2010 vol.

73, 133-142
DOI: 10.2478/v10032-010-0025-8
________________________________________________________________________________________

INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDE TREATMENT

ON GREY MOULD OF CABBAGE

Elena SURVILIENĖ, Alma VALIUŃKAITĖ, Laisvūnė DUCHOVSKIENĖ,

Danguolė KAVALIAUSKAITĖ
Institute of Horticulture Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry
Kauno 30 LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania
Received: August 10, 2010; Accepted: December 6, 2010

Summary
The experiments were carried out in the Institute of Horticulture in 2008–
2010. The study was supported by the Lithuanian State Science and Studies
Foundation. The aim of this investigation was to establish the influence of fun-
gicides applications to control grey mould in cabbages cultivars Kingston F 1,
Lennox F1 and Paradox F1 during storage. Three fungicide applications with
active ingredients azoxystrobine at the rate of 200 g·ha-1 (Amistar 250 SC),
boscalid at the rate of 267 g·ha-1 + pyraclostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-1 (Sig-
num 33 WG), tebuconazole at the rate of 250 g·ha-1 (Folicur 250 EW), iprodi-
one at the rate of 500 g·ha-1 (Rovral Aqua Flo) and fluopyram at the rate of 200
g·ha-1 + tebuconazole at the rate of 200 g·ha-1 (Bayer CropScience product)
were made on second part of plant vegetation (growth stage by BBCH 41-46).
After harvesting cabbage heads (20 units from every replication) were kept in a
cold storage for four months after harvest. Obtained data showed that fungicide
treatments allow for reducing the incidence of grey mould and reduced losses
during the four–month storage period by average up 64.73-93.77%.

key words: Botrytis cinerea, cabbages, fungicides, varieties, efficiency

INTRODUCTION Infections are not always visible

Botrytis cinerea Pers. causes
many common diseases of many agri-
cultural crops. Under cool, wet condi-
tions, it can be a limiting factor in the
production, marketing and storage of
vegetable crops. Botrytis rot of cab-
bages usually starts after 2-3 months of
cold storage and is typically confined
to the outer, dried, senescent cabbage
leaves (Coley-Smith et al. 1980, Dixon
1981).
at harvest, but they develop rapidly in
stored conditions. Post-harvest losses
during storage of white cabbage (Bras-
sica oleracea) are caused by a number
of factors, including water loss, leaf
senescence, regrowth and rotting
caused by fungal and bacterial patho-
gens. Post-harvest losses can be greatly
reduced by storage at low temperatures
(1-5ºC) and high relative humidity
(95%) (Bérard 1994). Under these

