Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Experimental study of seismic behavior of partially corrosion-damaged

reinforced concrete columns strengthened with FRP composites with
large deformability
Xiongfei Liu a, Yue Li b,⇑
a
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Beichen District, Tianjin 300401, China
b
The Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering, MOE, Beijing Key Lab of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Retrofit, Beijing University of Technology,
Beijing 100124, China

h i g h l i g h t s

Anti-seismic performance of FRP confined partially corroded RC columns was tested.

PET showed excellent ductile solution performance for seismic retrofit application.

PET composites could serve as a new type of high performance strengthening materials.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets with a large rupture strain are formed by embedding polyethylene
Received 9 September 2018 terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) fibers in the epoxy resin binder. PEN and PET
Received in revised form 9 October 2018 fibers are made of recycled materials (e.g., PET bottles), possessing the advantages of large rupture strain,
Accepted 11 October 2018
low elastic modulus, environmental protection and economy. To simulate the actual non-uniform corro-
sion of steel bars in the columns, the corrosion rate of steel bars in the plastic hinge region was designed
as 15% by using electrochemical corrosion method. Partially corroded reinforced concrete columns with
Keywords:
different reinforcement ratios were strengthened with carbon FRP (CFRP) and PET-600 composites
Partially corroded reinforced concrete
columns
respectively. All the columns were subjected to the quasi-static tests. The seismic performance of hys-
Large rupture strain teretic hoops, failure modes, residual displacement, stiffness degradation, damping ratio and energy dis-
CFRP sipation were analyzed. The experimental results showed that PET-600 and CFPP strengthened columns
PET-600 had the basically same anti-seismic performance, indicating that PET-600 could be worked as a new type
Anti-seismic performance of high performance strengthening materials in the structure strengthening field.
Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction With the features of easiness of site handling, corrosion resis-

The anti-seismic property of the reinforced concrete bridge
under earthquake is related to many factors, such as the seismic
zone distribution, reinforcement ratio and health degree of struc-
tures. The steel bars in the actual structure buildings are always
partially corroded with the loss of the reinforcement cross-
sectional area and the steel-concrete interface bonding strength,
which decrease the safety degree and seismic behavior [1] of the
structures greatly. Therefore, it’s absolutely necessary to make a
strengthening and repairing for the corroded reinforcement
concrete structures.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: liyue@bjut.edu.cn (Y. Li).
tance and strength-to-weight ratio, carbon fiber reinforced plastic
(CFRP) has been widely used to strengthen and retrofit the rein-
forced concrete structures [2], and the corresponding studies have
been extensively conducted. For example, Li has studied the stress
changing mechanism of CFRP strengthened prisms under high
temperature [3] and wet-dry cycles [4] conditions respectively.
Also, the failure mechanism of the CFRP retrofitted cracked
concrete has been studied [5]. It’s concluded that the mechanical
properties and ductility performance of concrete structures can
be improved by CFRP strengthening method. Furthermore, CFRP
is used for both structure strengthening and electrochemical chlo-
ride extraction for corroded columns due to its nice electrochemi-
cal and electrical conductivity properties [6]. It’s concluded that
CFRP could be used as strengthening and electrochemical anode

