurs. Earthquake risk and earthquake hazard are
occasionally incorrectly used interchangeably.

Ground shaking is the most familiar effect of earthquakes. It is a result of the passage of seismic
waves through the ground, and ranges from quite gentle in small earthquakes to incredibly violent in
large earthquakes. In the 27 March 1964 Alaskan earthquake, for example, strong ground shaking
lasted for as much as 7 minutes! Buildings can be damaged or destroyed, people and animals have
trouble standing up or moving around, and objects can be tossed around due to strong ground
shaking in earthquakes.

Ans18

PULLAMA ATTACT

at least 40 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) paramilitary troopers were killed in the deadliest
terror attack witnessed in three decades of Kashmir's insurgency. The surprise attack by a Jaish-e-
Mohammed (JeM) suicide bomber left the nation in shock and anger while Prime Minister Narendra
Modi gave security forces a freehand to strike back with equal force.

On Thursday, Jaish bomber Adil Ahmed Dar, 20, rammed a SUV loaded with 350 kilograms of
explosives into one of the buses -- carrying 35-40 troopers -- out of a 78-vehicle CRPF convoy. While
40 were killed in the attack, several injured personnel continue to battle for their lives.

ANS19

Some, but not all, earthquakes are related to volcanoes. For example, most earthquakes are along
the edges of tectonic plates. This is where most volcanoes are too. However, most earthquakes are
caused by the interaction of the plates not the movement of magma.

Most earthquakes directly beneath a volcano are caused by the movement of magma. The magma
exerts pressure on the rocks until it cracks the rock. Then the magma squirts into the crack and starts
building pressure again. Every time the rock cracks it makes a small earthquake.

These earthquakes are usually too weak to be felt but can be detected and recorded by sensitive
instruments. Once the plumbing system of the volcano is open and magma is flowing through it,
constant earthquake waves, called harmonic tremor, are recorded (but not felt).
ANS20

A flood risk management is of the risk of flooding from all flooding mechanisms, the identification of
flood mitigation measures and should provide advice on actions to be taken before and during a
flood.

The sources of water which produce floods include:

 Groundwater (saturated groundwater)

 Vadose (water flowing the ground in an unsaturated state)
 Surface water
 Artificial water (burst water mains, canals or reservoirs)
 Rivers, streams or watercourses
 Sewers and drains
 Flooding of low-lying coastal regions due to sea level rise

ANS21

Explain landslides and avalanches

A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides
are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the
direct influence of gravity. The term "landslide" encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls,
topples, slides, spreads, and flows. These are further subdivided by the type of geologic material

An avalanche (also called a snowslide) is an event that occurs when a cohesive slab of snow lying
upon a weaker layer of snow fractures and slides down a steep slope. Avalanches are typically
triggered in a starting zone from a mechanical failure in the snowpack (slab avalanche) when the
forces of the snow exceed its strength but sometimes only with gradual widening (loose snow
avalanche).

ANS22

Drought

 A drought or drouth is a natural disaster of below-average precipitation in a given region,

resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or
ground water.
 A drought can last for months or years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days.
 It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and
harm to the local economy.
 Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing
and subsequent bush fires.

Flood

 A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.

 In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.
 Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in
agriculture, civil engineering and public health.
 Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river, lake, or
ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water
escaping its usual boundaries
ANS24

INTRODUCTION OF TRAGEDY

Bhopal is known for its historical records, artificial lakes and greenery but most of all, the city is
remembered across the globe for the worst industrial mishap of the world.

Post-midnight on December 3, 1984, poisonous gas that leaked from the factory of Union Carbide in
Madhya Pradesh capital Bhopal killed thousands of people directly. The incident is now known as the
Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy.

As per official records, the Bhopal gas tragedy killed 3,787 people. The figures were updated by the
Madhya Pradesh government later as the immediate official estimate had put the death toll due to
gas leak from Union Carbide factory at 2,259.

HAPPENING

The gas leak in the Union Carbide (now known as Dow Chemicals) was reported after midnight on
the intervening night of December 2 and 3. The incident had taken place at the Plant Number C of
the Union Carbide factory in Bhopal.

As the cool morning breeze picked up pace, it carried the poisonous gas leaking from the Union
Carbide factory to rest of the city and killing people - both awake and asleep. As per government's
affidavit, about 3,000 people died of poisonous gas within a few hours of the incident.

ANS25

DISASTER

A disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long period of time that causes
widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources

NATURAL DISASTER

 Hurricane, Typhoons & Cyclones. ...

 Earthquakes. ...
 Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones.
 Tsunamis.
 Floods.
 Mudslides.
 Avalanches.

ANS26

A wildfire is simply an uncontrolled fire that is wiping out large fields and areas of land. It is typically
fires that started out of a lightning strike, or people carelessly starting it, or accidentally, or even
arson, that went un-noticed and got out of hand. These fires sometimes burn for days and weeks.

1. A Heavy Loss To The Economy Is Incurred. ...

2. Local Heritage Could Be Lost. ...
3. Carbon Sequestration And Storage Is Affected. ...
4. Loss Of Biodiversity. ...
5. High Levels Of Soil Erosion. ...
ANS27

CAUSES

There are several different causes for a volcano to erupt which all fundamentally come down to a
pressure change within the volcano which forces the magma to overflow the chamber it is held in.

