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Engineering Mathematics 2019

NAME OF THE SUBJECT : Mathematics – I

SUBJECT CODE : MA8151
NAME OF THE MATERIAL : Formula Material
REGULATION : R2017
UPDATED ON : August 2019
TEXTBOOK FOR REFERENCE : Sri Hariganesh Publications (Author: C. Ganesan)

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(Scan the above Q.R code for the direct download of this material)

Unit – I (Differential Calculus)

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1. Limit of a Function

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The limit of f ( x) , as x approaches a , equals if we can make the value of f ( x)
arbitrarily close to by taking x to be sufficiently close to a but not equal to a .
i.e. lim f ( x) 
xa

e
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2. Continuity
A function f is continuous at a number a if lim f ( x)  f (a) .
x a
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3. Derivatives
The derivative of a function f ( x) at xa denoted by f (a) , is
f ( a  h)  f ( a )
f (a)  lim if this limit exists.
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h 0 h
f ( x)  f ( a ) f ( x  h)  f ( x )
(or) f (a)  lim , f ( x)  lim .
xa xa h  0 h
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4. Table of derivative of the functions:

Sl.No. y dy
w.

dx
1. Constant 0
ww

2. xn nx n1
3. x 1
4. 1 n
xn x n1
1 1
x x2

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Engineering Mathematics 2019

5. x 1
2 x

ae 
ax  b 
e
6. ax  b 

ex ex
ax a x log a

7. log  ax  b  a

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ax  b
1

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log x
x
log10 x
1
log10 e

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x
8. sin  ax  b  a cos  ax  b 

sin x e cos x
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9. cos  ax  b  a sin  ax  b 

cos x  sin x
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10. tan  ax  b  a sec2  ax  b 

tan x sec2 x
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11. cosec  ax  b  a cosec  ax  b  cot  ax  b 

cosecx cosecx cot x

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12. sec  ax  b  a sec  ax  b  tan  ax  b 

w.

sec x sec x tan x

13. cot  ax  b  a cosec2  ax  b 
ww

cot x cosec2 x
14. sin1 x 1
1  x2
15. cos1 x 1
1  x2

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16. tan1 x 1
1  x2

5. Special Formulae:
d dv du
i)  uv   u  v
dx dx dx
d dw du dv
 uvw  uv  vw  wu

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ii)
dx dx dx dx
du dv
v u

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d u dx dx
iii)  
dx  v  v2
6. Equation of tangent line: y  y1  m( x  x1 )

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1
7. Equation of normal line: y  y1  ( x  x1 )
m

e dy
 0.
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8. If the tangent line parallel to x -axis (horizontal) then
dx
dx
9. If the tangent line parallel to y -axis (vertical) then  0.
dy
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10. Increasing and Decreasing Function

Let f be a function defined on the interval [a, b] and have a finite derivative
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inside the segment, then

(i) f is increasing if and only if f ( x)  0 for all x in [a, b] .
(ii) f is decreasing if and only if f ( x)  0 for all x in [a, b] .
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11. Monotonic Functions

If a function f is completely increasing or completely decreasing in an interval

w.

[a, b] , then the function f is called monotonic function in [a, b] .

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12. Critical Number

A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that
f (c)  0 .

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13. Maxima and Minima by First Derivative Test

Consider x  a be a critical point of a continuous function f ( x) .
i) If f ( x) changes from positive to negative at x  a , then f ( x) has a
maximum at x  a .
ii) If f ( x) changes from negative to positive at x  a , then f ( x) has a

minimum at x  a .

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14. Maxima and Minima by Second Derivative Test
Consider x  a be a critical point of a continuous function f ( x) .

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i) If f (a)  0 , then f ( x) has a maximum at x  a .
ii) If f (a)  0 , then f ( x) has a minimum at x  a .

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15. Concavity Test
Suppose f ( x) is twice differentiable on an interval I .
i) e
If f ( x)  0 for all x in I , then the graph of f ( x) is concave upward on I .
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ii) If f ( x)  0 for all x in I , then the graph of f ( x) is concave downward

on I .
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16. Point of Inflection

A point P on a curve is called a point of inflection if the curve changes from
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concave upward to concave downward or from concave downward to concave

upward at P.

Unit – II (Functions of Several Variables)

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1. Euler’s Theorem:
w.

If f is a homogeneous function of x and y in degree n , then

f f
(i) x  y  nf (first order)
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x y

2 f 2 f 2  f
2
(ii) x 2  2 xy  y  n  n  1 f (second order)
x 2 xy y 2

du u dx u dy u dz
2. If u  f ( x, y, z ) , x  g1 (t ), y  g2 (t ), z  g3 (t ) then    .
dt x dt y dt z dt

3. If u  f ( x, y), x  g1 (r, ), y  g2 (r , ) then

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u u x u y u u x u y
(i)   (ii)  
r x r y r  x  y 
4. Maxima and Minima :
Working Rules:
Step: 1 Find f x and f y . Put f x  0 and f y  0 . Find the value of x and y .