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.072
0950-0618/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1072 X. Liu, Y. Li / Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081
materials, achieving the dual functions of reinforcing and repairing
reinforced concrete structure. Lam [7] had presented a simple and
accurate stress-strain model of FRP-confined concrete for design
use. In the meantime, it captured all the main characteristics of
the stress-strain behavior of FRP-confined concrete. The average
hoop rupture strain of FRP in FRP-wrapped concrete would be
much lower than that of in FRP material testes, indicating the
assumption that FRP ruptured when the FRP material tensile
strength reached was not valid in the case of concrete confined
by wrapped FRP. Based on this observation, a unified stress-
strain model for concrete confined by FRPs must be based on the
actual hoop rupture strain of FRP. For the application of the pro-
posed model in design, the FRP efficiency factor (ratio between
the actual hoop rupture strain of FRP in FRP-confined concrete
and the ultimate tensile strain from material tests) needed to be
established.
However, despite CFRP has been widely used with the advan-
tages of high strength, high elastic modulus and good durability,
the brittleness of CFRP bonded with epoxy resin gets increased,
which greatly restricts the application of CFRP in the field of
strengthening concrete structures. To solve the problems above, a
new type of environmental strengthening material with large rup-
ture strain of PET-600 was investigated [8,9]. The PET-600 compos-
ites are formed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and
polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) fibers bonded with epoxy resin
binders. The PET and PEN fibers are made of recycled plastic bottles
(e.g., PET bottles). Compared with the traditional FRP materials
(e.g., carbon, aramid and glass FRP sheets), PET-600 has a large rup-
ture strain with a lower elasticity modulus and cost, and the strain
capacity is usually greater than 5%. Surprisingly, PET-600 compos-
ites wouldn’t be broken under the seismic loading [8,10]. The fea-
tures of PET-600 strengthened concrete structures have been
widely studied. Dai [9] studied the axial compressive performance
of PET-600 strengthened plain concrete columns. It indicated that
the rupture strain of PET-600 exceeded 8% under the axial com-
pressive load, which was much higher than that of the traditional
Fig. 1. Details of the columns (units in mm).
FRPs within 2%. Compared with traditional FRPs strengthened col-
umns, the ultimate bearing capacity and rupture strain of PET-600
confined columns almost improved 100% and 500% respectively.
Based on the existing compressive stress-strain models confined
with conventional FRPs, the compressive stress-strain response of
PET-600 confined columns was molded, and the predicated results
agreed well with the test results. Anggawidjaja [8] investigated the
anti-seismic property of PET-600 strengthened joint of the beam
columns. It indicated that the shear capacity and seismic capacity
of the joint were greatly improved by strengthening with PET-600
composites. A new seismic calculation model was set based on the
JSCE [11] model. Dai [10] studied the seismic retrofit of square
reinforcement concrete columns with PET-600 composites under
cycle lateral loading. The strain responses of internal longitudinal
and transverse steel reinforcements and external FRP jackets had
been presented. The maximum strains observed in PET-600 jackets
were about 3% at ultimate displacement and were 9–12% at the
end of test after FRP rupture. A large margin of the FRP strain
capacity at the ultimate limit state allowed a progressive failure
of the jacketed columns, which was favourable in seismic design.
So, PET-600 was a promising alternative to conventional FRPs for
the seismic retrofit of reinforcement concrete bridge columns.
Bai [12] studied the cyclic compressive behavior of PET-600 con-
fined columns with 3 kinds of typical loading schemes. The cyclic
compressive stress-strain response of large rupture strain FRP
(PET-600) confined columns was proposed, which was different
from the monotonic stress-strain behavior of conventional FRP
confined concrete. The proposed model had been shown to provide
close predication of the present test results.
It’s a common engineering problem that the failure of reinforce-
ment concrete structures happens due to the corrosion of rein-
forcement, causing significantly economy losses and security
issues. So, many studies have focused on the structural behavior
of CFRP strengthened corroded reinforcement concrete structures.
For example, Bae [13] studied the axial compressive properties of
CFRP strengthened corroded columns with different structure
 X. Liu, Y. Li / Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081 1073

Fig. 2. Setup of the accelerated corrosion system.

scales. In their study, a proposed model was designed to predicate Table 1

Sample strengthening schemes.
the strengthening parameters of CFRP strengthened small columns
with different steel corrosion ratio. Saidy [14] had demonstrated Labels Reinforcement ratio /% Corrosion ratio /% Strengthening type
that the bearing capacity of CFRP strengthened corroded beams A-0 1.28% 0 None
could reach the initial bearing capacity, but the toughness index A-15 1.28% 14.55 None
couldn’t returned to the initial state. Li [15] studied the anti- AF-0 1.28% 0 CFRP
AF-15 1.28% 16.32 CFRP
seismic property of 14 corrosion-damaged columns strengthened
AP-0 1.28% 0 PET-600
with CFRP and steel jackets. It was shown that strengthening cor- AP-15 1.28% 15.33 PET-600
roded reinforced concrete columns with combined CFRP and steel B-0 1.74% 0 None
jacket was effective in enhancing the seismic performance of the B-15 1.74% 15.92 None
columns, behaved better than those of strengthening only with BF-0 1.74% 0 CFRP
BF-15 1.74% 16.88 CFRP
the single material.
BP-0 1.74% 0 PET-600
To simulate the actual partially corroded structures, reinforced BP-15 1.74% 16.71 PET-600
concrete columns with longitudinal bar corroded in the plastic
hinge zone were designed. Based on the advantages of large rup-
ture strain of PET-600, this paper aimed to study the seismic per-
formance of PET-600 strengthened partially corroded
reinforcement concrete columns. Reinforcement ratio, i.e. q = 5000
1.28, 1.74%, and strengthening materials, i.e. CFRP and PET, were
considered to illuminate the strengthening effect on anti-seismic
4000 CFRP
performance of reinforced concrete columns with 15% corrosion
PET-600
ratio.
Stress /MPa

