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Algebra
Operations with Exponents
xn
1. x nx m x nm 2. x nm 3. 共xy兲 n x ny n
xm
冢xy冣
n
xn
4. 5. 共x n兲 m x nm 6. x n 共x n兲
yn
7. cx n c共x n兲 8. x n x共n 兲
m m
x m兾n
共x 兲 冪x m
m 1兾n n
2 x 冪x
7. 冪
3. 冢 冣冢 冣
a c
b d
ac
bd
4.
a兾b
c兾d
冢 冣冢 冣 adbc
a d
b c
5.
ab b
ac
c
ab ac a共b c兲 b c
a兾b a兾b
c
c兾1
冢ab冣冢1c 冣 bca ad
ad
d
Quadratic Formula
b ± 冪b2 4ac
ax 2 bx c 0 x
2a
Factoring by Grouping
acx3 adx 2 bcx bd ax 2共cx d兲 b共cx d兲 共ax2 b兲共cx d兲
Binomial Theorem
1. 共x a兲2 x 2 2ax a2
2. 共x a兲2 x 2 2ax a2
3. 共x a兲3 x3 3ax 2 3a2x a3
4. 共x a兲3 x3 3ax 2 3a2x a3
5. 共x a兲4 x 4 4ax3 6a2x 2 4a3x a4
6. 共x a兲4 x 4 4ax3 6a2x 2 4a3x a4
n共n 1兲 2 n2 n共n 1兲共n 2兲 3 n3 . . .
7. 共x a兲n x n nax n1 ax ax nan1x an
2! 3!
n共n 1兲 2 n2 n共n 1兲共n 2兲 3 n3 . . .
8. 共x a兲n x n nax n1 ax ax ± nan1x an
2! 3!
Miscellaneous
1. If ab 0, then a 0 or b 0.
2. If ac bc and c 0, then a b.
3. Factorial: 0! 1, 1! 1, 2! 2 1, 3! 3 2 1, 4! 4 3 2 1, etc.
Sequences
1. Arithmetic: a, a b, a 2b, a 3b, a 4b, a 5b, . . .
2. Geometric: ar 0, ar1, ar 2, ar 3, ar 4, ar 5, . . .
a共1 r n1兲
ar 0 ar1 ar 2 ar 3 . . . ar n
1r
1 1 1 1 1 1
3. General harmonic: , , , , , ,. . .
a a b a 2b a 3b a 4b a 5b
1 1 1 1 1
4. Harmonic: , , , , , . . .
1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1
5. p-Sequence: p , p , p , p , p , . . .
1 2 3 4 5
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Series
1
1 共x 1兲 共x 1兲2 共x 1兲3 共x 1兲4 . . . 共1兲n共x 1兲n . . . , 0 < x < 2
x
1
1 x x 2 x3 x 4 x 5 . . . 共1兲nx n . . . , 1 < x < 1
1x
共x 1兲2 共x 1兲3 共x 1兲4 . . . 共1兲n1共x 1兲n . . .
ln x 共x 1兲 , 0 < x 2
2 3 4 n
x2 x3 x4 x5 xn
ex 1 x . . . . . . , < x <
2! 3! 4! 5! n!
x3 x 5 x7
sin x x . . . , < x <
3! 5! 7!
x2 x 4 x6 . . .
cos x 1 , < x <
2! 4! 6!
k共k 1兲x 2 k共k 1兲共k 2兲x3 k共k 1兲共k 2兲共k 3兲x 4 . . .
共1 x兲k 1 kx , 1 < x < 1*
2! 3! 4!
k共k 1兲x 2 k共k 1兲共k 2兲x3 k共k 1兲共k 2兲共k 3兲x 4 . . .
共1 x兲k 1 kx , 1 < x < 1*
2! 3! 4!