Step: 2 Calculate r  f xx , s  f xy , t  f yy . Now   rt  s 2

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Step: 3 i. If   0 , then the function have either maximum or minimum.
1. If r  0  f has maximum

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2. If r  0  f has minimum

ii) If   0, then the function is neither Maximum nor Minimum, it is called

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Saddle Point.
iii) If   0, then the test is inconclusive.

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5. Maxima and Minima of a function using Lagrange’s Multipliers:
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Let f ( x, y, z) be given function and g ( x, y, z ) be the subject to the condition.

Form F ( x, y, z)  f ( x, y, z)   g ( x, y, z ) , Putting Fx  Fy  Fz  F  0 and then find the

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value of x, y, z .

6. Jacobian:
u u
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 u, v  (u, v) x y
Jacobian of two dimensions: J   
 x, y  ( x, y ) v v
x y
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(u, v)
7. The functions u and v are called functionally dependent if 0.
 ( x, y )
w.

(u, v) ( x, y )
8.  1
( x, y ) (u, v)
ww

9. Taylor’s Expansion:

f ( x, y )  f ( a , b ) 
1
1!
hf x (a, b)  kf y (a, b)  
1 2
2!

h f xx (a, b)  2hkf xy (a, b)  k 2 f yy (a, b)

1 3
3!
 
h f xxx (a, b)  3h 2 kf xxy (a, b)  3hk 2 f xyy (a, b)  k 3 f yyy (a, b)  ...
where h  x  a and k  y  b

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Engineering Mathematics 2019

Unit – III (Integral Calculus)

1  ax  b 
n 1
x n 1
  ax  b  dx  c  x dx  c
n
1. n

a n 1 n 1
eax b
 e dx   e dx
ax  b
2. c x
 ex  c
a
1 1 1 1
3.  ax  b dx  a log  ax  b   c  x dx 
x
c

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1 1
 xn dx 
 n  1 xn1
c

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2 x3/2
4.  xdx 
3
c

1
 sin  ax  b  dx   cos  ax  b   c

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5.
a  sin x dx   cos x  c
1
6.  cos  ax  b  dx  a sin  ax  b   c  cos x dx  sin x  c

7.  sec x dx  log sec x  tan x   c e

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8.  cosec x dx  log  cosecx  cot x   c
1
9.  tan  ax  b  dx logsec  ax  b   c
  tan x dx  logsec x  c
En

a
1
10.  cot  ax  b  dx  logsin  ax  b   c  cot x dx  logsin x  c
a
dx  x dx
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11.   sin 1    c   sin 1 x  c

a x
2 2
a 1 x 2

dx  x
12.   cosh 1    c (or ) log  x  x 2  a 2   c
x a2 2
a  
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dx  x
13.   sinh 1    c (or ) log  x  x 2  a 2   c
a x 2 2
a  
w.

dx 1 x dx
14.  2 2  tan 1    c 1 x  tan 1 x  c
a x a a
2

dx 1  xa
x
ww

15.  log  c

a  xa
22
2a
dx 1 ax
16.  2 2  log  c
a x 2a ax
x 2 a2  x
17.  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sin 1    c
2 2 a
x
2
x 2 a
18.  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sinh 1    c
2 2 a
(or)

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x 2 a2
 a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  log  x  a 2  x 2   c
2 2  
x
2
x 2 a
19.  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x  a 2  cosh 1    c
2 a
(or)
x 2 a2
 x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2
 log  x  x 2  a 2   c
2 2  
ax
e
20.  eax sin bx dx  2 2  a sin bx  b cos bx 
a b

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eax
21.  eax cos bx dx  2 2  a cos bx  b sin bx 
a b

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22. Reduction Formulae
 
2 2
n 1 n  3 n  5 2
 cos x dx (or)  sin x dx 
n n
... .1 if n is odd 
n n2 n4 3

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0 0
 
2 2
n 1 n  3 n  5 1 
 cos x dx (or)  sin x dx 
n n
... . if n is even 
0 0
e
n n2 n4 2 2
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
2  m  1 m  3 ...  n  1 n  3 ...
0 
m n
sin x cos x dx
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4 ...
En


2  m  1 m  3 ...  n  1 n  3 ...
0 sin
m
x cos n x dx   [Both m and n are even]
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4 ...
arn

a a
23. 
a
f ( x) dx  2 f ( x) dx
0
[if f ( x)isan even function]

 f ( x) dx  0
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[if f ( x)isan odd function]

a
a a
24.  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
w.

0 0
b a
25.  f ( x) dx    f (a  x) dx
ww

a b

26. Integration by Parts:  u dv  uv  vdu

27. Bernoulli’s Formulae:  uv dx  uv 1  uv2  uv3  uv4  ...

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Unit – IV (Multiple Integrals)

b x
1. a 0 f ( x, y )dxdy x : a to b and y : 0 to x (Here the first integral is w.r.t. y )
b y
2. a 0 f ( x, y)dxdy x : 0 to y and y : a to b (Here the first integral is w.r.t. x )
3. Area   dxdy (or) R dydx
R

To change the polar coordinate x  r cos , y  r sin and dxdy  rdrd .