3000

2. Experimental program
2000
2.1. Specimen design

1000
Twelve circular cantilever reinforced concrete (RC) columns
were prepared and tested under quasi-static tests. Each RC column
was 1700 mm high and 300 mm in diameter with a clear concrete 0
cover of 20 mm in size, as shown in Fig. 1. 8 HRB335 D12 (12 mm 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
in diameter) and D14 (14 mm in diameter) twisted re-bars were Strain
used as longitudinal reinforcement in the columns of groups A
and B respectively. The reinforcement ratios in groups A and B Fig. 3. Tensile stress-strain curves of various FRPs.
were 1.74% and 1.28% respectively. The yield strength and the elas-
tic modulus of the longitudinal reinforcement were 300 MPa and
210Gpa respectively. HRB335 D8 plain bar were used as stirrup
in the columns. The yield strength and elastic modulus of D8 were the early damage [15]. The measured compressive strength and
260 MPa and 200GPa respectively. More stirrups with a spacing of elastic modulus of the commercial concrete were 32.1 MPa and
60 mm were used in the top and bottom of the column to prevent 35.1GPa in 28d curing, respectively.
1074 X. Liu, Y. Li / Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081

a) Corrosion-damaged b) CFRP strengthened c)PET-600 strengthened

Fig. 4. FRPs strengthened columns.

60 6
Lateral force /kN

40 4
20 2
0 0
time
-20 -2
-40 -4
-60 -6
2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times

Force control Displacement control

Fig. 6. Lateral force-displacement history.

