MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESS OF VERBS IN ENGLISH AND SIAU

LANGUAGE

(A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS)

RESEARCH DESIGN

Present as a Requirement for the Seminar Examination

By

MARYANTI LADI

15091102177

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

MANADO

2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The writer would like to thank God Almighty for giving me the strength,

knowledge, ability and opportunity to undertake this research study and complete it.

This research entitled “Morphophonemic Process of Verbs in English and Siau

Language”. It is written as the requirement for the seminar examination at the Faculty of

Humanities of Sam Ratulangi University

I would like to thank Drs. Fenjte Kodong, MA as my material supervisor and

Arter J. Senduk, SS., M.Hum as my technical supervisor, the writer realizes that without

the guidance of the material and technical supervisor is impossible to complete this

research design.

Finally, the writer realizes that this research design is not good enough.

Therefore, every comment, suggestion, critics and advice will be very helpful to improve

this research.

Manado, May 2019

Writer

M.L
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Table of Contents

I. Rationale

II. Statement of Problem

III. The Objective of Research

IV. The Significance of Research

V. Review Related Literature

VI. Theoretical Framework

VII. Methodology

VIII. Working Schedule

IX. The Outline of Discussion

REFERENCES
TITLE : MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESS OF VERBS IN ENGLISH AND SIAU

LANGUAGE ( A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS)

I. Rationale

Humans and culture are one of the bonds and that can not be separated in this life

and culture of a region is strongly influenced by its language users. Culture is a system

of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men

communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life

(Geertz, 1973:89). According to Kluckhohn 1953, there are seven elements of culture

such as language, religious system, community organization system, knowledge system,

economic system, technology systems and art.

Language is a sound system or structured sound sequence that is used by groups

of humans to express things, events, and processes that are around humans (Carol, 1961:

10), it plays an important role in human life (Bloomfield, 1995) because language can

be expressed in the contents of the mind of the language user. The study of language is

called linguistics.

According to Gleason (1955: 2), linguistics is the study of language and try to

understand language from a scientific standpoint. Bauer (2007: 12-13) also states that

linguistics as learning from all language-related phenomena: structure, use and the

implication. Language elements that can be learned in linguistics is phonology (the

study of sound structures and systems), morphology (related to internal structure of

words), syntax (the study of word formations), semantics (the study of meaning) and

lexicology (the study of words).

Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words (Katamba, 1993:2).

Morphology as a linguistic branch that identifies basic units of language as grammatical

units (Carstair, 2002). Hockett, (1958:177) states that morphology includes the stock or

segmental morpheme and the ways in which words are built out of them.

Morphological process consists of several types among them are :

a. Affixation is the morphological process whereby grammatical or lexical

information is added to a stem. e.g. fond → fondness the adjective fond is

changed to the noun fondness (Crystal, 2008)

b. Reduplication is defined as the repetition of all or part of a morpheme to express

a morphological. If an entire morpheme is reduplicated it is complete

reduplication, e.g. goody-goody, pooh-pooh, and thick-thick. If only part is

reduplicated , it is partial reduplication, e.g. okey-dokey, hip-hop, boogie-

woogie (Jensen, 1990 : 68)

c. Internal Change is a process that subtitutes one non-morphemic segment for

another to mark a grammatical contrast. e.g. sing-sang, sink-sank, drive-drove.

Verbs such as sing, sink, and drive form their past sentence by changing the

vowel from i to a. (O’Grady, 1997: 119).

 d. Tone Rules assign or change tone morphemes in order to derive a different

morphological category. e.g. spanked - will spank, ate – will eat. High tone is

associated with past tense and low tone with the future tense. (O’Grady,

1997:120)

e. Compounding is forming new words from already existing words, in which

individual words are joined together. e.g. bedroom, bluebird, and waterfall.

(Akmajian, 2001:32)

f. Suppletion is a morphological process that replace a morpheme in order to

indicate the grammatical contrast e.g. go-went, better - good ( O’Grady,

1997:119).

g. Morphophonemic is a branch of linguistics that leads to the analysis and

classification of phonological factors that affect morphemes or are always related

to grammatical factors that affect phoneme forms (Crystal 2008:315).