Corresponding author:
e-mail: e.surviliene@lsdi.lt
© Copyright by RIVC

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134 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 73
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storage conditions Botrytis cinerea is
the prevalent fungus found on stored
cabbages and the main reason for loss-
es (Brown et al. 1975, Geeson 1979,
Leifert et al. 1993). B. cinerea is an
opportunistic pathogen of a wide range
of leafy vegetables attacking weak-
ened, wounded or senescent leaf tis-
sues, and mature healthy leaf tissues of
plants have been described as being
more resistant to Botrytis attack (Col-
ey-Smith et al. 1980, Agblor & Wa-
terer 2001).
To prevent fungal spoilage it is a
common practice in many countries to
spray cabbages with systemic and/or
protective fungicides in the field prior
to storage (Bedlan 1998, Adamicki &
Robak 2000).
The aim of this investigation was
to establish the influence of fungi-
cides applications to control grey
mould in cabbages during storage.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The two year studies were carried
out at the Institute of Horticulture
Lithuanian Research Centre for Agri-
culture and Forestry, during 2008-2010
to evaluate the effect of fungicide
sprays on the management of grey
mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) of white
cabbage. The trial field was a margin-
ally rolling plain with microrelief. The
soil of the experimental site is Epical-
cari-Epihypogleyic Cambisol, CMg-p-
w-cap; with a texture of light clay loam
and medium clay loam. The arable layer
was weakly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.6), me-
dium humus-rich (2.06-2.07%).
The seedlings of the white cab-
bages (Brassica oleracea L. var. capi-
tata) cultivars Kingston F1, Lennox F1
and Paradox F1 were planted in 2008
and 2009 in the beginning of May,
rate - 35 000 units·ha-1. Tested cab-
bages cultivars are characterize by a
good keeping ability and were grown
under intensive cultivation technolo-
gies accepted at Institute of Horticul-
ture and involved: fertilization before
planting with Hydrocomplex NPK
12–11–18 (650 kg·ha-1) and addition-
ally Nutrifol NPK 8–11–35 6.25
kg·ha-1 (this amount was fertilized 3
times), Ca (NO3)2 200 kg·ha-1 (this
amount was fertilized 2 times); weed
control with Lontrel 300 SL 0.5 L·ha-
1
, Lentagran WP 2.0 kg·ha-1, hoed
inter-rows at the depth of 5-8 cm and
weeded; pest control with Decis Mega
50 EW 0.15 L·ha-1 and Proteus 110
OD 0.75 L·ha-1 if necessary. In both
experimental years, onions were a
preceding crop for cabbages.
The trial design involved the fol-
lowing fungicides: active ingredients
azoxystrobine at the rate of 200 g·ha-1
(Amistar 250 SC), boscalid at the rate
of 267 g·ha-1 + pyraclostrobine at the
rate of 67 g·ha-1 (Signum 33 WG),
tebuconazole at the rate of 250 g·ha-1
(Folicur 250 EW), iprodione at the
rate of 500 g·ha-1 (Rovral Aqua Flo)
and fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha-1
+ tebuconazole at the rate of 200 g·ha-
1
(Bayer CropScience product). Three
fungicide applications were made on
tested cabbages at the stage of BBCH
41-46. The surfactant Vegeol (refined
rape oil) at a rate of 0.5 L·ha-1 was
added to the spray solution (volume of
water 500 L·ha-1). The last spray was
conducted not later than 21 days be-
fore harvesting. Cabbages were har-
vested in late of October. Cabbage
heads (20 units from every replica-
tion) were kept in a cold storage (at
the temperature of 0-2°C, relative air
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 E. SURVILIENE et al. – INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDE ...
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humidity - 90%) for four (November-
February) months after harvest. Le-
sions of grey mould were assessment
every month.
The trials were arranged in the
plots replicated four times. Diseases
incidence, biological efficacy of the
fungicides were determined according
to the generally accepted experimental
methods (Ņemės ūkio augalų
kenkėjai…, 2002). Statistical pro-
cessing of the data was done using
Fischer least significant difference test
at P<0.05 (Tarakanovas & Raudonius
2003).
RESULTS
It should be noted that during the
two experimental years the results of
cabbages test showed that the devel-
opment of grey mould symptoms was
lower on the stored heads of chemi-
cally protected cabbages than on the
heads of the control treatment cab-
bages. Visible grey mould symptoms
were established in untreated cabbag-
es of cv. Lennox F1 and Paradox F1
cultivars after the first month of stor-
135
age (Fig. 1, 3). Cabbages of these
varieties were the most affected, dis-
ease prevalence reached up to 12.4-
15.28%, while cv. Kingston F1 have
been damaged till 10.93% (Fig. 2).
During the four month the level of
grey mould in untreated cabbages
increased by on average 9.1 times of
cv. Lennox F1, 7.4 - of cv. Paradox F1
and 6.5 - of cv. Kingston F1.
Three pre-harvest applications
with the foliar fungicide tested al-
lowed us to maintain the infection
level of grey mould rather low. In the
fungicide treatments the disease inci-
dence ranged between 1.67-5.56%
(Fig. 1-3). There were obtained statis-
tically significant differences in com-
parison with the control. The lowest
disease level was established in the
treatment applied with azoxystrobine
at the rate of 200 g·ha-1, boscalid at
the rate of 267 g·ha-1 + pyra-
clostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-1 and
fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha-1 +
tebuconazole at the rate of 200 g·ha-1,
however, no significant differences
were established.
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136 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 73
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Grey mould (%)

Note: 1 - Control (untreated)

2 - azoxystrobine at the rate of 200 g·ha-1 (3 applications)
3 - boscalid at the rate of 267 g·ha-1 + pyraclostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-1 (3
applications)
4 - tebuconazole at the rate of 250 g·ha-1 (3 applications)
5 - fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha-1 + tebuconazole at the rate of 200 g·ha-1 (3
applications)
6 - iprodione at the rate of 500 g·ha-1 (3 applications)

Fig. 1. Development of Botrytis cinerea infection on the surface of cabbages Lennox F1

during the storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010) (LSD0.05
3.29)

Grey mould (%)

Note: see Fig. 1

Fig. 2. Development of Botrytis cinerea infection on the surface of cabbages Kingston
F1 during the storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010)
(LSD0.05 2.38)

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 E. SURVILIENE et al. – INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDE ... 137
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Grey mould
(%)

Note: see Fig. 1

Fig. 3. Development of Botrytis cinerea infection on the surface of cabbages Paradox F1
during the storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010) (LSD0.05
2.39)