steel bars in the designed corrosion area were corroded, a water

Fig. 5. Pseudo static test of columns.
2.2. Scheme of the accelerated steel corrosion in the columns
To simulate the actual non-uniform corrosion state of steel bar
in RC structures, steel bars in the plastic hinge region of the col-
umns were selected to be corroded with electrochemical corrosion
method [1]. The steel bars were designed to be corroded with a
height of 1.5 times column diameter (450 mm). To prevent the cor-
rosion of stirrup, the contact positions between longitudinal bar
and stirrup were separated by a plastic mattress. To ensure the
tank was set in the plastic hinge with 3% salt solution. The
extended longitudinal bars from the top of the columns were used
as the anode. A stainless steel tube immersed in the tank worked as
cathode. To ensure enough water and chloride ions in the concrete,
the columns were soaked in the salt solution for 3 days before
applying current. The height of salt solution in the tank was
adjusted periodically to the designed value. To make the corrosion
of steel bars within a reasonable time, the current density was
designed as 829.4lA/cm2. The applied current magnitude and
power-on time were calculated by Faraday law, and the applying
current was 1A and 17.1d for group A, 1.17A and 19.8d for group
B. Setup of the accelerated corrosion scheme was shown in Fig. 2.
After the loading test, the corrosion loss ratio of steel bars was
tested by acid washing method according to the ASTM G1-03.
The test results were shown in Table 1. It could be seen that col-
umns A-15, AF-15, AP-15, B-15, BF-15 and BP-15 were approxi-
mately same in corrosion rate, i.e., in the range of 14.55–15.92%,
in the corroded steel bars. So they could be considered to have
the same degree of corrosion [15].
 X. Liu, Y. Li / Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081
a) Unstrengthened
Fig. 7. Failure modes of columns.
2.3. Material properties
Flexibilizer, flexible curing agent and silica nanopowder were
added to comprehensively improve the strength and toughness
of epoxy resin binder, and the modified epoxy resin (MER) binder
was prepared [3,5]. The tensile strength of MER was tested accord-
ing to ASTM D638-08. The test results were ultimate tensile
strength = 41.59 MPa, rupture strain = 0.0236, and elasticity modu-
lus = 2580 MPa. The authors just simply claimed that the MER was
a high performance adhesive, which exhibited a higher strength
and ductility than that of commercial epoxy resin [4,5].
The fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) used in this paper were car-
bon FRP (CFRP) and large rupture strain FRP (PET-600). The
mechanical properties of the FRPs were tested according to ASTM
D3039M-08, and the tensile stress-strain curves of FRPs were
shown in Fig. 3. The results of CFRP composites were thick-
ness = 0.19 mm, ultimate tensile strength = 4200 MPa, elastic mod-
ulus = 210GPa, and rupture strain = 0.02. The results of PET-600
composites were thickness = 0.84 mm, ultimate tensile
strength = 740 MPa, elastic modulus = 8.3GPa, and rupture
strain = 0.087. From the above results, the rupture strain of PET-
600 was 4.35 times larger than that of CFRP, showing excellent
ductility.
2.4. Strengthening schemes
After applying the designed current, the plastic hinge region in
the columns was strengthened with CFRP and PET-600 composites.
The columns should be dried at least 2 days to ensure the concrete
surface drying. The surface of columns were brushed by wire brush
to remove the rust and debris, and cleaned by ethanol to remove
the dust on the column surface. Then, a layer of MER was glued
on the cleaned concrete surface. After air drying of glue, the pre-
cut FRP was laid on the concrete surface at the designed location.
After that, the second layer of MER was glued. The surface of FRP
was flattened by a cylinder to eliminate the bubbles between the
films and squeeze the glue fully immerged into it. The columns
were cured under room temperature for 7 days. Corrosion state
and the strengthening scheme are shown in Fig. 4 and Table 1.
1075
b) CFRP c)PET-600
2.5. Test setup
All the columns were tested under the combination of constant
axial load and lateral cyclic load in the test frame, as shown in
Fig. 5. Each column was subjected to a constant axial load of
635.9kN with a constant axial load ratio of 0.3 in the top of col-
umns. A lateral force sensor and a displacement meter were set
in the 1700 mm height of the columns. Another displacement
meter was set at the bottom of the column to eliminate the slip-
page errors from the columns basics. After applying the axial load
to the designed value, the lateral load was controlled by using a tri-
angular waveform with loading control and displacement control.
All the columns were loaded with the same two-part procedure,
as shown in Fig. 6. The lateral force was conducted by force control
until the columns reached the yield point. After the columns yield,
the lateral force got turned to displacement control. When the lat-
eral force dropped to 85% maximum value of the columns or the
columns were damaged, the test got stopped [8,15].
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Failure modes of columns
Three typical failure modes of columns under pseudo static test
were shown in Fig. 7. For the unstrengthened corroded columns
shown in Fig. 7a, large piece of concrete along the rust cracks
was crushed at one side of the column, indicating obviously brittle
failure. The failure mode of CFRP strengthened columns was CFRP
rupture at one side of the column, as shown in Fig. 7b. The concrete
confined by CFRP was crushed into many fine particles, indicating
more seismic energy was consumed by the cracks and the property
of brittle failure was decreased. Different from the unstrengthened
and CFRP strengthened columns, PET-600 composites kept intact
when the drift ratio reached almost 0.1, showing excellent ductile
solution performance for seismic retrofit application [8,9], as
shown in Fig. 7c. Since the rupture strain of PET-600 composites
is 0.087, which far exceeds the deformation of the expanded con-
crete. As a result, PET-600 composites would not rupture even
when the structures had a large deformation.
1076 X. Liu, Y. Li / Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081

3.2. Hysteretic curves of columns
The cyclic load-displacement curves were measured through
the force and displacement sensors in the top of the columns, as
shown in Fig. 8.
It was shown in Fig. 8 that variables of reinforcement ratio,
corrosion rate, and FRP type affected the energy dissipating
capacity of columns. Under the same condition, the hysteretic
response of group B (reinforcement ratio = 1.74%) was superior
to that of group A (reinforcement ratio = 1.28%). Lateral bearing
capacity was enhanced with the increasement of the reinforce-
ment ratio. With the steel bars corroded, much micro-crack
was produced in the concrete around the steel. Then, the inter-
face bonding strength between concrete and steel bar was

Drift ratio /%
Drift ratio /% -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 120
120
80
80