According to Jensen (1990: 63, 157), the morphophonemic process is a process

that occurs in morphemes, because of the meeting of morphemes with other morphemes

or phoneme changes as a result of joining several morphemes. It differ from purely

phonological process in that they may require morphological conditions for their

operation, or they may alter the sequences of morpheme in a word. Nida (1949 : 200)

also states that morphophonemic is the alterations on the basis of phonological and

morphological contexts in which the words are treated in the same section. It indicates

the varieties of phonological variants with grammatical meanings.

 This research is focuses on the morphophonemic process of verbs in English and

Siau language. The writer chose this title because Siau language is one form of regional

language that must be preserved, and is the mother tongue of the writer, the writer also

wants to know what morphophonemic processes of verbs in Siau and English are, then

want to know whether these two languages have differences in the types of verbs that

exist through contrastive analysis.

The writer focuses on Siau language used on Siau Island. Siau Island is divided

into six sub-districts including, east Siau sub-district, southeast Siau, central Siau, west

Siau, north west Siau, and southwest Siau. For the sub-district itself, the writer focuses

on east Siau Subdistrict, Akesimbeka Village. Almost all residents in Akesimbeka

village, use Siau language in daily conversation, some also use Manado Malay and

Indonesian. Manado Malay is used by people to communicate with people from other

tribes and Indonesian is usually used in formal situations. English and Siau languages

come from different language groups. English comes from the Indo-European language

family, while the Siau language is from the Austronesian language family.

Based on preliminary study, some morphophonemic processes of verbs in Siau

languages are as follows :

1. {səN-} + /bare/ ‘house’ → /səmbare/ (be under one roof)

2. {naN-} + /bohe/ ‘write’ → /namohe/ ( have written)

3. {naN-} + /palede/ ‘slap’ → /namalede/ (has slapped)

II. Statement of Problem

Based on the explanation above, the questions that will be answered on this research

are:

1. What are the morphophonemic process of verbs in English and Siau language?

2. What are the similarities and the differences of morphophonemic process of

verbs in English and Siau language?

III. The Objective of Research

The objectives of this research are:

1. To identify, analyze and describe morphophonemic processes of verbs in

English and Siau language.

2. To find the similarities and differences in the morphophonemic process of

verbs in English and Siau language.

IV. The Significance of Research

Theoretically, this research contributes to the development of language and science

especially in contrastive analysis and morphophonemic process.

Practically, this research is useful for the community user, to preserve or avoid the

Siau language from extinction but can also be a guideline for using the Siau

language that is correct in the present and in the future, as a source of information

and references to improve understanding of the morphophonemic process for

language researchers other regional languages.

V. Review of Related Literature

There are several previous research related to this research, they are as follows:

1. “Proses Morfofonemik dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Gorontalo” Farida

Kusuma Dimyati (2014). In her research, she used Crystal’a theory (2008) and

Nida’s theory (1949). The result of this research shows that in morphophonemic

process of English and Gorontalo language have some similarities and

differences. The similarities are that both languages have kinds of

morphophonemic processes. English has seven kinds of morphophonemic

processes, they are assimilation, dissimilation, reduction of clusters, loss of

consonant phonemes, loss of vowel phonemes, palatalization, and nasalization

whereas in Gorontalo language six kinds of them found. The difference is no

palatalization found in Gorontalo Language. Other similarities and differences

are in dissimilation. English has six kinds of dissimilations, they are

progressive, regressive, contiguous phonemes, noncontiguous phonemes, point

of articulation, and manner of articulation whereas Gorontalo language has only

five kinds of dissimilations and doesn‟t have contiguous phonemes.

2. “Kata Kerja dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Sangir” Alintia Sikome (2015).

In her research, she used Kridalaksana’s theory (2001: 22), and Frank’s theory

(1972). As result of the research shows that in English has a type of verb

consisting of complementary words such as predicate verbs, connecting verbs,

transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and reflexive verbs. Sangir language has verb
 types such as predicate verbs, connecting verbs, transitive verbs and intransitive

verbs.

3. “Reduplikasi Bahasa Inggris Dan Bahasa Talaud ” Raegina Anggreani Maniara

(2014).” In her research, she used Jensen’s theory (1990) and Lado’s theory

(1979). The result of this research shows that reduplication in English and

Talaud have some similarities and differences. The similarities are that both

languages in form full reduplication, but limited to some class word. The

difference be found in form, function, in English has full reduplication with

phoneme variation whereas Talaud language have to shape full

reduplication, partial reduplication, and reduplication with affix combination.

