UPLB Department of Science and Technology Scholars’ Society

University of the Philippines Los Baños, UP College, Laguna 4031

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Science English Mathematics Enrichment Program

General Compilation of Handouts

Mathematics

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Science, English, Mathematics Enrichment Program General Compilation of Handouts - Mathematics |Page 2

ALGEBRA
Laws of Exponents Polynomial
1 1. Constant- fixed, usually a number
an * am  anm an 
1
,a  0 an  n a ( a  b) n  a n  b n 2. Variable- something that changes its value, usually letters
an
m
3. Algebraic expression- a constant or variable or a combination that is denoted
an nm (ab) n  a n b n n m
a n  n ( a ) m (a )  a
nm by mathematical operation
a ,a  0
am 4. Polynomial- special cases of algebraic expression with no irrational expression,
a
n
an a 0  1, a  0
negative and fractional exponent
   n ,b  0 5. Terms- group connected by an operation + and –
b b
6. Coefficients- numeric or letter
7. Degree- sum of the exponent of the variable
8. Degree of the polynomial- highest degree of a term in a polynomial
Special Products Radicals
n a * n b  n ab
( x  a)( x  b)  x 2  (a  b) x  ab
n
( x  y) 2  x 2  2 xy  y 2 a n  a if n is odd
( x  y)( x  y)  x 2  y 2 = a if n is even
(ax  by)(cx  dy)  acx 2  (ad  bc) xy  bdy2 n a a
 n  , b  0
3 3 2
( x  y)  x  3x y  3xy  y 2 3 nb b

Factoring Polynomials Inequalities

ax  ay  az  a( x  y  z)
x 2  y 2  ( x  y)( x  y)
x 2  (a  b) x  ab  ( x  a)( x  b)
x 2  2 xy  y 2  ( x  y) 2
( x  y)(x 2  xy  y 2 )  x 3  y 3
Logarithms
y  logb x if and only if x  b
logb 1  0
logb b  1
logb uv  logb u  logb v
logb u n  n logb u
If a  b and b  c then a  c
If a  b , then a  c  b  c
If a  b , then a  c  b  c
If a  b and c  0 , then ac  bc
If a  b and c  0 , then ac  bc
If b  0, x  b is equivalent  b  x  b
If b  0, x  b is equivalent to x  b or x  b
Binomial Theorem
y (a  b) n  n C0 a n  n C1a n 1b n C 2 a n  2 b 2  ... n C r a n  r b r  ... n C n b n
log x  log10 x where n C r  n!
(n  r )!r!
logb b u  u
logb (u )  logb u  logb v
v
ln x  loge x

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GEOMETRY
Slope, midpoint, Distance Formula
Given points P (x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) in a plane, then:
1. The slope, m, of a line ⃡𝑃𝑄 is given by y 2 - y1 or y1 - y 2
x 2 - x1 x1 - x 2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
2. The midpoint of ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 has coordinates ( , )
2 2
3. The length of ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 is√(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 , this is the distance formula.
4. An equation of 𝑃𝑄̅̅̅̅ is = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 , where 𝑚 is the slope and 𝑏 is the y-intercept.

Equation of Lines, Parallel and Perpendicular Lines, and how to graph lines.
The general form of an equation of a line is 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0, where 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 ∈ ℝ.
1. The two more commonly used forms of an equation of a line are:
a. Slope-intercept form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 where m is the slope and b the y-intercept
b. Point-slope form: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) where m is the slope (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) the given point.
(𝑦 𝑦 )
c. Two-point form: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 2− 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) where (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are the given points.
𝑥2− 𝑥1
2. If two lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal; that is, if 𝑚1 is the slope of 𝐿1 and 𝑚2 is the slope of 𝐿2 , then 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 .
1
3. If two lines are perpendicular, then their slopes are negative reciprocals; that is, if 𝑚1 is the slope of 𝐿1 and 𝑚2 is the slope of 𝐿2 , then 𝑚1 ∙ 𝑚2 = −1 or 𝑚1 = − .
𝑚2
4. To graph a slant line, plot any two points belonging to the line, or use its slope and a point.
5. When a line is inclined to the left, its slope is negative. When a line is inclined to the right, its slope is positive.
6. The graph of x = a is a vertical line through the point (a, 0). The slope of a vertical line is undefined.
7. The graph of y = b is a horizontal line through the point (0, b). The slope of the horizontal line is zero.

Areas and Perimeters Volumes

Area Perimeter 1. Prism: 𝑉 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
1. Rectangle: 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤 𝑃 = 2𝑙 + 2𝑤 2. Cube: 𝑉 = 𝑒 3
2. Parallelogram: 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝑃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 3. Cylinder: 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑏ℎ 4
3. Rhombus: 𝐴= 𝑃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 4. Sphere: 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
2 3
1
4. Square: 𝐴 = 𝑠2 𝑃 = 4𝑠 5. Right circular cone: 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑏ℎ 3
5. Triangle: 𝐴= 𝑃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 6.
1
Pyramid: 𝑉 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
2
1 3
6. Trapezoid: 𝐴 = ℎ(𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ) 𝑃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
2
7. Circle: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟

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Angles and Triangles

1. Right angle – an angle whose degree measure is 90. 3. Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
2. Acute angle – an angle whose degree measure is less than 90. If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite these
3. Obtuse - an angle whose degree measure is greater than 90. angles are also congruent.
4. Complementary angles – when the sum of the measures of the two 4. Exterior Angle Theorem
angles is 90. The measure of a exterior angle of a triangle is greater than any of its
5. Supplementary angles – when the sum of the measures of the two remote interior angles.
angles is 180 5. The Triangle Inequality Theorem
A. Classification of Triangles according to: The sum of lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length
1. Sides of than third side.
a. Isosceles ∆ - an angle whose degree measure is 90° 6. Pythagorean Theorem
b. Equilateral ∆ - a triangle with exactly three congruent sides In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
c. Scalene ∆ - a triangle with no congruent sides squares of the legs.
2. Angles 7. The 30°-60°-90° Triangle
a. Acute ∆ - a triangle whose angles are all acute In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the side opposite the 30°-angle is half as long as
b. Obtuse ∆ - a triangle with one obtuse angle the hypotenuse.
c. Right ∆ - a triangle with one right angle 8. The 45-45-90 Triangle
B. Congruence and Similarity in Triangles In a 45-45-90 triangle, the hypotenuse is √2 times as long as the
1. Two triangles are congruent; that is, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍, if and only if, hypotenuse.
a. Corresponding angles are congruent. PARALLEL LINES
b. Corresponding sides are congruent. A B
2. Two triangles are similar; that is, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 , if and only if, L1
C D
a. Corresponding angles are congruent.
b. Corresponding sides are proportional. E F
C. Other Theorems on Triangles L2
G H
1. For every triangle, the sum of the measures of the angles is 180.
2. Isosceles Triangle Theorem
If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these If L₁ // L₂, then the alternate interior angles are congruent. e. g. C = F
sides are also congruent. If L₁ // L₂, then the corresponding angles are congruent. e. g. B = F
If L₁ // L₂, then the sum of the interior angles on the same side of a transversal is 180°.
e. g. C + E = 180°

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PRE-CALCULUS
CONIC SECTIONS
A. PARABOLA - set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from the B. ELLIPSE – set of points in a plane the sum of whose distances from
focus and directrix two fixed points F1 and F2 (the foci) is a constant.

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C. CIRCLE – is the set of all points on a plane equidistant (radius) from D. HYPERBOLA
a given point (center).

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Examples
A. Parabola C. Circle

D. Hyperbola
B. Ellipse

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