Lateral force /kN

Lateral force /kN

40
40

0
0

-40 -40

-80 -80
A-0 A-15
-120 -120
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement /mm Displacement /mm
a) A-0 b) A-15

Drift ratio /% Drift ratio /%

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
120 120

80 80
Lateral force /kN
Lateral force /kN

40 40

0 0

-40 -40

-80 -80
AF-0 AF-15
-120 -120
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement /mm Displacement /mm
c) AF-0 d) AF-15

Drift ratio /% Drift ratio /%

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
120 120

80 80
Lateral force /kN

Lateral force /kN

40 40

0 0

-40 -40

-80 -80
AP-0 AP-15
-120 -120
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement /mm Displacement /mm
e) AP-0 f) AP-15
Fig. 8. Hysteretic curves of columns.
 X. Liu, Y. Li / Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081 1077

Drift ratio /% Drift ratio /%

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
120 120

Lateral force /kN 80 80

lateral force /kN

40 40

0 0

-40 -40

-80 -80
B-0 B-15
-120 -120
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement /mm Displacement /mm
g) B-0 h) B-15

Drift ratio /% Drift ratio /%

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
120 120

80 80
Lateral force /kN
Lateral force /kN

40 40

0 0

-40 -40

-80 -80
BF-0 BF-15

-120 -120
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement /mm Displacement /mm
i) BF-0 j) BF-15

Drift ratio /%
Drift ratio /% -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 120
120

80 80
Lateral force /kN
Lateral force /kN

40 40

0 0

-40 -40

-80 -80
BP-0 BP-15

-120 -120
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement /mm Displacement /mm
k) BP-0 l) BP-15
Fig. 8 (continued)

decreased, so did the structural integrity of columns. So, the
anti-seismic energy of columns was decreased with the steel
bars corroded.
The corrosion of steel bars decreased the hysteretic response,
but the corroded columns strengthened with FRPs had a better hys-
teretic response with larger ductility and ultimately lateral load.
Since the concrete in the plastic hinge region was constrained by
three-dimensional effects with the axial load and hoop stress, the
expanding and development of the concrete cracks were controlled
by FRPs. More seismic energy was dissipated by crushing the con-
crete into many fine particles. Then, the energy dissipation property
of the columns was improved. The order of strengthening effects of
hysteretic response was PET-600 ＞ CFRP ＞ unstrengthened
columns.
1078 X. Liu, Y. Li / Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081

120
Service 120
Post stage Ultimate stage Service
stage Post stage Ultimate stage
stage
100 No damage Dilatory Long-time repair No damage
Dilatory Long-time repair
100 repair
Lateral force /kN repair
80

Lateral force /kN

80

60 60
AP-0 BP-0
40 AP-15 BF-0
40
AF-0 BF-15
AF-15 BP-15
20 20
A-15 B-15
A-0 B-0
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Drift ratio /% Drift ratio /%
a) Group A b) Group B
Fig. 9. Skeleton curves of columns.

Table 2
Hysteretic response parameters of tested columns.

Labels Yield Max Ultimate Ductility-l K2/K1

Drift-dy /% fy /kN Drift-dmax /% fmax /kN Drift-du /% fu /kN
A-0 0.52 63.05 1.11 74.69 1.65 63.48 3.15 19.9/120.8 = 0.16
A-15 0.44 58.67 0.89 70.27 1.31 57.73 2.95 26.0/132.7 = 0.20
AP-0 0.59 74.91 1.09 82.63 2.55 70.23 4.71 19.1/108.9 = 0.18
AP-15 0.45 64.28 0.96 78.3 2.34 66.56 5.16 28.0/141.6 = 0.20
AF-0 0.56 69.84 1.22 84.40 2.55 71.74 4.58 21.9/125.6 = 0.17
AF-15 0.46 63.18 0.89 75.25 2.22 63.96 4.85 28.1/137.6 = 0.20
B-0 0.62 75.77 1.11 89.15 1.77 75.78 3.46 20.0/121.4 = 0.17
B-15 0.41 74.08 0.79 86.99 1.42 73.94 2.84 34.0/180.2 = 0.19
BP-0 0.77 77.71 1.43 90.45 2.92 76.88 3.77 19.3/100.4 = 0.19
BP-15 0.47 71.47 0.82 92.22 1.56 78.38 3.29 30.5/151.40 = 0.20
BF-0 0.77 75.61 1.55 91.21 3.11 77.52 4.04 20.1/108.2 = 0.20
BF-15 0.44 70.25 0.88 84.59 1.81 71.90 4.08 32.7/158.6 = 0.21

25 25
AP-0 BP-0
Residual lateral displacement /mm

Residual lateral displacement /mm

AP-15 BF-0
20 AF-0 20 BF-15
AF-15 BP-15
A-15 B-15
15 A-0 15 B-0

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Drift ratio /% Drift ratio /%
a) Group A b) Group B
Fig. 10. Residual deformation of columns.