4. ‘Proses Morfologis Kata Benda Dalam Bahasa Inggris Dan Bahasa Gorontalo”

Siskawati Dama (2015). In her research, she used Jensen theory’s (1990). The

result of this research shows that in morphological process of nouns in English

and Gorontalo language have some similarities and differences. The similarities

are that English and Gorontalo language have affixation as prefix and suffix,

reduplication as full of reduplication, compounding as endocentries and

excocentries compounding. The difference is that English language has not infix

affixation but in Gorontalo language has an infix affixation, reduplication in

English has full reduplication with variety of phoneme and in Gorontalo

languages have a partial reduplication.

 All the above researches are different from this research. The first one is

on morphophonemic process in Gorontalo, the second focusing on verbs, the

third is on reduplication and the last is on morphology process in Gorontalo.

VI. Theoretical Framework

The research will use Jensen’s (1990) and Lado’s theory to classify, analyze,

describe, and contrast the data.

The classification of morphophonemic processes according to Jensen are:

1. Assimilation

Assimilation means that sounds become more alike. For example sonorant in

English which are devoiced after voiceless obstruents as in lay [ley] vs play

[pley].

Types of assimilation are :

a) Progressive: sound changes caused by the effect of the sound that

precedes it.

b) Regressive: sound changes caused by the effect of the sound that follows

it.

2. Dissimilation

The opposite of assimilation is dissimilation that is sounds becoming less alike.

for example pronunciations as [fɩft] for fifth, where the second fricative becomes
a stop by dissimilation to the preceding fricative.

3. Insertion
 When a vowel is inserted, this is usually called epenthesis. This occurs in certain

English dialects that say [fɩləm] for film. If a short vowel is inserted it is called

anaptyxis. If insertion occurs at the beginning of a word, it is called prosthesis.

4. Deletion

Deletion is the opposite of insertion. Deletion of an initial sound is called

aph(a)eresis as in round for around. Deletion of a medial sound is called

syncope. For example the Latin word calidus ‘hot’ became Italian caldo by

syncope of the middle of vowel. Apocope is deletion of a final sound, as in chile

for child.

5. Haplology

Haplology is the deletion of a sound or syllable which is similar to an adjacent

sound or syllable, for example, Turu a language of Tanganyika (data from Nida

1949, 40-41) has complex verb forms consisting of a subject marker, tense,

optional object marker, and verb stem, such as n-a-hѐ:ya ‘ I take away’, n-a-ge-

hѐ:ya ‘I take it away’, go-a-ge-hѐ:ya ‘we take it away’, o-go-mo-hѐ:ya ‘he will

take him away’.

6. Metathesis

Metathesis is the interchange of two sounds. This occurs in English when

prescription, for example, is pronounced [pər]scription when perception is

pronounced [prə]caption.

7. Vowel Harmony
 Many language exhibit vowel harmony, where the vowels in a word are required

to agree in some phonological feature. Hungarian exhibits front and back

harmony.

For example : Front- vowel word : öröm ‘joy’ öröm-nek → öröm-töl.

Back-vowel word: ház ‘house’ ház-nak→ ház-tol.

8. Vowel Reduction

Vowel reduction is any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels,

which are related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation,

or position in the word. For example : telegraph, telegraphy, telegraphic.

9. Tone Rules

Tone rules is used to make the distinction between past and future tense.

A phonological process assimilates ṅ-‘I’ in point of articulation to a following

consonant: ṅdѐp ‘I buy’, ṅkѐrѐ ‘ I think’.

10. Morpheme Sequences Rules

Rules that alter the sequence of morphemes in a word appear occasionally in

language, for example: čipĩsali ‘ I see you’, išsaso ‘you hit me (present)’, čisoli ‘I

hit you (present)’, išsotok ‘you hit (past)’, soličĩ ‘I will hit’. The regular order of

morpheme is subject, object, verb stem, and tense.

Lado (1957:144) states that a contrastive analysis is a method which is used to compare

two langauges in the comparison between native foreign languages lies the key ease or

difficulty in foreign language learning. He further states that the procedures involve in

contrast two language are general produce and specific produce.