Properties of Logarithms
Inverse Properties
1. ln e x x
2. eln x x
Properties of Logarithms
1. ln 1 0
2. ln e 1
3. ln xy ln x ln y
x
4. ln ln x ln y
y
5. ln x y y ln x
ln x
6. loga x
ln a
Geometry
Triangles
1. General triangle
β h
Sum of angles
180 α θ
b
1 1
Area (base)(height) bh
2 2
2. Similar triangles
β β
a A a
A
b B
α
b α
B
3. Right triangle
α c
c2 a2 b2 (Pythagorean Theorem) a
4. Equilateral triangle
60°
s s
冪3s h
Height h
2 60° 60°
s
冪3s2
Area
4
5. Isosceles right triangle
45°
s2
Area s
2
45°
s
3. Parallelogram 4. Trapezoid
1
Area bh Area h共a b兲
2
a
h
h b
a
b
b h
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s
r
θ
r
冪a b2
2
Circumference ⬇ 2
r 2
R
b
a
Solid Figures
1. Cone 共A area of base兲
Ah h
Volume
3 A
共
rR 兲h
r2 R2 s
Volume h
3 R
Lateral surface area s共R r兲
Volume r 2h
h
Lateral surface area 2rh
5. Sphere
4
Volume r 3 r
3
Surface area 4 r 2
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Equations of Lines
Point-slope form: y y1 m共x x1兲 General form: Ax By C 0
Vertical line: x a Horizontal line: y b
Slope-intercept form: y mx b
p>0
Vertex: Directrix:
(h, k) y=k−p
共x h兲2 4p共 y k兲
(a) Vertical axis: p > 0 (b) Vertical axis: p < 0
Directrix: Directrix
x=h−p
Vertex
Focus
Axis
Focus: (h + p, k)
Axis:
y=k
Vertex: (h, k)
p<0
p>0
共 y k兲2 4p共x h兲
(c) Horizontal axis: p > 0 (d) Horizontal axis: p < 0
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(h, k)
(h, k) 2a
2b
2a x
x
2b
(h, k + c)
(h − c, k) (h, k) (h + c, k)
(h, k)
x
x
(h, k − c)
Trigonometry
Definitions of the Six Trigonometric Functions
Right triangle definition: 0 <
< 兾2
opp hyp
sin
csc
se
nu
Opposite
hyp opp te
po
Hy
adj hyp
cos
sec
hyp adj
opp adj θ
tan
cot
adj opp Adjacent
y x
tan
cot
x
x
x y
Trigonometric Identities
Reciprocal identities
1 1 1
sin
cos
tan
csc
sec
cot
1 1 1
csc
sec
cot
sin
cos
tan
sin
cos
tan
cot
cos
sin
Pythagorean identities
sin2
cos2
1 tan2
1 sec2
cot2
1 csc2
Reduction formulas
sin共
兲 sin
cos共
兲 cos
tan共
兲 tan
sin
sin共
兲 cos
cos共
兲 tan
tan共
兲
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Trigonometry (Continued)
Sum or difference of two angles
sin共
± 兲 sin
cos ± cos
sin
cos共
± 兲 cos
cos sin
sin
tan
± tan
tan共
± 兲
1 tan
tan
sin共
兲 sin共
兲 sin2
sin2
cos共
兲 cos共
兲 cos2
sin2
Double-angle identities
sin 2
2 sin
cos
cos 2
2 cos2
1 1 2 sin2
2 tan
tan 2
1 tan2
Multiple-angle identities
sin 3
3 sin
4 sin3
cos 3
3 cos
4 cos3
3 tan
tan3
tan 3
1 3 tan2
sin 4
4 sin
cos
8 sin3
cos
cos 4
8 cos4
8 cos2
1
4 tan
4 tan3
tan 4
1 6 tan2
tan4
Half-angle identities
1
sin2
共1 cos 2
兲
2
1
cos2
共1 cos 2
兲
2
Product identities
1 1
sin
sin cos共
兲 cos共
兲
2 2
1 1
cos
cos cos共
兲 cos共
兲
2 2
1 1
sin
cos sin共
兲 sin共
兲
2 2
1 1
cos
sin sin共
兲 sin共
兲
2 2
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Library of Functions
Algebraic Functions
y y y
2 4 2
1 3 1
x 2 x
− 2 −1 1 2 −2 1 2
−1 1 −1
−2 x −2
−2 −1 1 2
y y y
4 2 3
2
3 1
1
2 x x
−2 1 2 −3 1 2 3
1 −1
x −2
− 2 −1 1 2
y y y
4 4 4
2 2 2
x x x
−2 4 6 −4 4 −4 −2 2 4
−2
−4
y y
4 2
3 1
2 x
−2 −1 1 2
1
x −2
1 2 3 4
x x x
1 2 3 4
−1
−2
Trigonometric Functions
y y y
2 2 4
1 2
x x x
π π 2π π π 2π −π π
2 −1 2
−2 −2
y y y
4 4 4
2 2
x x x
−π π −π π −π −π π π
2 2 2
Nonelementary Functions
y y y
4 2
4
3 1
2 x
x −2 −1 1 2
1 −2 2 4
x −2
−2 −1 1 2
Absolute Value Function Piecewise-Defined Function Step Function
Metric System: Millimeter 冇mm冈, Centimeter 冇cm冈, Meter 冇m冈, Kilometer 冇km冈
1 km ⫽ 1000 m 1 m ⫽ 100 cm
1 m ⫽ 1000 mm 1 cm ⫽ 10 mm
Miscellaneous
1 fathom ⫽ 6 ft
1 astronomical unit ⬇ 93,000,000 mi (average distance between earth and sun)
1 light-year ⬇ 5,880,000,000,000 mi (distance traveled by light in 1 year)
Miscellaneous
1 square mile ⫽ 1 section ⫽ 4 quarters
Miscellaneous
1 gallon ⫽ 5 fifths 1 fifth ⬇ 0.757 liter
1 quart ⫽ 4 cups 1 cup ⫽ 16 tablespoons
1 tablespoon ⫽ 3 teaspoons
1 barrel 共bl兲 ⫽ 42 gallons 共petroleum兲
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