Our experimental findings sug- inhibiting the incidence of grey mould

gest that all fungicides applied at the
stage of development of harvestable
vegetative cabbages parts (BBCH 41-
46) significantly suppressed the infec-
tion of Botrytis cinerea in storage
cabbages. The mean biological effica-
cy of the fungicides ranged from
45.7% to 100% and it corresponded to
fair, good and excellent effect. In
most case, grey mould did not harm-
less cabbage during the first two
months of storage. In all the years,
good results in reducing infection
level of grey mould were exhibited by
boscalid at the rate of 267 g·ha-1 +
pyraclostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-
1
, fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha-1 +
tebuconazole at the rate of 200 g·ha-1
and azoxystrobine at the rate of 200
g·ha-1 and statistically differed from
the efficacy of the tebuconazole at the
rate of 250 g·ha-1. The effect of the
iprodione at the rate of 500 g·ha-1
in cabbages was from fair to good,
biological efficacy ranged between
49.85% and 72.44%. It can be ex-
plained by the action of the contact
active ingredient iprodione (Fig. 4-6).
In our trials the active ingredi-
ents boscalid at the rate of 267 g·ha-1
+ pyraclostrobine at the rate of 67
g·ha-1, fluopyram at the rate of 200
g·ha-1 + tebuconazole at the rate of
200 g·ha-1 and azoxystrobine at the
rate of 200 g·ha-1 distinguished them-
selves by a very good action on the
infection process of Botrytis cinerea.
The biological efficacy of boscalid at
the rate of 267 g·ha-1 + pyra-
clostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-1,
fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha-1 +
tebuconazole at the rate of 200 g·ha-1
and azoxystrobine at the rate of 200
g·ha-1 reached on average 93.77%,
87.38% and 80.80%, respectively
(Fig. 4-6).

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138 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 73
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Efficiency (%)

Note: 1 - azoxystrobine 200 g·ha-1 (3 applications)

2 - boscalid 267 g·ha-1 + pyraclostrobine 67 g·ha-1 (3 applications)
3 - tebuconazole 250 g·ha-1 (3 applications)
4 - fluopyram 200 g·ha-1 + tebuconazole at the rate of 200 g·ha-1 (3 applications)
5 - iprodione 500 g·ha-1 (3 applications)

Fig. 4. Efficiency of fungicides to control grey mould in cabbages Lennox F1 during the
storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010)

Efficiency (%)

Note: see Fig. 4

Fig. 5. Efficiency of fungicides to control grey mould in cabbages Kingston F 1 during
the storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010)

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 E. SURVILIENE et al. – INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDE ... 139
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Efficiency (%)

Note: see Fig. 4

Fig. 6. Efficiency of fungicides to control grey mould in cabbages Paradox F 1 during the
storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010)

DISCUSSION leaves, thick areas on leaves were less

Various infectious diseases,
which cause the disorders growth and
development of cabbages, causing
economic losses, are pathogenic by
Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea, and
bacteria. Grey mould (Botrytis ciner-
ea) is serious problem in most cases
in stored cabbage crops. The disease
can be seen as a grey fluffy fungal
mass on the outside of the cabbage
and can progress to a brown soft rot
that penetrates deeply into the head
(Dixon 1981, Geeson 1983, Bedlan
1998, Vasinauskienė 1998, Bedlan
2001, Koike et al. 2007). In compari-
son, a slightly damaged vegetables rot
during storage in our trials is associat-
ed with cabbages cultivar features.
Cabbage cultivars which differed in
ability to withstand storage showed
differential susceptibility to Botrytis
cinerea. The outer leaves on the head
were less susceptible than inner
susceptible than thin areas, and adaxi-
al surfaces of leaves were less suscep-
tible than abaxial surfaces (Yoder &
Whalen 1975).
The influence of many fungi-
cides on the pathogens of the diseases
of the stored vegetables is already
investigated or still under investiga-
tions in the world. The data often are
contradictory. Pesticides influence the
soil and plant microflora; cause the
essential quantitative and qualitative
changes of their composition. The
way of the effect depends on many
factors - the amount of organic matter
in the soil, nutrition, display of dis-
eases and intensity, resistance of
pathogens.
The investigations proved the ef-
ficiency of iprodione against Alter-
naria brassicae, Alternaria bras-
sicicola, Phoma lingam and Botrytis
cinerea (Bedlan 1998, Datta & Gopal
1999). In this study the effect of the

