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Science, English, Mathematics Enrichment Program General Compilation of Handouts - Mathematics |Page 2
ALGEBRA
Laws of Exponents 1. Constant- fixed, usually a number
1 2. Variable- something that changes its value, usually letters
an * am anm an
1
,a 0 an n a ( a b) n a n b n 3. Algebraic expression- a constant or variable or a combination that is denoted
n
a
m
by mathematical operation
an nm (ab) n a n b n n m
a n n (a) m ( a ) a
nm 4. Polynomial- special cases of algebraic expression with no irrational expression,
a ,a 0
am negative and fractional exponent
a
n
an a 0 1, a 0
5. Terms- group connected by an operation + and –
n ,b 0 6. Coefficients- numeric or letter
b b
7. Degree- sum of the exponent of the variable
8. Degree of the polynomial- highest degree of a term in a polynomial
Polynomial
Special Products n a * n b n ab
2
( x a )( x b) x (a b) x ab n
a n a if n is odd
2 2 2
( x y ) x 2 xy y = a if n is even
( x y )( x y ) x 2 y 2 n a a
n ,b 0
(ax by )( cx dy ) acx 2 (ad bc) xy bdy 2 nb b
( x y ) 3 x 3 3x 2 y 3xy 2 y 3
Inequalities
Factoring Polynomials If a b and b c then a c
ax ay az a( x y z ) If a b , then a c b c
x 2 y 2 ( x y )( x y ) If a b , then a c b c
If a b and c 0 , then ac bc
x 2 (a b) x ab ( x a )( x b)
If a b and c 0 , then ac bc
x 2 2 xy y 2 ( x y ) 2 If b 0, x b is equivalent b x b
( x y )( x 2 xy y 2 ) x 3 y 3 If b 0, x b is equivalent to x b or x b
Radicals
Logarithms Binomial Theorem
y logb x if and only if x b y (a b) n n C0 a n n C1a n 1b n C 2 a n 2 b 2 ... n C r a n r b r ... n C n b n
logb 1 0 log x log10 x where n C r n!
(n r )!r!
logb b 1 logb b u u
logb uv logb u logb v log b (u ) log b u log b v
v
logb u n n logb u ln x loge x
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Science, English, Mathematics Enrichment Program General Compilation of Handouts - Mathematics |Page 3
GEOMETRY
Slope, midpoint, Distance Formula
Given points P (x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) in a plane, then:
1. The slope, m, of a line ⃡ is given by y2 - y1 or y1 - y2
x 2 - x1 x1 - x 2
2. The midpoint of ̅̅̅̅ has coordinates ( )
3. The length of ̅̅̅̅ is√( ) ( ) , this is the distance formula.
4. An equation of ̅̅̅̅ is , where is the slope and is the y-intercept.
Equation of Lines, Parallel and Perpendicular Lines, and how to graph lines.
The general form of an equation of a line is , where and .
1. The two more commonly used forms of an equation of a line are:
a. Slope-intercept form: where m is the slope and b the y-intercept
b. Point-slope form: ( ) where m is the slope ( ) the given point.
( )
c. Two-point form: ( ) where ( ) and ( ) are the given points.
2. If two lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal; that is, if is the slope of and is the slope of , then .
3. If two lines are perpendicular, then their slopes are negative reciprocals; that is, if is the slope of and is the slope of , then or .
4. To graph a slant line, plot any two points belonging to the line, or use its slope and a point.
5. When a line is inclined to the left, its slope is negative. When a line is inclined to the right, its slope is positive.
6. The graph of x = a is a vertical line through the point (a, 0). The slope of a vertical line is undefined.
7. The graph of y = b is a horizontal line through the point (0, b). The slope of the horizontal line is zero.
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Science, English, Mathematics Enrichment Program General Compilation of Handouts - Mathematics |Page 4
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Science, English, Mathematics Enrichment Program General Compilation of Handouts - Mathematics |Page 5
PRE-CALCULUS
CONIC SECTIONS
A. PARABOLA - set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from the B. ELLIPSE – set of points in a plane the sum of whose distances from
focus and directrix two fixed points F1 and F2 (the foci) is a constant.
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C. CIRCLE – is the set of all points on a plane equidistant (radius) from D. HYPERBOLA
a given point (center).
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Examples
A. Parabola
C. Circle
B. Ellipse
D. Hyperbola
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