 The General Produces are :

I. Indicates the similarity formally.

II. Have similar meaning.

III. Have similar distribution with the language which is compared.

The Specific Produces follow the steps :

I. Find out the best structure description of the language.

II. Summarize all the structures.

III. Compare the two structures pattern by pattern.

VII. Methodology

In this research, the writer uses a descriptive method which includes the following

steps:

1. Preparation

In this step the writer will read some books which related to morphophonemic in

both English and Siau language, looking for articles from the internet regarding

the morphophonemic process, and reading several previous studies.

2. Data Collection

The writer will collect data from several linguistic books and from internet that

discuss morphophonemics process. Siau language data will be collected from

native speakers born in Siau, by directly interviewing several informants aged

 40-65, to get more in-depth information and explanations about the Siau

language.

3. Data Analysis

After data on verb morphophonemic processes in English and Siau languages

were collected. Then the data will be identified, analyzed, described and will be

contrasted to find out the similarities and differences between verb

morphophonemic processes in English and Siau languages.

VIII. Working Schedule

The working schedule of this research are as follows:

1. Preparation takes about one week.

2. Data collection takes about two weeks.

3. Data analysis takes about two weeks.

4. Writing the reports takes about three weeks.

IX. The Outline of Discussion

The outline of discussion will be divided into five chapters:

Chapter I : Introduction

1.1 Rationale

1.2 Statement of Problem

1.3 Objective of Research

1.4 The Significance of Research

 1.5 The Review of Related Literature

1.6 Theoretical Framework

1.7 Methodology

Chapter II : Morphophonemic Process of Verbs in English

Chapter III : Morphophonemic Process of Verbs in Siau Language

Chapter IV : A Contrastive Analysis of Morphophonemic Process of Verbs in

English and Siau Language

Chapter V : Conclusion and Suggestion

References
 REFERENCES

Akmajian, Adrian. et al. 2001. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and

Communication. London: MIT Press.

Bauer, Laurie. 2007. The Linguistics Student’s Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh

University Press.

Bloomfield, L.1995. Language. London, : Henderson & Spalding.

Crystal, David. 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Australia: Blackwell

Publishing.

Dama, Siskawati. 2015. “Proses Morfologis Kata Benda Dalam Bahasa Inggris Dan

Bahasa Gorontalo Suatu Analisis Kontrastif”. Skripsi. Manado, Unsrat.

Dimyati, Farida Kusuma. 2014 “Proses Morfofonemik dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa

Gorontalo Suatu Analisis Kontrastif”. Skripsi. Manado, Unsrat.

Greenbaum, Sidney 1996. Grammar : Oxford English Grammar.

Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures : Selected Essays. New York :

Basic Books.

George Bawole J. Akun Danie Toding Dalu. 1981. Morfologi Bahasa Sangir. Jakarta :

Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Oepartemen Pendidikan dan

Kebudayaan.

https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/jefs/article/viewFile/19458/19008
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonology

Jensen, John T. 1990. Morphology: Word Structure in Generative Grammar.

Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Kluckhohn, C. 1953. Universal Categories of Culture. Antropology Today, A.L.

Kroeber editor, Chichago, University Press.

Lado, R. 1979. Linguistic Across Cultures, atau Linguistik Dipelbagai Budaya,Terjemahan.

Sujono Darjowijojo, Ph.D. Jakarta: Ganaco N.V.

Maniara, Regina Aggreani. 2014. “Reduplikasi Bahasa Inggris Dan Bahasa Talaud

Suatu Analisis Kontrastif”. Skripsi. Manado, Unsrat.

Nida, Eugene A. 1949. Morphology : The Descriptive Analysis of Word. Ann Arbor :

The University of Michigan Press.

O’Grady, W and J. 1987. Contemporary Linguistic Analysis; An Introduction. Toronto:

Copp Clark Pitman, Ltd.

Sikome, Alintia. 2015. “Kata Kerja Dalam Bahasa Inggris Dan Bahasa Sangir Suatu

Analisis Kontrastif”. Skripsi. Manado, Unsrat.

Usmar, Adnan. 2002. Sistem Morfologi Verba Bahasa Mamasa. Jakarta: Pusat

Pendidikan Nasional.