3.3. Skeleton curves The toughness index l was calculated by l = du/dy. Where, l is
the toughness index of the column. The ultimate drift ratio du is
The skeleton curves were got from the hysteresis response calculated by du = Du/l and l = 1700 mm is the height of the column.
curves, as shown in Fig. 9. The yield and ultimate loads, the corre- dy is the yield drift ratio. K1 is the initial elastic stiffness. K2 is the
sponding drift ratio, the toughness index, initial elastic and post- postyield stiffness connected between the yield point and ultimate
yield stiffness of the columns were all got from the skeleton point.
curves, as shown in Table 2. Note, the yield load was calculated Based on the loading changes in the hysteretic response, the
by Li’s method [16]. The ultimate load was defined as the 85% of skeleton curves were divided into 3 stages with serviceability
maximum load, and there was also a corresponding drift ratio. stage, post stage, and ultimate stage [17]. The structure in the ser-
 X. Liu, Y. Li / Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081
viceability stage is elastic stage, it’s no need to make a strengthen-
ing and repairment.
It was shown that hysteretic response of ultimate load, yield
load, maximum load and the corresponding drift ratios were all
decreased with the steel bars corroded. For example, the ultimate
lateral load and the corresponding drift ratio of A-15, compared
with A-0, decreased by 9.96% and 25.95% respectively. It was
shown that the drift ratio made a larger decreasement, indicating
that the ductility was more sensitive to the corrosion of steel bars.
The ductility of A-15 specimen decreased by 6.78% compared with
A-0 specimen. Since more corroded cracks were induced by the
rust, increasing the brittleness property of columns.
With the steel bars corroded, the rust product partially filled
into the concrete pores, increasing the mechanical bite strength
and the density of the structure. Then, K1 and K2 got increased in
a certain degree. Since the stiffness of CFRP was 25.7 times larger
than that of PET-600, K1 and K2 of PET-600 strengthened columns
were all inferior to that of CFRP confined ones. When the steel bars
got corroded, the ultimate lateral load and drift ratio decreased by
9.06% and 20.67% for group A, 2.43% and 19.81% for group B,
respectively. PET-600 composites had been made full use of the
excellent ductility to improve the energy dissipation of the cor-
roded columns. Although the ultimate tensile stress of PET-600
was just 0.18 times that of CFRP, the hysteretic response between
PET-600 and CFRP strengthened columns were almost identical
with at most 9% ultimate loads difference. Furthermore, the ulti-
mate drift ratio and toughness index of PET-600 strengthened col-
umns with low reinforcement ratio were higher than that of CFRP
strengthened columns, indicating that PET-600 strengthened col-
umns with low reinforcement ratio made full use of the effect of
large deformation.
3.4. Residual deformation of columns
The value of the residual displacement response was calculated
by taking the average absolute value of the crossing point between
hysteresis loops and X axis. The curves of residual deformation
were shown in Fig. 10. The value of K2/K1 will greatly affect the
residual deformation of columns [18,19]. The residual deformation
and K2/K1 of the columns had the same development trend. Under
the same condition, the residual deformation of columns with high
reinforcement ratio (group B) was higher than that of columns
with low reinforcement ratio (group A); unstrengthened columns
were higher than that of FRP strengthened; corroded columns were
higher than that of uncorroded columns, respectively. Compared
with the uncorroded columns, the ultimate residual displacement
of corroded columns was improved. In group A, A-15 had improved
