UPLB DOST Scholars’ Society 1

DOST SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINTION REVIEW 2018

Vf =Vi +at
UPLB Department of Science and Technology Scholars’ Society
1
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Δx=Vi t+ at
Email: uplbdostsseac@gmail.com 2
Vf2 =Vi 2 +2aΔx MECHANICS – study of motion
KINEMATICS deals with the description of motion.
DYNAMICS deals with causes of motion
Vf = final velocity
PHYSICS Vi = initial velocity
a = acceleration
Position
 derived from “ta phusika” meaning “natural things” t = time
• the point occupied by an object relative to a reference
Δx  (x f -x i )  difference between
 Physics is the “knowledge of nature”. the initial and final position point;
 Physics, the most fundamental science, is concerned with the basic principles of • vector (magnitude & direction)
the Universe UAM KINEMATICS
 It is the foundation upon which the other sciences - astronomy, biology, chemistry EQUATIONS Distance
and geology – are based. • total length from one position to another
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS
• SCALAR
Mechanics
Thermodynamics
Displacement
Electricity and Magnetism
Optics
 Vector
Modern Physics
 shortest distance from initial position to final position
Relativity
 For 1D:sign (+/-) signifies direction
Quantum Mechanics
Condensed-matter physics
SPEED
Nuclear physics
• time rate change of distance
Astrophysics
• scalar
• Units: m/s, km/hr or cm/s
PHYSICAL QUANTITY any number that is used to describe a physical phenomenon
• Average Speed = Distance / Time
quantitatively.
VELOCITY
 Example : length, time, speed
• Time rate change of displacement (position and/or direction)
• Vector
Fundamental Quantities – quantities that exist by themselves.
• Average Velocity = Displacement / Time
 Time, Length, Mass, Temperature, Luminous Intensity, Electric Current,
Acceleration
Amount of Substance
• Time rate change in velocity (magnitude and/or direction)
• Units: m/s2, km/hr2
Derived Quantities – quantities that are dependent on other quantities.
Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM)
 Velocity – Length and Time
Motion wherein acceleration is a non-zero constant
 Area – Length x Length
FREEFALL
Scalar Quantities- quantities with magnitude only
Vector Quantities- quantities with both magnitude and direction.
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DOST SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINTION REVIEW 2018

An important example of constant acceleration where objects move freely under the  Always directed downwards (or towards the center of the
influence of gravity. earth/heavenly body)

g = 9.8m/s2 2. Applied Force, Fa

 Forces that are applied to systems by force loads, and can't be
Projectile Motion
classified as other types of forces
Motion which is determined entirely by the effect of gravity.
 push or pull
Projectile- object being launched or projected
Trajectory - path of projectile motion; usually a parabola 3. Tension, T
 It is a force that arises from pulling using strings.
Newton’s Laws of Motion  It is always directed away from the object being pulled.
Law of Inertia 2. Normal Force, N
When the net external force acting on an object is zero, the acceleration of the  This force is always directed perpendicular to the surface of contact.
object is zero. F = ma = 0
 The normal force acts as a balancer or support.
At rest – continue to be at rest
Moving – continue moving at same velocity 3. Frictional Force
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist change in motion  Always directed parallel to the surface of contact.
 Always directed against the direction of motion
Law of Acceleration  Two types: Static (Fs) and Kinetic (Fk)
The rate of change of momentum with time is proportional to the net applied force 4. Spring Force
and is in the same direction.  Force related to the ability of a spring (or any elastic material) to return to its
It is the force that causes acceleration.
original state
F = ma
Describes motion of a body that is not in equilibrium.
Uniform Circular Motion (UAM)
The direction of acceleration is the same as the direction of the NET force.
Motion wherein the object moves along a circular path with constant speed
It accelerates towards the center (centripetal).
Law of Interaction
ac = v2/r =4π2r/t2
Newton's third law states that when two bodies interact, they exert forces on each
Fc = mv2/r
other that at each instant are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. These
Work and Energy
forces are called action and reaction forces.
W = Fd unit: Joule
F a on b = -F b on a
W = ΔU
Potential Energy (PE) – energy at rest
It is associated with the position.
Force is a push or a pull. It is an interaction between two bodies or between a body and
U = PE=mgh
its environment.
Where: m = mass of the object
g = 9.8 m/s2 = constant
1. Weight, W
h = height of the object
 This is the force due to gravity
Kinetic Energy (KE) – energy associated with motion.
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DOST SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINTION REVIEW 2018

KE = ½ mv2 • Convection- transfer of energy due to movement of mass

Momentum • Radiation- transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic radiation (EM)
p= mv
Elastic Collision: KE is conserved Electric charge
Inelastic Collision: KE is not conserved • The charged particles — electrons and protons — have the same magnitude of
charge, which is
TORQUE is the tendency of an object to rotate. e = 1.6 × 10-19 C

• Insulator - hold their electrons very tightly

Fluids – e.g., wood, plastic
- no definite shape and flow • Conductor – loosely held electrons, which move through them easily
- liquids and gases Conservation of Charges
Liquid Charges are neither created nor destroyed. They transfer from one object to another.
flow under gravity until they occupy the lowest possible regions of their container
Gas Law of Electrostatics
expand to fill their containers regardless of their shape • Like charges REPEL, unlike charges ATTRACT

 Fluid Statics – study of fluids at rest. Charging

 Fluid Dynamics – study of fluids in motion. • Possible ways of charging an object:
– By friction : through rubbing two surfaces with each other
Temperature (T) – By conduction : through direct contact
• measure of hotness or coldness – By induction : through polarization , with no direct contact
• Units: Celsius (C),Fahrenheit (F),Kelvin (K)
• Associated with the motion of molecules, atoms, particles that make up the
system Ohm’s Law
• Measure of random average translational kinectic energy of molecules of the • For ohmic materials: current (I) is directly proportional with the voltage (V). The
body ratio V/I is constant, which is equivalent to the resistance (R).
HEAT (Q)
• Amount of energy transferred from one system to another because of a V
difference in temperature. • R
• Energy in transit I
• Scalar quantity
• Unit: Joule (J) [SI], calorie (cal) Magnet
• Change in dimensions (e.g., volume) A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.
• Change in temperature
• Change in phase
Mechanism of Heat Transfer
• Conduction- transfer of energy by direct contact