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4. Volume   dxdydz (or)  dzdydx
V V

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Unit – V (Differential Equations)

1. ODE with constant coefficients: Solution y  C.F + P.I

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Complementary functions:

Sl.No. Nature of Roots C.F e

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1. m1  m2 ( Ax  B)e mx
2. m1  m2  m3  Ax 2
 Bx  c  e mx
3. m1  m2 Ae m1 x  Be m2 x
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4. m1  m2  m3 Ae m1 x  Be m2 x  Ce m3 x
5. m1  m2 , m3 ( Ax  B)e mx  Ce m3 x
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6. m    i e x ( A cos  x  B sin  x )
7. m  i A cos  x  B sin  x
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Particular Integral:

Type-I
w.

If f ( x )  0 then P . I  0

Type-II
ww

If f ( x )  e ax (or) sinh ax (or) cosh ax

1 ax
P .I  e
 ( D)

Replace D by a . If  ( D)  0 , then it is P.I. If  ( D)  0 , then diff. denominator

w.r.t D and multiply x in numerator. Again replace D by a . If you get

denominator again zero then do the same procedure.

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Type-III

Case: i If f ( x )  sin ax (or ) cos ax

1
P .I  sin ax (or) cos ax
 ( D)
Here you have to replace only for D 2 not for D . D 2 is replaced by  a 2 . If the
denominator is equal to zero, then apply same procedure as in Type – I.

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Case: ii If f ( x )  Sin2 x (or) cos2 x (or) sin3 x (or) cos 3 x

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1  cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x
Use the following formulas Sin2 x  , cos 2 x  ,

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2 2
3 1 3 1
sin3 x  sin x  sin 3 x , cos 3 x  cos x  cos 3 x and separate
4 4 4 4
P . I1 & P . I 2
e
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Case: iii If f ( x )  sin A cos B (or ) cos Asin B ( or ) cos Acos B ( or ) sin Asin B

Use the following formulas:

En

1
( i ) s in A cos B   sin( A  B )  sin( A  B ) 
2
1
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(ii) cos A sin B   Sin( A  B )  sin( A  B ) 

2
1
( iii ) cos A cos B   cos( A  B )  cos( A  B ) 
2
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1
( iv ) sin A sin B   cos( A  B )  cos( A  B ) 
2
w.

Type-IV
If f ( x)  x m
ww

1 1
x m  1  g ( D)  x m
1
P.I  xm 
 ( D) 1  g ( D)

Here we can use Binomial formula as follows:

i) 1  x   1  x  x 2  x3  ...
1

ii) 1  x   1  x  x 2  x3  ...
1

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iii) 1  x   1  2 x  3x 2  4 x3  ...
2

iv) 1  x   1  2 x  3x 2  4 x3  ...
2

Type-V
If f ( x)  eaxV where V  sin ax,cos ax, x m
1 ax 1
P.I  e V  eax V
 ( D)  ( D  a)
Type-VI
If f ( x)  x nV

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where V  sin ax,cos ax

sin ax  I.P of eiax

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cos ax  R.P of eiax

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Type-VII

If f ( x)  sec ax (or) cosecax (or) tan ax

e
gin
1
P.I  f ( x)  eax  e ax f ( x)dx
Da

1. ODE with variable co-efficient: (Euler’s Method)

En

d2y dy
The equation is of the form x 2 2
 x  y  f ( x)
dx dx
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Implies that ( x2 D2  xD  1) y  f ( x)

To convert the variable coefficients into the constant coefficients

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Put z  log x implies x  e z

xD  D
d d
x 2 D 2  D( D  1) where D  and D 
w.

dx dz
x3 D3  D( D  1)( D  2)
ww

The above equation implies that  D( D  1)  D  1 y  f ( x) which is O.D.E

with constant coefficients.

2. Legendre’s Linear differential equation:
2
2 d y dy
The equation if of the form (ax  b) 2
 (ax  b)  y  f ( x)
dx dx
Put z  log(ax  b) implies (ax  b)  e z

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(ax  b) D  aD
d d
(ax  b) 2 D 2  a 2 D( D  1) where D  and D 
dx dz
(ax  b)3 D3  a3 D( D  1)( D  2)

3. Method of Variation of Parameters:

d2 y dy
The equation is of the form a 2  b  cy  f ( x )
dx dx

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C.F  Ay1  By2 and

P.I  Py1  Qy2

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y2 f ( x)
where P    dx and
y1 y2  y1 y2

eri
y1 f ( x)
Q dx
y1 y2  y1 y2

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Textbook for Reference:
“ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I”
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Publication: Sri Hariganesh Publications Author: C. Ganesan

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Mobile: 9841168917, 8939331876

To buy the book visit www.hariganesh.com/textbook

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----All the Best ----

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Prepared by Mr.C.Ganesan, M.Sc.,M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 11

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