by 61.31% than that of A-0. AF-15 had improved by 51.29% than
that of AF-0. AP-15 had improved by 28.57% than that of AP-0. In
group B, B-15 had improved by 14.0.24% than that of B-0. BF-15
had improved by 39.39% than that of BF-0. BP-15 had improved
by 35.59% than that of BP-0. Since the K2/K1 of corroded columns
was higher than that of uncorroded columns, the yield strength
of reinforcement in the corroded columns got decreased and the
columns soon entered into the plastic strain stage. Then, the col-
umns got a greater residual deformation with a lower drift ratio.
With FRP strengthened, the residual displacement got a great
reduction and the residual displacement of PET-600 strengthened
columns was larger than that of CFRP strengthened columns. Com-
pared with A-0, the residual displacement of AF-0 and AP-0 at the
ultimate drift ratio decreased by 60.52% and 54.21% respectively.
Similarly, compared with B-0, the residual displacement of BF-0
and BP-0 at the ultimate drift ratio decreased by 52.32% and
40.79% respectively. In the plastic hinge zone, the concrete expan-
sive deformation was restrained by FRP, slowing down the devel-
opment of cracks. The structural integrity of FRP strengthened
1079
Lateral force
P i+1
Cycle i
Ee
A B
i-1
i+1 Displacement
ED
P i-1
Fig. 11. Analytical curve of energy dissipation and damping ratio.
columns were superior to that of unstrengthened ones, FRPs had
delayed the plastic deformation of columns.
3.5. Energy dissipation, viscous damping, and stiffness degradation
It’s desirable to design the energy dissipation from dynamic
loads in the hysteretic responses, especially for structures that
are exposed to severe earthquakes. The calculation model of the
energy dissipation and damping ratio were shown in Fig. 11. The
energy dissipation ED of columns in each cycles were shown in
Fig. 12, and ED was the area enclosed by the hysteresis hoops.
Under the same condition, the trends of energy dissipation ED
and residual deformation were basically similar. The energy dissi-
pation ED of columns with high reinforcement ratios (group B) was
higher than that of columns with low reinforcement ratios (group
A). The energy dissipation ED of columns with FRP strengthened
was higher than that of unstrengthened columns. Since FRP
restricted the expansion of concrete, slowing the fracture propaga-
tion and consuming a certain deformation energy. CFRP and PET-
600 strengthened columns have basically the same energy dissi-
pating capacity under the same conditions. The rupture strain of
PET-600 was 4.35 times larger than that of CFRP, which greatly
improved the lateral deformation of PET-600 confined columns
than that of CFRP confined columns (as shown in Fig. 7 c). Also,
the ultimate energy dissipation of PET-600 confined columns were
greatly improved. Compared with A-0 column, the ultimate energy
dissipation of AP-0 and AF-0 increased by 55.10% and 59.15%
respectively. Compared with B-0 column, the ultimate energy dis-
sipation of BP-0 and BF-0 increased by 126.49% and 147.70%
respectively. For the corroded reinforcement concrete columns,
the lateral restraint effects of PET-600 were superior to that of
CFRP. Then, the ultimate energy dissipation of PET-600 confined
columns were superior to that of CFRP confined columns. Com-
pared with A-15 column, the ultimate energy dissipation of AP-
15 and AF-15 increased by 99.25% and 66.57% respectively. Com-
pared with B-15 column, the ultimate energy dissipation of BP-
15 and BF-15 increased by 24.91% and 22.51% respectively. So
PET-600 and CFRP had basically the same enhancement effect on
the corroded columns.
Damping ratio reflected the energy dissipation of structure
under the earthquake loads, the energy dissipation and damping
ratios were calculated by using Eqs. (1)–(4):
ðPm Þi ðDmax Þi
ðEe Þi ¼ ð1Þ
2
1080 X. Liu, Y. Li / Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081