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140 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 73
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fungicide Rovral Aqua Flo inhibiting
the incidence of grey mould in cab-
bages was from fair to good, and it
explained by the action of the contact
active ingredient iprodione.
It was obtained a good effect of
the strobilurin-containing fungicides,
such as Signum 33 WG and Amistar
250 SC. Good effect has also been
confirmed by the experiments of other
authors (Hedke et al. 1997, Shokes &
Snajder 1999, Ńidlauskienė 2001,
Rosenzweig & Stevenson 2002). The
results obtained from the field exper-
iments and after storage of vegetable
roots indicate that the protective
treatments against the alternaria leaf
blight on carrot, powdery mildew on
parsley, and septoria leaf spot on ce-
leriac plants during the vegetative
period have a significant effect on the
health status of these vegetables. The
highest efficacy against the above-
mentioned diseases was exhibited by
azoxystrobin, azoxystrobin + chloro-
talonil and pyraclostrobine + boscalid,
which proved to be highly effective in
preventing infection with storage dis-
eases (over 90%), and had a beneficial
effect on the storage life of these veg-
etable roots in comparison with un-
protected objects (Robak & Adamicki
2007).
Strobilurin fungicides have be-
come a very valuable tool for manag-
ing diseases. They are effective against
several different plant pathogenic fun-
gi. For all parameters evaluated, fungi-
cide boscalid + pyraclostrobine gave
comparable or even better results in
comparison with the fungicides con-
taining mancozeb, mancozeb + met-
alaxyl, benalaxyl, triazole, iprodione to
control diseases such as Phytophthora
porri in leek, Erysiphe heraclei and
Alternaria dauci in carrot, Myco-
sphaerella spp., Albugo candida and
Alternaria spp. in Brussels sprouts,
Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclero-
tiorum in outdoor lettuce (Callens et al.
2005).
The duration of action of system-
ic pesticide depends on their ability to
divide the plant, the speed and nature
of degradation, but little dependent on
the weather. Exceed their perfor-
mance guarantee better protection of
plant against pathogenic organisms
(Hedke et al. 1997, Adamicki & Rob-
ak 2000, Rosenzweig & Stevenson
2002, Callens et al. 2005).
The active ingredient of fungi-
cides - azoxystrobine is noted for the
broad spectrum of effect.
Azoxystrobine preserves for a longer
time green leaf area, stops the process-
es of plant aging, stimulates the for-
mation of chlorophyll, therefore the
plant vegetation extends and a big
additional yield is obtained (Hedke et
al. 1997, Rosenzweig & Stevenson
2002, Shokes & Snajder 1999,
Ńidlauskienė 2001). This is confirmed
by the investigations of the efficiency
of fungicides azoxystrobine and bos-
calid + pyraclo-strobine of strobilurin
group in white cabbages, when in vari-
ants with fungicides the better results
were obtained.
Mixture of fluopyram and tebu-
conazole belongs to a new generation
of fungicidal active ingredients, which
effects on the pathogenic organisms
are studied. Therefore, it is still diffi-
cult to compare data with results other
researchers.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The results indicate that the tested
fungicides significantly suppressed
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 E. SURVILIENE et al. – INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDE ...
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the incidence of grey mould and
reduced losses during the four-
month storage period.
2. Obtained data showed that the
efficacy of pre-harvest treatments
with different fungicides ranged
from 64.73% to 93.776% and it
corresponded to fair, good and ex-
cellent effect.
3. The lowest disease level was es-
tablished in the treatment applied
with azoxystrobine at the rate of
200 g·ha-1, boscalid at the rate of
267 g·ha-1 + pyraclostrobine at the
rate of 67 g·ha-1, fluopyram at the
rate of 200 g·ha-1 + tebuconazole
at the rate of 200 g·ha-1, however,
no significant differences were es-
tablished.
4. It was found that cabbage cv.
Kingston F1 has the best storage
qualities.
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WPŁYW ZABIEGÓW ŚRODKAMI GRZYBOBÓJCZYMI

NA SZARĄ PLEŚŃ KAPUSTY

Streszczenie
Doświadczenia przeprowadzono w Instytucie Ogrodnictwa w latach 2008-2010.
Badania były wspierane przez Państwową Litewską Fundację Nauki i Badań Nauko-
wych. Celem niniejszych badań było ustalenie wpływu zabiegów środkami grzybobój-
czymi na zwalczanie szarej pleśni u odmian kapusty Kingston F 1, Lennox F1 i Paradox
F1 w okresie przechowywania. Wykonano trzy zabiegi następującymi substancjami
aktywnymi: azoksystrobina w dawce 200 g·ha-1 (Amistar 250 SC), boskalid w dawce
267 g·ha-1 + piraklostrobina w dawce 67 g·ha-1 (Signum 33 WG), tebukonazol w dawce
250 g·ha-1 (Folicur 250 EW), iprodion w dawce 500 g·ha -1 (Rovral Aqua Flo) oraz fluo-
piram w dawce 200 g·ha-1 + tebukonazol w dawce 200 g·ha-1 (produkt Bayer Crop-
Science) w drugim etapie wegetacji roślin (faza wzrostu 41-46 na skali BBCH). Po
zbiorze główki kapusty (20 sztuk z każdego powtórzenia) przechowywano w chłodni
przez cztery miesiące. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że zabiegi środkami grzybobójczym
pozwalają na zmniejszenie częstości występowania szarej pleśni i zredukowanie strat
podczas cztero-miesięcznego okresu przechowywania średnio od 64,73 do 93,77%.

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