 The most common type of eruption is caused by the movement of tectonic plates.
 When one is pushed under the other the magma, sediment and seawater is forced into the
chamber which eventually overflows and the volcano erupts spewing lava into the sky.
 This kind of eruption produces sticky, thick lava at temperatures from 800 to 1,000C.
 The second type of eruption caused by tectonic plates is when the plates move away from
each other allowing magma to rise and fill the the gap, which can cause a gentle explosion of
thin lava of temperatures between 800 to 1,200C.
 Decreasing temperatures can cause old magma to crystallise and sink to the bottom of the
chamber and this movement can force fresh liquid magma up and out - similar to dropping a
brick in a bucket of water.
 Finally a decrease in external pressure can trigger an eruption as it may minimise the
volcano's ability to hold back by increasing the pressures inside the magma chamber.
 This kind of eruption can be caused by natural events such as typhoons, which decrease rock
density, and glacial melting on the top of the volcano which alters the molten rock
composition.
 Glacial melting is believed to be one cause behind the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in
Iceland.

EFFECTS

 Volcanoes can change the weather. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. Volcanoes
can also have long-term effects on the climate, making the world cooler.
 Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. They
can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. People
can lose their possessions as volcanoes can destroy houses, roads and fields.
 Lava can kill plants and animals too. The Mount St Helens volcano in 1980 killed an
estimated 24,000 animals including 11,000 hares, 6,000 deer, 300 bobcats, 200 black bears
and 15 mountain lions.

ANS28

Indirect Effects

 Primary fragments originate from the explosion source, for example, a pressure vessel. In
general, those fragments have a high velocity.
 The impact of fragments and debris from sources not originating from the explosion source
are secondary effects.
 Secondary fragments result when the blast tears off parts of structures, for example, bricks,
roof tiles, and glass. Such fragments, except for glass, are relatively blunt and have low
velocities

PRIMARY EFFECTS

 As the external pressure on the chest wall becomes larger than its internal pressure
 during the passage of a blast wave, the chest wall moves inward, thus causing injury.
  Because the inward motion takes time, the duration of the blast wave is important.
 Results of animal tests indicate that overpressure is only important for long durations, and
impulse is important for relatively short durations

ANS29

CONCEPT

Wildfire, also called wildland fire, uncontrolled fire in a forest, grassland, brushland, or land sown to
crops. The terms forest fire, brush fire, etc., may be used to describe specific types of wildfires; their
usage varies according to the characteristics of the fire and the region in which it occurs.

 Fire danger in a wildland setting varies with weather conditions drought, heat, and wind
participate in drying out the timber or other fuel, making it easier to ignite.
 Once a fire is burning, drought, heat, and wind all increase its intensity. Topography also
affects wildfire, which spreads quickly uphill and slowly downhill.
 Dried grass, leaves, and light branches are considered flash fuels; they ignite readily, and fire
spreads quickly in them, often generating enough heat to ignite heavier fuels such as tree
stumps, heavy limbs, and the organic matter of the forest floor.
 Tools for fighting wildfires range from the standard equipment of urban fire departments to
portable pumps, tank trucks, and earth-moving equipment.
 Firefighting forces specially trained to deal with wildfires are maintained by public and
private owners of forestlands.
 Such a force may attack a fire directly by spraying water, beating out flames, and removing
vegetation at the edge of the fire to contain it behind a fire line.

ANS30

A drought or drouth is an event of prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric
(below-average precipitation), surface water or ground water.

CAUSES

1. Land and water temperatures cause drought. As overall temperatures increase more water
evaporates and severe weather conditions increase. Landscapes and crops need more water
to survive and overall the demand for water increases.
2. Air circulation and weather patterns also cause drought. Key events like El Nino or La Nina
help contribute to drought in areas. All the water we ever had we have today and it is stored
in the air or on land. Weather patterns move the water in the air around.
3. Soil moisture levels also contribute to drought. When soil moisture is depleted there is less
evaporation of water to create clouds. Surface temperatures rise, more water is needed and
less is available which contributes to a more severe drought.
4. Drought can also be a supply and demand of water issue. When a region is growing rapidly
the demand for water can exceed the supply. When weather conditions, temperatures or air
patterns push a region toward a drought the demand for water by people can offset or
worsen the situation depending on how the region reacts.
5. If the timing of water doesn’t match the agricultural season you may have too much water
when you don’t need it and too little when you do need it. Proper storage and collection of
water is key to counter balancing this cycle and clearly in the scope of human management.

EFFECTS
1. Drought can have many devastating effects on communities and the surrounding
environment.
2. The amount of devastation depends on the strength of the drought and the length of time
an area is considered to be in drought conditions.
3. Drought has greater impacts on poorer communities than on more prosperous communities
who have better opportunities to bring in resources from other areas. Drought, however,
can be very harsh on any type of community.
4. One impact of drought on communities is its effect on water supply.
5. When drought conditions persist with no relief, or not enough precipitation to lift the
drought conditions, water restrictions are put into place by local or state governments.