6000 6000
AP-0 BP-0
AP-15 BF-0

Energy dissipation /kN.mm

5000 5000 BF-15

Energy dissipation /kN.mm

AF-0
BP-15
AF-15 B-15
4000 A-15 4000 B-0
A-0
3000 3000

2000 2000

1000 1000

0 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Drift ratio /%
Drift ratio /%
a) Group A b) Group B

Fig. 12. Energy dissipation of columns ED.

25 25
Equivalent viscous damping ratio /%

Equivalent viscous damping ratio /%

20 20

15 15

AP-0 BP-0
10 10
AP-15 BF-0
AF-0 BF-15
5 AF-15 5 BP-15
A-15 B-15
A-0 B-0
0 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Drift ratio /% Drift ratio /%
a) Group A b) Group B
Fig. 13. Damping ratio of columns.

35 30
AP-0 BP-0
30 AP-15 BF-0
25
AF-0 BF-15
Stiffness /kN.mm-1

Stiffness /kN.mm-1

25 AF-15 BP-15
20 B-15
A-15
20 A-0 B-0
15
15
10
10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Drift ratio /% Drift ratio /%
a) Group A b) Group B
Fig. 14. Stiffness degradation of columns.
 X. Liu, Y. Li / Construction and Building Materials 191 (2018) 1071–1081
jðPiþ1 Þj þ jðPi1 Þj
ðP m Þi ¼
2 great reduction. The toughness index of PET-600 strength-
jðDiþ1 Þj þ jðDi1 Þj
ð Dm Þ i ¼
2 the multi-effects of environment protection, economy and
ðED Þi
neq ¼ % ð4Þ
4pðEe Þi
where, (Ee)i is the dissipated elastic energy, which is calculated by
the area of the maximum load and displacement from each cyclic
hoops, as shown in Fig. 11; (Pm)i and (Dm)i are the maximum load
and the corresponding displacement in the cyclic hoops; Pi+1 and
Pi-1 are the maximum and minimum load in i cycle according to
the hysteresis loops; neq is the damping ratio, which is an important
element of the modern seismic analysis method that are used to
assess the capacity of a material to dissipate energy [15]; (ED)i is
the amount of energy dissipation in i cycle according to the hystere-
sis hoops. Figs. 13 and 14 show the curves of damping ratio and
stiffness degradation of columns respectively.
As shown in Fig. 13, the damping ratio of columns was greatly
influenced by the corroded reinforcement and FRPs. In group A,
columns AP-15 had a 22.98% increase than that of AP-0. Columns
AF-15 had a 7.96% increase than that of AF-0. Columns A-15 had
a 58.17% increase than that of A-0. In group B, columns BP-15
had a 66.63% increase than that of BP-0. Columns BP-15 had a
57.48% increase than that of BP-0. Columns B-15 had a 45.80%
increase than than that of B-0. On the one hand, rust filled the con-
crete pore, increasing the friction between rust and FRP and con-
suming the earthquake energy. So the damping ratio of corroded
columns was higher than that of uncorroded columns.
With the drift ratio increased, the stiffness degradation rate of
PET-600 strengthened columns were blow that of CFRP strength-
ened columns, as shown in Fig. 14. So, the toughness index of
PET-600 strengthened columns was superior to that of CFRP
strengthened columns.
4. Conclusions
1) The failure modes of PET-600 strengthened columns were
different from that of CFRP strengthen columns. For the
unstrengthened corroded columns, large piece of concrete
along the rust cracks was crushed at one side of the column,
indicating obviously brittle failure. The failure mode of CFRP
strengthened columns was CFRP rupture at one side of the
column. Different from the unstrengthened and CFRP
strengthend columns, PET-600 composites kept intact when
the drift ratio got almost 0.1, showing excellent ductile solu-
tion performance for seismic retrofit application.
2) Variables of reinforcement ratio and FRP type affected the
energy dissipating capacity of columns. The corrosion of
steel bars decreased the hysteretic response, but the
strengthened corroded columns with FRPs had a better hys-
teretic response with larger ductility and ultimately lateral
load. The order of strengthening effects of hysteretic
response was PET-600 ＞ CFRP ＞ unstrengthened columns.
3) PET-600 and CFRP have the same strengthening effect on the
ultimate bearing capacity of columns. The ultimate drift
ratio and toughness index of PET-600 strengthened columns
with low reinforcement ratio were higher than that of CFRP
strengthened columns, indicating that PET-600 strength-
ened columns with low reinforcement ratio made full use
of the effect of large deformation.
1081
4) With FRP strengthened, the residual displacement got a
ð2Þ
ened columns was superior to that of CFRP strengthened col-
umns. From the above results, PET-600 composites achieve
ð3Þ
anti-seismic performance improvement of partially cor-
roded structure, working as a new type of high performance
strengthening materials in the structure strengthening field.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support
provided by Major State Basic Research Development Program of
China (973Program) (2015CB655101), National Natural Science
Foundation of China (51678011); Beijing Natural Science Founda-
tion (8162005).
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